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Philofophical 


A  S ~k~kA . 


EXPERIMENTS 


AND 


OBSERVATIONS 


Of  the  late  Eminent 


Dr,  ROBERT  HOOKE, 


S,  R,  S, 

And  Geom.  Pro£  Grejh, 

.  \;  AND 

Other  Eminent  Virtuoso’s  in  his  Time. 

With  COPPER  PLATES, 


Publifh’d  by  W.  Derham,  F. R. S. 


/  LONDON: 

Printed  by  W.  and  J.  I  n  n  y  s,  Printers  to  the 
Royal  Socie  t  y,  at  the  Weft  End  of  At.  Paul’s. 

MDCGXXVI. 


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r  'J  :  ,»* 

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■\  . 
*  'V,"*  ‘  <. 

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T  O 


The  Right  Honourable 

J  U  LI  A  N  4 

Count  ess-Do  wage  r. 

o  F 

BURLING  T  O  N, 

This  Collection  of  Paper  st 

As  well  for  her  Perianal  Virtues  and  Merits,, 
as  for  her  fingular  Favours  to  me,  are? 
with  greateft  RcfpeCi  and  Gratitude*  hum¬ 
bly  dedicated  by 


Her  Ladyfbifs 
Mojl  obliged 
Humble  Servant^ 


W.  D  E  R  H  A  M. 


4 


AMENDMENTS. 

PAG.  i  Infert  in  the  Margin  at  1.  14.  V.  Poft  Works .  p.  564. 

P.  226.  1 ,ult.  after  loofe,  add  in  the  fame  manner .  P.227. 1.  4. 
for  Tab.  III.  read  I.  Ib.  1.  27.  read  Weight  K  K„  lb.  1.  29, 30.  re 
Book  E  F.  Gthe  King  to  be  hung  on  the  Hook  F.  P.  228.  1.  3  1 .  lor 
believed ,  r.  received.  P.230  .ult.  r.  Height.  P.  231.  1.  25,26. 
r.  Height.  P.  233.  1.  antepen.  r.  Tab.  I.  P.  234.  1.  17.  r. 
thefe .  Ib.  1.  penult^  after  left  add,  and  by  that  Means.  P.23 7* 
1.  3,  after  Stick  add,  [mailer ,  and  tapering  upwards  towards  great 
D,  which  is  an  hollow  very  light  Ball  of  Wood .  Ib.  1.  26.  read 
Tab.  II.  P,  238.  1,  penult,  r.  Tab.  I.  P.  239,  1.  12.  r.  Tab.  I. 
Ib.  I.  20.  r.  proportion .  P.  240.  1.  4.  for  fos  r.  by.  Ib,  1.  i8» 
after  or  add  that.  P.  321.  1,  28.  r  .Condore.  P.  328.  1.  16.  r. 
abiegno .  P.  336.  I.  17.  r.  lignum- Aloes*  Civet f  Storax  v*  La- 
danum a  P„  245*  1.  5,  read  meat 


TO  THE 

READE  R. 


H  E  principal  Author  of 
thefe  ‘Papers  being  a  Per - 
fin  of  great  Repute ,  1 
thought  the  Publication 
of  them  would  be  very  ac¬ 
ceptable  to  the  Curious  ; 
and  therefore  was  wil¬ 
ling  to  undertake  the 
Work ,  although  1  found  it  would  be  very 
laborious ,  by  reafin  the  Papers  were  very 
numerous ,  and  in  great  Confujion . 

After  ‘Dr .  Hook’j*  Death,  both  his  Pa¬ 
pers ,  of  his  Figures  and  Modules 

{hut  I  fear  not  nearly  all)  fell  into  the  Elands 
of  my  ingenious  friend  Richard  Waller,  Efq\ 
out  of  which  he  file  died  tbofe  that  he  pub ~ 
lifhed  in  1705  ;  and  intended  others  for  the 
Prefs  :  But  dying  before  he  had  accompli  fe¬ 
ed  that  Defign ,  a  Part  of  the  Papers  were  en- 

trufied 


To  the  Reader. 

* 

trufted  to  me ,  by  Mr.  Waller’/  Lady ,  and 
Jonathan  Blackwell,  Efq\  In  which  I  expelled 
great  Matters  from  fuch  illuflrious  Names* 
as  I  found  among  them  :  But  when  I  came 
to  per ufe ,  and  examine  them ,  I  found  only 
here  and  there  fome,  that  anfwered  my  Ex¬ 
pectation  ;  which  the  Reader  hath  in  the 
following  Collection.  In  which  he  may  pro¬ 
bably  expelt  fome  of  the  many  Lectures, 
which  the  Doctor  read  in  Grelham  College, 
and  thofe  of  Sir  John  Cutler’/  Infiitution . 
But  the  beft  of  thefe  Dr.  Hook  himfelf  or 
Mr.  Waller  puhlifhed  :  So  that  what  I  have 
in  my  Hands ,  will  be  of  little  Ufe  to  the 
learned  World,  mo  ft  of  them  feem  to  have 
been  intended  by  the  Doctor ,  for  half  an 
Hour  s  Amu  foment  to  a  fmall  Auditory ,  ra¬ 
ther  than  for  the  Brefs. 

As  for  Order ,  or  Method,  little  could  be 
obferved  in  fuch  a  confufed  Variety  of  Sub¬ 
jects ,  as  thefe  Bapers  contain.  And  there - 
fore  the  beft  I  could  do,  was  to  rank  them , 
as  near  as  I  could,  according  to  the  Order 
of  the  lime  in  which  they  were  wr  itten,  or 
communicated. 

And  as  for  other  Bapers  interfperfed 
with  Dr.  HookV,  they  are ,  for  the  mo  ft 
part,  of fuch  confiderable  Berfons,  that  the 
Reader  will  expeCt  no  Ex  cafe  for  my  infert « 
ing  of  them. 

But  if  any  remarkable  Obfcurities  or  Im¬ 
perfections  Jhould  be  met  with ,  it  is  what  I 
could  not  help ,  by  reafon  fome  of  the  Bapers 

were 


* 


\ 

To  the  Reader. 

were  torn,  feme  obliterated \  fome  written 
in  an  Hand  fcarce  legible,  &c.  and  I  was  not 
minded  to  give  my  own  Senfe ,  left  it  fhould 
be  thought  that  I  had  impofed  my  own ,  tu¬ 
ft  e  ad  of  the  feveral  ingenious  Hut  hors 
Senfe  s . 

But  after  all ,  many  of  thofe  Imperfec¬ 
tions,  and  Obfcurities ,  are  owing  to  the 
Mifcarriage  of  fome  of  the  Papers ,  which 
either  never  came  to  Mr,  WallerV  Hands , 
or,  if  they  did,  were  loft ,  or  miftaid ,  before 
they  came  to  mine,  the  ‘Papers  being  put  in¬ 
to  different  Hands ,  after  Mr.  Waller\r  Heath . 

whereas  Figures,  Modules,  would 
have  explained  divers  of  the  Papers,  that 
are  publijhed,  and  have  enabled  me  to  have 
imparted  others ,  altogether  as  valuable  % 
but  finding  few,  or  none,  but  what  are  here 
publijhed,  neither  among  the  Papers  them- 
felves,  nor  in  the  Repofitory ,  nor  Papers 
of  the  Royal  Society,  I  was  forced  to  be  con * 
tent . 

For  a  Conclufion  of  this  Preface,  I  Jhall 
anfwer  two  Ac  cu fat  ions  that  have  been,  or 
may  be  charged  upon  me  :  One  k,  That  I 
have  long  detained  thefe  Papers  from  the 
Publick  :  The  other,  that  I  have  engaged 
myfelf  in  Matters  lying  out  of  my  IV ay. 
To  both  which,  one  Anfwer  may  ferve , 
namely.  That  I  have  made  the  collecting , 
and  puhlijhing  thefe  Papers,  my  Hiverfion, 
at  Leifure  Hours  :  By  which  Means,  and 
by  reafon  the  Papers y  out  of  which  thefe 

were 


To  the  Reader. 

were  felebled ,  were  very  numerous ,  and  many 
of  them  came  late  to  my  Hands ,  their  Pub¬ 
lication  hath  been  the  longer  delay'd .  And 
as  for  the  Pjiverjity  of  this  from  the  Bufi- 
nefs  of  my  Profejjlon  :  I  confefs  it  is  not 
dir  ell  \ Divinity ,  but  yet  1  think  it ,  by  no 
Means ,  unfit  for  a  Clergy-man' s  PDiverfion . 
iw  as  it  is  necejfary  for  a  Clergy-man  (as 
well  as  others)  fome times  to  divert ,  <00^  un¬ 
bend  his  Mind,  from  his  more  ferious  Stu¬ 
dies ,  fo  what  ‘Diverfion  more  innocent , 
proper,  than  that  which  promotes  Know¬ 
ledge ,  Experience,  and  is  a  IDifcovery 

{if  never  fo  fin  all)  of  any  of  the  JVorks  of 
the  infinite  Creator  ?  To  the  promoting 
which  End,  the  Publication  of  the fe  Papers 
was,  in  fome  Me  a  jure,  intended  by 


W,  Derham. 


( I ) 


CURIOUS 


PHILOSOPHICAL 

Cbfervations  and  Experiments 

Dr.  ROBERT  HOOK , 

A  N  D 

Other  Eminent  V  irtuoso’s  in  his 

1  line. 


Of  the  Invention  of  the  Barometer 

in  the  Tear  1659. 


N  one  of  Dr.  HooTs 
Papers  (not  here  publifh- 
ed3  becaufe  imperfedl)  I 
find  this  Remark ?  vi%„ 
The  Inftrument  ^ for  finding 
the  different  Prefire  of 
Air  upon  the  Parts  ofi  the 
Earth  fubjacenty  mas '  fir  ft 
ohferved  by  the  Honourable 
Mr.  Boyle,  who,  upon 
theSuggeftion  of  Sir  Chriftopher  Wren,  erecting 
a  Tube  of  Glafsfio  filled  with  Mercury,  as  is  now 
^  ° L-  ^  B  uf natty 


%  Of  the  Invention  of 

ii finally  done  in  the  common  Barometer ,  in  order  to 
find  outj  whether  the  Prejfure  of  the  Moon ,  accord¬ 
ing  to  the  Cartefian  Hypothefis ,  did  affeft  the  Air  ; 
inftead  of  finding  the  Fluctuation  which  might  caufe 
the  Phenomena  of  the  Tides ,  dif covered  the  Vari¬ 
ation  of  its  Prejfure  to  proceed  from  differing  Caufe s , 
and  at  different  Times ,  from  what  that  Hypothefis 
would  have  predicted.  That  Propriety  of  the  Air 
ffor  ought  appears')  was  never  difcovered  till  that 
Time ,  which  is  not  yet  thirty  Tears  fince ,  &c. 

T  o  this  I  IV.  D,  fhall  add  another  Remark  I 
find  in  the  Minutes  of  the  Royal  Society ,  Febru¬ 
ary  20.  167^5  viz.  Upon  a  Difcourfe  of  fome 
Experiments  to  be  made  with  the  Barometer  on 
the  Monument,  it  was  queried ,  how  this  Experi¬ 
ment  of  the  differing  Prejfure  of  the  Atmofphere 
came  at  firfl  to  he  thought  of  ?  And  it  was  related , 
That  it  was  firfl  propounded  by  Sir  Chrifto- 
pher  Wren ,  in  order  to  examine  Monfienr 
des  Cartes5.?  Hypothefis ,  Whether  the  paffing  by 
of  the  Body  of  the  Moon  did  prefs  upon  the  Air , 
and  ccnjequently  alfo  upon  the  Body  of  the  Water. 
And  that  the  firfl  Trial  thereof  was  made  at  Mr. 
Boyles  Chamber  in  Oxford. 

The  Time,  whenthefe  Obfervations  were  made, 
was  about  the  Year  1658,  or  59  ;  at  which  Time: 
Mr.  Boyle  having  a  Barometer  fixed  up,  for 
the  obferving  the  Moon’s  Influence  upon  the  Wa¬ 
ters,  happened  to  difcover  the  ufe  of  it  in  relati¬ 
on  to  the  Weather,  and  to  afiure  himfelf,  that  it: 
was  the  Gravitation  of  the  Atmofphere  which 
kept  up  the  Quickfilver  to  fuch  an  Height,  as 
the  learned  Abroad,  particularly  Torricelli ,  had 
fufpedled  before. 

But  although  this  Ufe  of  the  Barofcop* 
is  owing  to  Sir  Chriftopher  Wren ,  and  Mr 
Boyle ,  yet,  to  do  every  Man  Jullice,  I  fhal 

giv- 


the  Barometer.  5 

give  the  Hiftory  of  this  excellent  Inftrument, 
from  the  Extracts  of  a  very  ingenious  Friend. 

The  firft  Inventor  of  it  was  Torricellis 
at  Florence ,  in  1643.  From  whence  Father 
Merfenne  brought  it  into  France  the  Year  fol¬ 
lowing,  1644..  And  Monfieur  Pafcal  being 
informed  of  it  by  Monfxeur  Petit,  the  Engi¬ 
neer,  they  both  tried  it  in  1646,  at  Rouen , 
with  the  fame  Succefs  as  it  had  been  tried  in  Italy . 
Some  Time  after  which,  art  Experiment  was  made 
with  a  Tube  of  forty  fix  Feet,  filled  with  Water, 
and  alfo  with  Wine  :  Which  Experiment  Monfi- 
eur  Pafcal  gave  an  Account  of  in  a  Piece 
printed  in  1647  ;  in  which  Year  he  was  inform¬ 
ed  of  Torricelli's  Solution  of  the  Phenomenon, 
by  the  Weight  of  the  Air  j  and  devifed,  for 
the  examining  it,  the  famous  Experiment  with 
two  Tubes,  one  within  the  other ,  which  he  men¬ 
tions  in  a  Letter  written  in  November  1647.  And 
laftly ,  in  1648  the  fame  Monfieur  Pafcal 
made  his  Experiments  on  the  Tops  and  Bottoms 
of  Hills,  Buildings,  iSc.  which  laft  Experiments 
Monfieur  Des  Cartes  laid  Claim  to ;  affirming, 
that  he  defired  Monfieur  Pafcal  to  make  them 
two  Years  before,  and  predicted  their  Succefs, 
contrary  to  Monfieur  Pafcal' s  Sentiments. 

Monfieur  Azout  alfo  laid  the  fame  Claim, 
but  it  is  the  moft  probable  that  Monfieur  Pafcal 
had  the  belt  Title. 

This  Experiment  which  Torricelli  made  with 
Quickfilver,  Galileo  had  in  eftedl  tried  with  Wa¬ 
ter  in  long  Tubes  by  Pumping  j  with  which  he 
found  he  could  never  get  the  Water  to  afcend 
above  thirty  three  Feet :  But  the  Caufe  he  could 
never  hit  of. 

After  the  Torricellian  Experiment  had  been 
inuch  celebrated  in  divers  Places,  at  laft  Otto 
de  Guerrick ,  Gonful  of  Magdeburgh ,  was  in- 

B  $  formed 


4  Obfcrvations  of  the 

formed  of  it  by  Father  Valerian  at  Katisbon , 
who  claimed  it  as  his  own  Invention :  But  this 
was  not  till  the  Year  1654.  After  which  GuericFs 
Experiment  (called  the  Magdeburgh  Experiment') 
was  much  talked  of. 

Fr o  m  this  fhort  Hiftory  of  the  Barometer, 
not  only  the  Inventor  and  Improvers  of  it  appear, 
but  in  forne  Meafure  alfo  the  excellent  Ufes  of 
it :  Particularly  the  Gravitation  of  the  incumbent 
Atmofphere,  (one  of  the  nobleft  philofophical 
Difcoveries)  the  Changes  of  the  Weather,  &c. 

W.  Derham, 


The  Lord  Kingkardine^r  Obfervations  of  the 
Pendulum  Clocks  at  Sea ,  in  1662. 

Th  e  Lord  Kingkardine  did  refolve  to  make 
fome  Trial  what  might  be  done,  by  car¬ 
rying  a  Pendulum  Clock  to  Sea  $  for  which  End, 
he  contrived  to  make  the  Watch  Part  to  be  moved 
by  a  Spring  inftead  of  a  Weight  y  and  then  making 
the  Cafe  of  the  Clock  very  heavy  with  Lead,  he 
fufpended  it,  underneath  the  Deck  of  the  Ship,  by 
a  Ball  and  Socket  of  Brafs,  making  the  Pendu¬ 
lum  but  fhort ,  namely,  to  vibrate  half  Seconds, 
and  that  he  might  be  the  better  inabled  to  judge 
of  the  EffedF  of  it,  he  caufed  two  of  the  fame 
Kind  of  Pendulum  Clocks  to  be  made,  and  fuf¬ 
pended  them  both  pretty  near  the  middle  of  the 
VefTel,  underneath  the  Deck  ;  thus  done,  ha¬ 
ving  firft  adjufted  them  to  go  equal  to  one  another, „ 
and  pretty  near  to  the  true  Time  ;  he  caufedi 
them  firft  to  move  parallel  to  one  another,  that  is5 
in  the  Plane  of  the  Length  of  the  Ship,  and  af¬ 
terwards  he  turned  one  to  move  in  a  Plane  at  Eight! 

Angles;. 


Pen  dulum  Clocks  at  Sea .  $ 

Angles  with  the  former  ;  and  in  both  thefe  Cafes  it 
was  found  by  Trials  made  at  Sea,  at  which  I  (i.e.  Dr. 
Hook')  was  prefent,  that  they  would  vary  from  one 
another,though  not  very  much,fometimes  one  gain¬ 
ing  and  fometimes  the  other,  and  both  of  them 
from  the  true  Time,  but  yet  not  fo  much  but  that 
we  judged  they  might  be  of  very  good  Ufe  at  Sea, 
if  fome  farther  Contrivances  about  them  were 
thought  upon,  and  put  in  Practice.  This  firft 
Trial  was  made  in  the  Year  1662  ;  whereupon, 
thefe  being  found  to  be  able  to  continue  their  Mo¬ 
tion  without  flopping,  feveral  other  Clocks  of  this 
Nature  were  made  and  fent  to  Sea,  by  fuch  as 
fhould  make  farther  Experiment  of  their  Ufe. 
And  we  have  an  Account  which  was  given  from 
Sir  R.  Holmes ,  who  tried  them  in  failing  from  St. 
tthomas  Weft- ward  about  800  Leagues,  and  then 
tacking  about  fleer’d  about  3 00  Leagues  N.  N.  E. 
towards  the  Coaft  of  Africa ,  and  by  obferving 
thefe  Clocks  only,  he  was  able  to  judge  much  bet¬ 
ter  than  the  Mailers  of  the  other  Yeftels  that  were 
in  Company,  who  differed  from  his  Account, 
fome  8o,  fome  100  Leagues,  fome  more  Leagues^ 
and  whereas  feveral  of  them  thought  themfelves 
near  to  Barbadoes ,  he  judged  by  his  Clocks  that 
he  was  not  far  from  Fuego ,  one  of  the  Illands  of 
Cape  Verde ,  and  the  next  Day  by  Noon  reached 
that  Eland.  But  yet  this  was  not  fo  exa<ft  as  was 
expecled ;  however,  it  performed  fomewhat  to¬ 
wards  this  Effedl  of  finding  Longitudes  fomewhat 
more  than  ordinary,  and  enough  at  leaft  to  give 
inquifitive  Men  Occalion  to  fpeculate,  and  make 
farther  Trial.  And  though  there  hath  been  no 
very  confiderable  Improvement  of  that  Inftrument, 
or  Experiment  fince  that  Time  by  any,  and  tho5 
I  fear  it  may  at  beft  be  infufficient  to  perform 
what  is  neceffary  to  this  Matter,  yet  I  queftion 
not  but  that  there  may  be  fome  other  Way  that 

B  3  may 


/ 


5  rDr.  Kook's  Experiment 

may  perform  it  to  a  much  greater  Degree  of  Per¬ 
fection,  as  1  fhail  hereafter  endeavour  to  prove. 


2)r.  Hoo  k’j  Experiment  of  weighing  Air* 
Shewed  to  the  Royal  Society,  ^Eec .  3, 
1662. 

r~|p  wo  fmall  Glafs Balls,  blown  and  fealedwith 

1  a  Lamp,  each  of  them  about  an  Inch  and 
half  over,  were  fufpended  at  the  End  of  a  Beam, 

„  and  counterpoifed  with  a  fmall  leaden  Weight  3 
and  then  a  Grain  being  taken  away  from  the  Coun- 
terpoife,  fo  that  the  Balls  preponderated  by  a 
Grain,  the  Beam  was  hung  into  the  Globe,  and 
the  Mouth  of  it  clos’d,  and  the  Forcer  was 
wrought  3  whereupon,  as  the  Air  was  condenfed 
in  the  Globe,  the  Balls  by  Degrees  grew  lighter 
and  lighter,  and  the  oppofite  Counterpoise  at 
length  did  more  preponderate  the  Globes,  than 
they  had  before  the  Condenfation  3  but  upon  the 
letting  out  of  the  imprifon’d  Air,  the  Balls  again 
recovered  their  Prepollency,  and  remained  as  they 
were  when  firft  put  in. 

T  H  e  Experiment  affords  us  a  manifeft  Froof 
of  the  Weight  and  Spring  of  the  Air,  and  after 
what  Manner  they  work  upon  the  Bodies  inclofed 
in  it.  ift.  That  though  the  Air  be  a  heavy  Body, 
yet  it  not  only  prefles  downwards,  as  feme  have  erro- 
neoufly  thought, and  fo  have  imagin’d  it  fhould  break 
People’s  Necks,  and  roul  and  preft  down  the  Grafs, 
and  all  kinds  of  weak  Plants,as  Deufingius  fuppofes  3 
or  fhould  prefs  a  Dilh  of  Butter,  or  feme  fuch 
foft  Body,  quite  flat,  as  Mr.  Hobbs  imagines.  But 
cT/y,  it  prefles  upwards  and  Tideways,  as  much  as 
downwards  3  whence  every  Body,  fufpended  in  it, 
does  buffer,  from  this  ambient  Fluid,  a  greateT 

Prefiure 


of  weighing  Air,  7 

Freffure  againft  its  under  Side  to  thruft  it  upwards, 
than  againft  its  upper  Side,  to  force  it  downwards  y 
and  does  in  all  Things  of  Staticks  adi  according 
to  the  fame  Laws,  and  after  the  fame  Manner,  that 
other  heavy  fluid  Bodies  work  upon  the  Body  they 
incompafs.  And  this  Experiment,  in  lliort,  is 
nothing  elfe  but  a  Variation  of  Archimedes's  Ex¬ 
periment  of  examining  compounded  Metals,  For 
the  two  Bodies  that  weigh  againft  each  other,  be¬ 
ing  of  a  very  differing  Bulk,  though  pretty  near 
of  the  fame  Gravity  when  in  the  Air,  when  they 
are  incompafs’d  with  a  more  denfe  and  heavy  Fluid, 
that  which  is  more  bulky  muft  neceffarily  lofe  more 
of  its  W eight  or  Power  downwards  than  the  other, 
fince  it  is  a  known  Law  of  the  Staticks,  that  a 
Body,  remov’d  out  of  a  lighter  into  a  heavier  Me¬ 
dium,  lofes  fo  much  of  its  former  Gravitation,  as 
the  Weight  of  a  Part  of  the  heavier  Fluid,  equal 
in  Bulk  to  the  inclofed  Body,  amounts  to. 

The  Ufes  that  may  be  made  of  this  Experi¬ 
ment  may,  be  many,  and  thofe,  I  think,  not  the 
leaft  confiderable. 

Fir  ft  I  t  may  ferve  as  an  Inftance,  to  fhew  by 
what  Means  the  Vapours  and  Exhalations  are  raffed 
up  into  the  higher  Parts  of  the  Air ,  for  if  by  any 
Means  the  Vapours,  or  Waters  rarify’d,  obtain  a 
greater  Rarity,  and  confequently  a  leffer  Gravita¬ 
tion  than  the  ambient  Air ;  the  Preffurc  of  that 
muft  neceffarily  buoy  and  carry  them  up  fo  far, 
till  the  Abatement  of  Preffure  on  the  Parts  of  the 
ambient  Air,  by  reafon  of  their  fublime  Stations 
in  the  upper  Regions,  and  till  the  Abatement  of 
Heat,  that  kept  the  Vapours  rarify’d,  has  reduc’d 
both  to  an  ^Equilibrium,  where  they  areftay’d  and 
fufpended;  which  affords  us  a  fecond  Ufe,  name¬ 
ly,  to  explain  how  the  Clouds  or  Exhalations  are 
fufpended  and  carried  to  and  fro  diredlly  at  fuch 
a  Height,  and  no  lower  nor  higher.  For  fince 

B  4  '  it 


8  T)r%  Hook’j  Exp  eriment ,  Sec. 

it  is  found  by  Experiments  made  by  Torricelli  it'} 
that  feveral  others,  whom  I  now  forbear  to  name, 
and  the  PrefTure  of  the  Air  at  the  Top  of  Moun¬ 
tains  is  differing  from  what  it  is  in  the  Valleys,there- 
fore  the  Rings  of  PrelTure  (if  I  may  fo  call  thofe 
Parts  of  the  incumbent  prefling  Atmofphere)  feem 
not  at  all  to  be  regulated  by  the  Form  of  the  Earth’s 
Surface,  that  is,  are  not  at  all  parallel  to  the  Surface 
of  the  Earth,  but  they  feem  to  be  regulated  rather 
by  the  Diftance  of  the  Parts  of  the  Air  from  the 
Center  of  the  Earth,  or  rather  are  parallel  to  the 
Surface  (if  there  be  any)  of  the  Air,  or  to  the 
Superficies  of  the  Sea.  And,  indeed,  I  have  ve- 
ay  often  obferved,  not  without  Wonder,  that  in 
cloudy  Weather  all  the  under  Surfaces  of  the 
Clouds  have  been  exactly  terminated  with  a  Sphe¬ 
rical  Concave  Surface,  no  one  being  raifed  above 
or  deprefs’d  below  fuch  a  determinate  Surface.  And 
I  have  after  obferved  the  Vapours  often  rife  like 
Smoak  upward,  till  they  come  to  fuch  a  Height, 
and  then  to  ceafe  afeending,  and  fpread  themfelves 
in  Breadth  almoft  like  Oil  upon  the  Water  :  The 
Reafon  of  all  which  is,  probably,  nothing  elfe 
but  that  at  fuch  a  Height  the  Air  is  reduc’d  by 
the  Decreafe  of  PrefTure  to  fuch  a  Degree  of  Ra¬ 
rity,  that  it  is  unable  to  raife  the  Vapours  any 
higher,  and  below  it  is  able  to  raife  them.  The  Rea- 
fons  how  the  Vapours  come  to  retain  that  Degree 
of  Rarity,  Sc.  is  an  Enquiry  more  proper  for  an¬ 
other  Place. 

Thirdly ,  This  may  hint  us  a  Solution  of  a 
late  Obfervation  made  by  an  excellent  Perfon,  and 
a  Member  of  this  Society,  that  in  Fogs  with  an 
Eafterly  Wind,  the  PrefTure  of  the  Atmofphere 
was  obferved  to  be  very  great.  The  Reafon  of 
which  Phenomenon  might,  perhaps,  be  this,  that 
the  Cold  and  PrefTure  of  the  Air  being  then  very 
great,  the  Denfity  and  Gravity  of  it  might  there- 


Experiments  about  Glafs  Balls.  9 

by  become  fo  confiderable,  as  to  raife  up  many 
Bodies,  even  in  the  Form  of  Water,  and  keep 
them  fufpended  fomewhat  above  the  Surface  of 
the  Earth,  though  by  reafon  of  the  Want  of 
Heat  to  rarify  thofe  fmall  Parts  into  aerial  Va«* 
pours,  it  were  not  able  to  carry  them  to  any  con¬ 
fiderable  Height. 


A  Brief  Account  of  the  Experiments  tried 
before  the  Royal  Society,  with  Glafs 
Ballsy  November  19.  1662.  Of  dri¬ 
ving  out  the  Air  by  bare  Heat.  2.  Of 
driving  it  out  by  Vapours  of  Water  and 
Spirit  of  Wine .  3 .  Of  their  breaking  of 

them fe Ives.  4.  Of  their  breaking  by  a 
Knock.  5.  Of  the  Quantity  of  Water 
they  admitted.  6.  Of  the  fV eight  of  Air 
they  admitted.  7.  Of  the  Jhrinking  and 
fir  etching  of  them.  8 .  Of  their  breaking 
outward . 

As  m  a  l  l  Pipe  of  white  Glafs ,  melt¬ 
ed  over  a  Lamp,  is  blown  into  a  pretty 
large  Bubble,  the  fmall  Neck  or  Pipe  of  which 
being,  whilft  the  Ball  is  yet  red-hot,  fuddenly 
and  carefully  fealed  up,  I  obferved  that  thofe 
Bubbles  being  left  to  cool,  fome  of  them  that  were 
either  not  very  equally  or  over  thin  blown,  would, 
in  the  cooling,  break  inward,  with  a  very  brisk  and 
loud  Noife,  fome  fooner  whilft  yet  hot,  others 
later  when  even  quite  cold  3  but  this  latter  yield* 
ed  the  loudeft  Report.  Some,  that  were  ftrong 
and  even  blown,  remained  intire  when  quite  cold : 
The  Balls  of  which  I  obferved  to  endure  a  much 
greater  and  more  violent  Blow,  before  they  would 

break. 


io  Experiments  about  Ghfs  Balls. 

break ,  than  others  much  of  the  fame  Make, 
which  were  left  to  cool  without  fealing  up.  But, 
when  by  a  pretty  brisk  Blow  they  were  broken, 
they  yielded,  befides  the  Noife  of  the  broken 
Pieces,  foinetimes  a  fmart,  fome times  a  more  faint 
Noife.  Some  of  thefe  Bubbles  whilft  thus  her¬ 
metically  feafd,  being  pois'd  in  a  pair  of  exadt 
Scales,  and  then  the  little  feafd  End  nipp'd  off,  a 
S'ibilus  or  hilling  Noife  might  very  fenfibly  be  heard 
fora  fmall  Spaceof  about  a  Second  ;  after  which  the 
fame  Scales  and  Counterpoife  being  left  free,  the 
Bubbles  were  always  obferved  to  preponderate, 
fome  a  ^  of  a  Grain,  others  f,  others  more.  The 
End  of  fome  other  of  thefe  being  broken  off  un¬ 
der  the  Water,  the  Water  was  obferved  to  af- 
cend  with  a  very  great  Impetuofity,  and  to  look 
white,  until  fuch  Time  as  it  had  fill’d  the  Bubble 
or  Ball,  about  -*■  or  £  of  the  whole ,  fome  more, 
fame  lefs,  according  as  they  were  more  or  lefs  hot 
when  feafd  up.  Then  holding  the  Bubble  over 
the  Flame  of  a  Candle,  till  the  Water  was  boil'd 
or  exhal'd  away,  I  immediately  feafd  up  the 
fmall  End  again,  and  obferved  fome  of  them  to 
break  with  a  much  louder  Crack  than  thofe  that 
had  been  fealed  up  when  red-hot.  Breaking  others 
under  Water,  I  found  a  much  greater  Quantity 
of  Water  to  enter,  infomuch  as  to  fill  almofi:  the 
whole  Ball,  leaving  a  very  little  Bubble  of  Air  at 
the  Top :  Others,  that  I  weighed,  1  found  to  in~ 
ereafe  fomewhat  more  in  Weight,  by  the  Admiffi- 
on  of  the  Air,  than  they  had  done  before  by  the 
other  fealing.  After  this,  having  emptied  out  the 
Water,  I  put  into  feveral  of  them  a  fmall  Quan¬ 
tity  of  indifferently  well  rectify 'd  Spirit  of  Wine, 
and  taking  the  fmall  Stem  in  my  Fiand,  I  held  the 
Ball  over  the  Flame  of  the  Lamp,  till  the  Spirit 
with  great  Impetuofity  was  evaporated,  and  driven 
put  through  the  fmall  Neck,  in  at  Kind  of  mifty 

Steam ; 


II 


Experiments  about  Glafs  Balls, 

Steam;  which  ceafing,  I  immediately  feafd  up 
the  Neck,  and  letting  the  Bubbles  cool,  1  found 
them  to  be  much  of  the  fame  Kind  with  thofe 
that  I  had  feafd  up  with  Water,  both  as  to  the 
Noife  they  yielded  when  broke,  and  to  the  admit¬ 
ting  of  Water,  and  for  the  weighing  of  Air;  only 
in  this  thefe  two  laft  Ways  differ’d  from  the  firft, 
that  whereas  the  red-hot  Glaffes  when  cold  were 
clear,  thefe,  though  they  appeared  clear  when 
hot,  were,  notwithftanding,  all  tarnifhed  over, 
with  a  Kind  of  Dew  in  the  Infides  when  cold  ; 
which  Dew  would  quickly  difappear,  if  they  were 
again  heated  pretty  hot.  There  were  feveral  other 
Gircumftances,  which,  becaufe  they  will  be  more 
notable  in  other  Experiments,  I  here  omit. 

The  Reafons  of  which  Phenomena  1  humbly 
conceive  to  be  thefe.  Firft ,  That  the  elaftical 
Power  of  the  exceedingly  heated  Parts  of  the  Air, 
that  are  within  the  Glafs  when  red-hot,  being  ve¬ 
ry  much  intended,  a  very  fmall  Parcel  is  able  to 
prefs  and  keep  out  all  the  reft  of  the  ambient,  con¬ 
tending  Atmofphere ;  and  whilft  it  has  that  Abili¬ 
ty,  the  Paffage  being  fhut,  the  ambient  Air  is  him 
der’d  from  rufhing  in  that  Way,  though  the  Air 
Within  growing  colder,  and  fo  lofmg  its  Elater, 
could  not  have  been  able  to  have  hindered  it. 
*  Now  the  Prefliire  of  the  included  Air  againft 
the  Sides  decreafing  with  its  Elater,  and  that  with 
the  Heat,  and  the  Prefliire  of  the  ambient,  re¬ 
maining  the  fame,  that  curious  arched  Vault  of  the 
Glafs  is  forcibly  prefs’d  and  crufh’d  together,  and 
fo  the  Particles  are  put  into  a  clofer  Texture.  And 
that  they  are  fo,  I  found  by  this  Experiment.  I 
fitted  a  pretty  large  Bubble  with  a  fender  Neck 
into  a  Bolt-Head,  whofe  Neck  was  drawn  very 


*  Query,  Whether  the  Bubbles  jhr'mk  ? 


fmall 


l  x  Experiments  about  Gkifs  Balls. 

fmali,  and  left  only  big  enough  to  contain  the 
Neck  of  the  Bubble.,  and  whofe  Bottom  was  cut 
off,  that  thereby  I  might  include  the  Ball.  Ha¬ 
ving  fo  fitted  the  Ball  and  Bolt-Head,  1  fhut  up 
the  Bottom  again  with  Cement,  and  filling  up  the 
Space  left  in  the  Bolt-Head  with  Water,  till  it 
reach’d  into  the  Small  of  the  Neck,  Inipp’d  off  the 
feal’d  Top  of  the  Bubble,  whereupon  the  Water 
in  the  fmall  Neck  rofe  about  a  Barley  Corn’s 
Breadth,  which  could  proceed  from  nothing  elfe 
than  its  Return  to  its  former  Dimenfions,  before  it 
was  fealed  up  j  which  affords  us  a  noble  Inftance 
of  Compreflion,  where  that  fo  hard  and  well  com- 
padledBody  of  Glafs  is  comprefs’d  into  lefler  Room, 
and  that  by  no  greater  a  Force  than  that  of  the  Pref- 
fure  of  the  Air  5  whence  we  may  conclude  that  the 
Parts  of  that  Body  are  not  fo  clofe  joined  together, 
but  that  there  may  be  Pores  or  Recedes  left  be¬ 
tween  them,  into  which  they  may  be  protruded, 
and  fo  be  made  to  lie  clofer  to  each  other,  which 
whether  Water  and  other  fluid  Bodies  may  not  do 
the  like,  Trial  will  inform. 

The  Experiments  fugged:  thefe  Queries. 

What  may  be  the  Caufe  of  Noife  or  Sound  ? 

B  y  what  Means  Heat  rarifies  and  expands  Bo¬ 
dies,  and  Cold  condenfes  ? 

Whet  h  e  r  the  Caufes  of  the  almod  fimilar 
Phenomena  of  the  Glafs  Drops,  may  not  be  de¬ 
duced  from  thefe  Principles :  Or  what  may  be 
their  Caufes  ? 

The  Strength  of  a  Knock,  or  what  may  be 
the  Force  of  falling  Bodies  ? 

W h  at  is  the  true  Weight  of  Air  in  Winter  ? 

Wuethe  r  Bodies,  that  will  not  melt,  may 
be  expanded  by  Heat  ? 

T  h  e  Difference  of  the  external  and  internal 
Preffure  increafmg  by  the  Decreafe  of  the  included 
Air’s  Elater,  if  feme  Parts  of  this  Arch  (if  1  may 

2-  fo 


Experiments  about  Glafs  Balls.  13 

fo  call  it)  be  weaker  or  irregular,  the  ambient 
Preflure  breaks  it  in :  Even  as  in  Architedlure  the 
fame  would  happen  in  thofe  larger  Arches,  if  in 
either  of  thefe  Particulars  they  deviated  from  the 
Rules  of  that  Art.  But  if  fufficiently  ftrong  and 
equal,  the  ambient  Preflure  makes,  the  chryftalline 
Vault  the  firmer,  as  in  Arches  of  Stone  is  com¬ 
monly  obferved.  The  Caufe  of  the  Noife  I  dare 
not  yet  determine,  but  I  think  it  worth  a  further 
Enquiry,  whether  it  proceed  not  from  the  Impetus 
wherewith  the  broken  Pieces  of  Glafs  are  dallied 
againft  one  another,  though  the  Noife  feem  of 
another  Kind  ;  or  from  the  fudden  milling  of  all 
the  Parts  of  the  ambient  Air  towards  the  Middle 
of  the  Ball,  whereby  all  the  other  Parts  of  the 
circumambient  being  likewife  moved  towards  the 
fame  Middle,  the  Drum  of  the  Ear  may  likewife 
be  moved,  and  fo  a  Sound  heard  :  Or  3 i/y.  Which 
I  think  the  moft  plaufible,  from  the  fudden  and 
violent  rufhing  towards  the  Center,  and  (by 
there  meeting  each  other,  or  at  leaft  the  broken 
Particles  of  Glafs)  there  finding  as  fudden  and  vio¬ 
lent  a  Recoil  or  Repulfe,  one  of  which  two  laft  (if 
not  a  third,  namely  ,the  fudden  flying  out  of  the  Air) 
feems  to  be  the  Reafon  of  the  Noife  of  a  difeharged 
Shot  of  Powder.  The  Alteration,  as  to  Weight, 
does  clearly  enough  proceed  from  the  Admiffion 
(which  the  Hilling  plainly  enough  fpeaks)  of  the 
heavy  Particles  of  Air.  A  manifeh  Experiment 
that  Air  does  gravitate  in  Air.  The  violent  rufh- 
ing  in  of  the  W ater  argues  the  forceable  Preflure 
of  the  external,  as  the  Multitude  of  Bubbles  do 
the  languid  Refiftance  of  the  included  Air. 


(  14  ) 

An  Account  of  fome  Trials  for  the  finding 
how  much ,  afc  ending  and  de  fie ending  Bo¬ 
dies  prefs  upon  the  Medium  through 
which  they  pafs  :  Made  before  the  Royal 
Society,  cDec .  24.  and  cDec .  31.  1662,. 

AGlafs  Tube  about  fourteen  Inches  long,  and 
an  Inch  and  half  over,  being  open  above, 
but  fliut  beneath,  was  hung  by  a  Piece  of 
Tape  faftened  about  the  End  of  it,  to  the  End  of 
a  Beam  then  being  fill’d  with  Water,  and  a 


round  Glafs  Bali  fomewhat  more  than  an  Inch  in 
Diameter  (which  was  made  heavier  than  Water, 
by  Quickfilver  included  in  it)  being  hung  by  a 

String 


The  Trejfure  of  Bodies ,  See.  1$ 

String  of  Silk  fo  far  within  the  Tube,  that  it  was 
quite  covered  with  Water.  The  other  End  of 
this  String  was  tied  to  a  Wire,  that  was  faftened  to 
the  End  of  the  Tube.  This  Tube,  I  fay,  thus 
accoutred,  being  hung  at  the  End  of  an  exact 
Beam,  was  counterpois’d  with  fomewhat  more 
than  3  6  Ounces  Troy.  Then  the  Scales  being  in 
a  very  exaeft  Equilibrium,  the  Silk  String, by  which 
the  Ball  hung,  was  fuddenly  cut  afunder  with  a 
fharp  Pair  of  Sciffers.  And  the  Beam,  all  the 
while  the  Ball  was  defeending  through  the  Water, 
and  after  it  came  to  the  Bottom,  kept  its  former 
horizontal  Parallelifm.  This  was  repeated  a  fe- 
cond  Time  with  the  like  SuCcefs. 

At  the  fame  Time  in  the  fame  Tube,  as  it 
hung  in  this  Pofture,  there  was  let  down  to  the 
Bottom  of  it  a  fmall  Piece  of  Lead,  which  had  a 
fmall  Loop  of  Wire,  through  which  a  Silk  String 
being  put,  a  round  Glafs  Ball  much  lighter  than 
W ater,  and  about  the  former’s  Bignefs,  was,  by 
that  String,  drawn  down,  and  kept  at  the  Bottom 
of  the  Water,  and  the  other  End  of  the  String 
was  faftened  about  the  former  Wire.  This  done, 
the  Scales  were  brought  to  an  Equilibrium,  and 
then,  as  before,  the  Thread  was  cut,  and  the  Ball 
quickly  afeended  to  the  Top  ;  in  which  Time  the 
Beam  was  obferv’d  to  be  very  much  turned  from 
its  Equilibrium,  and  upon  Trial  fix  Grains,  de¬ 
tracted  from  the  Counterpoife,  was  requifite  to 
bring  them  to  an  Equilibrium.  This  laft  Experi¬ 
ment  was  twice  repeated,  but  in  the  latter  Trial 
the  Parallelifm  of  the  Scales  was  not  at  all  difturb’d, 
as  in  the  former  Experiment;  which  gave  Occa- 
fion  for  a  Conjecture,  that  the  former  odd  Pheno¬ 
menon  was  caufed  by  feme  extraordinary  Acci¬ 
dent. 

In  Profecution  of  this  Enquiry,  Lee.  31.  Tri¬ 
al  was  made  by  a  Variation  of  the  former  Expe¬ 
riment 


1 6  4  The  cPreffure  of  Bodies 

riment;  for  the  Thread  of  Silk  that  the  Ball  hung 
by5  was  not  tied  to  the  former  Wire,  but  to  a 
Suftentaculum  above  the  Beam  ,  then  the  Scales 
being  brought  to  an  Equilibrium,  and  the  String 
cut  as  before,  the  defcending  Ball  made  that  End 
of  the  Beam,  to  which  the  Tube  hung,  to  be  ex¬ 
ceedingly  deprefs’d,  and  being  come  to  the  Bottom 
it  kept  the  Beam  in  that  Pofture. 

Further,  that  it  might  be  known  how 
much  heavier  that  End  was  than  the  other,  whilft 
the  Ball  lay  at  the  Bottom,  the  Beam  was  brought 
to  an  Equilibrium  ;  after  which,  fix  Grains  were 
taken  from  the  Counterpoife  of  Weights.  Then 
the  Ball  being  tied  by  a  String  as  before,  and  the 
Scale  wherein  the  Weights  hung  being  kept  up  to 
a  convenient  Height,  that  the  Beam  might  hang- 
parallel  to  the  Horizon,  and  the  String  cut  as  be¬ 
fore,  the  defcending  Ball  was  obferved  manifeftly 
to  deprefs  the  Tube  End.  Trial  was  made  a  third 
Time  by  counterpoifing  and  ordering  all  Things,  as 
in  this  fecond  Trial,  and  detradling  only  three 
Grains,  notwithfiianding  which,  the  defcending 
Ball  manifeftly  deprefs’d  the  Tube  End  j  which  lalf 
Trials  were  a  Confirmation  of  the  firft  Experiment, 
when  the  Ball  was  hung  to  the  Wire. 

These  Experiments  feem  to  hint  this  Axiom, 
That  every  Body,  whether  afcending  or  defcend¬ 
ing  in  a  fluid  Body,  does  add  fo  much  Weight  or 
Prefliire  to  that  fluid  Body,  as  its  own  W eight  a- 
mounts  to,  and  not  as  much  as  the  Weight  of  fo 
much  of  the  Fluid  as  is  equal  in  Bulk  to  what 
the  moved  Bodies  amounts  to. 

T  h  i  s  I  fhould  have  put  as  an  Axiom,  did  not 
fome  Difficulties  fufpend  my  Aflent. 

Firfi ,  Since  the  fwifter  a  Body  is  moved, 
the  greater  Refiftance  it  finds  from  the  Medium 
through  which  it  pafles,  and  confequently  the 
ftronger  is  its  Prefliire  againft  that  Fluid  5  and  fince 

defeend* 


/ 


on  different  Mediums.  17 

defcending  Bodies  grow  fwifter  in  their  Motion, 
the  lower  they  defcend,  it  feems  rational  to 
judge,  that  the  defcending  Ball’s  PreBure,  on  the 
Water,  fhould  be  increafed  with  its  Swiftnefs. 

Next,  fince  the  Body  that  hinders  its  Moti¬ 
on  is  a  Fluid,  it  feems  fomewhat  difficult  to  con¬ 
ceive,  how  the  PreBure  of  a  defcending  Body 
can  be  communicated  to  the  Bottom,  fince  the 
Parts  of  the  Fluid  are  circulated.  And  no  lefs 
difficult  is  it  to  fay,  on  what  Part  of  the  Bottom 
the  PreBure  refts  3  whether  on  the  whole,  or  on¬ 
ly  that  Part  immediately  fubjacent  to  the  falling 
Ball  j  for  which  Way  foever  is  taken,  there  are 
feveral  Difficulties  fomewhat  hard  to  be  explica¬ 
ted. 

^thirdly ,  I  f  the  Weight  of  the  defcending  Bo¬ 
dy  be  all  the  while  fuftained  by  the  Fluid,  and 
confequently  by  the  Bottom,  how  comes  the  Bo¬ 
dy,  when  it  touches  the  Bottom,  to  prefs  with 
more  Force  than  its  own  Weight  -  as  is  evident,  in 
Bodies  defcending  through  the  Air. 

Fourthly ,  Since  the  PrefTure  of  a  fluid  Body, 
againft  the  Bottom,  is  greater,  or  lefs,  according 
to  the  Height  of  the  Surface  of  the  Fluid  above 
it  :  It  feems  that  an  afcending  Body,  in  Water, 
does  manifeftly  contradid:  this  Axiom. 

Corollaries,  deducible  from  thefe  Expe¬ 
riments,  certainly  made,  may  be  fuch  as  thefe  : 

Firft^  That  Exhalations  and  Vapours  prefs 
not  lefs  upon  the  Surface  of  the  Terraqueous 
Globe,  when  they  afcend,  than  w  hen  they  are  fall¬ 
ing  ;  nay,  than  wffien  they  are  fallen :  The  Certain¬ 
ty  of  which,  I  think,  were  worth  examining. 

Next,  That  the  PreBure  of  any  contained 
fluid  Body,  againft  the  Sides  of  the  VeBel,  will 
be  abated  by  opening  an  Hole  at  the  Bottom  ; 
though  the  Height  of  the  Water  be  continued  the 
fame.  That  is,  that  the  PreBure  of  a  Perpendicular 

Vol,  I.  C  Height 


1 8  2)r.  H  o  o  vJs  'Enquiries  for  Greenland* 

Height  of  running  Water,  is  not  the  fame  with 
that  of  Handing  Water. 

Thirdly i  I  t  ihould  feem,  that  the  FrefTure  of 
a  River,  againft  the  Pillars  of  a  Bridge,  is  lefs 
whilft  the  Water  is  running  between  them,  than 
when  that  Paifage  is  Hopp'd,  though  the  Height  in 
both  remaineth  the  fame. 


2)r.  H  o  o  k 9s  Enquiries  for  Greenland. 

Jan .  14  i66t. 

What,  and  how  much,  was  the  Heat  of  the 
Sun  in  the  midil  of  Summer,  compared 
with  the  Heat  of  it  in  England  ? 

W  h  a  t  is  the  mofl  Conflant  Weather  there, 
whether  clear,  cloudy,  rainy,  mifly,  foggy,  &c  ? 
Or  what  moH  ufual  at  fuch  and  fuch  Times  of  the 
Year  ?  Next, what  ConHancy  or  UnconHancy  there 
is  of  the  Winds  to  this  or  that  Quarter  of  the 
Horizon,  or  this  or  that  Part  of  the  Year?  What 
the  Temperature  of  each  particular  Wind  is  ob« 
ferved  to  be  j  and  particularly,  whether  the  North 
be  the  coldeH,  if  not,  what  Wind  is  ?  What  Wind 
is  ob ferved  to  bring  moH  Ice,  and  what  to  make 
a  clear  Water  at  Sea  ?  What  Currents  there  are, 
how  fail,  and  which  Way  they  fet  ?  Whether  thofe 
Currents  are  not  Hronger  at  one  Time  of  the 
Moon  than  another,  whether  always  running  on6 
Way  ?  What  is  obfervable  about  the  Tides, 
Spring  or  Neap  ?  Whether  the  Sea  Ice  be  fait  or 
freih  ?  What  Rivers  there  are  in  the  Summer  ?  What 
Fowl  are  found  to  live  there,  and  what  BeaHs , 
how  they  are  imagined  to  fubfiH  in  the  Winter  j 
how  they  breed  and  feed  their  young  ?  What  Ve¬ 
getables  grow  there,  and  whether  they  yield  any 
Fruits  ?  How  deep  the  Cold  penetrates  into  the 
Earth  ?  Whether  there  be  any  Wells,  or  deep 
Pits,  or  Mines,  wherein  the  Water  will  remain 

unfrozen 


2)r.  Hoo  k  *s  Enquiries  for  Iceland.  19 

unfrozen  at  the  Bottom  ?  How  the  Land  trends  ? 
And  whether  the  Parts,  under  or  near  the  Pole,  be 
there  thought  to  be  Sea  or  Land  ?  Whether  the 
Perfon  made  any  Experiment,  about  the  Load- 
ftone  or  magnetical  Needle,  or  any  mathematical 
Obfervations,  about  the  Height  of  the  Sun  and  Lu¬ 
minaries,  or  their  apparent  Diameters,  or  Refracti¬ 
on,  or  the  like  ? 

What  Fifti  moil  frequent  thofe  Seas,  and  any 
thing  about  their  fifhing,  with  the  ufual  Bignefs 
of  Whales,  &c.  their  Strength,  the  Anatomy 
of  their  Entrails  ?  Whether  any  People  do  or  have 
been  known  to  ftay  there  all  the  Winter,  and  how 
they  do  or  have  Ihifted  ?  How  near  any  has  been 
known  to  approach  the  Pole  ?  What  Notice  he 
has  taken  of  the  Moon, 


< Dr .  Hook’j  Enquiries  for  Iceland. 

Jan •  2i.  1 66  j, 

Ho w  deep  the  Ground  is  frozen  ? 

What  Wind  is  coldeft  ? 

What  Rivers  and  Springs  they  have  ? 

The  Anatomy  of  Whales,  or  other  Very  large 
Fifties. 

About  the  Lungs  of  Whales  and  Contrivance 
of  Refpiration  in  other  Fifties  and  Morfes  ? 

Concerning  the  Fountain  that  is  hot  e~ 
nough  to  fcald  a  Fowl. 

W  hether  the  burning  extraordinarily  of 
He  cl  a  portend  foul  Weather  ? 

Re  fraction,  'whether  the  feven  Stars  are 
feen  in  the  Pleiades  ?  Whether  Mercury  can  be 
oftener  feen  than  in  England  ?  The  differing  Heat 
of  Summer  and  Winter  :  How  near  the  Moon  may 
be  feen  to  the  Sun ? 

A  n  exaCfc  Obfervation  of  the  Eclipfes  that 
happen, 

C  2  The 


2,0  23r.  Hoo  ids  Enquiries  for  Iceland. 

4 

The  Saltnefs  of  the  Sea-water,  by  boiling, 
how  much  Salt  it  yields  ? 

The  Height  of  the  Quickfilver  in  the  Torricel 
Experiment. 

What  Wind  blows  moft  and  ofteneft  ? 

The  ufual  Temperature  of  the  feveral  Winds 
there. 

About  Corruption  and  Prefervation  of  Bo¬ 
dies. 

What  Bodies  will  keep  in  the  Snow,  what 
not  ? 

The  burning  of  the  Mountain,  other  Obfer- 
vations  with  the  Needle  in  feveral  Plates  about 
Hecla ,  or  the  other  fiery  Mountains,  and  in  other 
Places  of  that  Ifle. 

The  Figure  of  Snow,  whether  Hexangular, 
whether  always  larger  than  in  thefe  Parts  ? 

The  ufual  Bignefs  of  Hail-Stones  and  Figure. 

What  is  obfervable  about  Meteors,  as  Ignis 
Fat  nits ,  Star-fhooting,  Thunder,  and  Lightning. 

What  Kind  of  Subftances  are  caft  out  of  the 
burning  Mountain. 

About  Haloes  and  Rainbows,  any  thing  ex¬ 
traordinary. 

W  h  a  t  kind  of  Ores,  Stones,  Clays,  Mine 
rals,  &c.  it  yields. 

W  h  e  t  h  e  r  there  be  any  of  the  Selenitis ,  o 
Mufcovy  Glafs  to  be  found  there. 

The  Declination,  Inclination,  and  Variatio 
of  the  Magnet  in  feveral  Parts  of  the  Ifle,  wit 
the  Diflances  and  Latitudes  of  thofe  Places,  ; 
near  as  may  be. 

W  hether  the  fame  Point  of  a  Magnet,  th; 
is  a  Pole  of  that  Stone  here  in  England ,  will  t 
fo  there. 

Whether  the  fame  Part  of  a  F trrella ,  tha 
put  upon  Quickfilver,  will  lie  toward  the  Ear 
here  in  England ,  will  do  fo  there  likewife. 

Wh 


2  I 


Tjt.  Hoo  k \r  Enquiries  for  Iceland* 

Whether  the  attractive  Virtue  of  the  Mag¬ 
net  increafe  or  diminifh  there,  in  refpeCt  of  what 
it  is  found  here. 

W  high  Pole  is  there  ftrongeft. 

Whether  Iron  be  more  or  lefs  apt  to  ruft 
there  than  here. 

What  living  Creatures,  tame  and  wild,  live 
and  thrive  there. 

Any  thing  of  that  Kind  ftrange  or  remarkable 
among  the  Beafts,  Birds,  InfeCts,  or  Fifties ,  as 
about  their  Generation,  living  in  the  Winter  ; 
for  what  they  are  or  may  be  made  ferviceable  ; 
either  for  Burthen,  Swiftnefs,  Furrs,  Feathers, 
Meat,  &c. 

What  Kind  of  Vegetables  thrive  beft  in  that 
Ifland,  as  Trees,  Shrubs,  or  Plants,  and  what 
Kind  of  Grounds  they  thrive  beft  in  ,  what  Kinds 
of  Vegetables  the  Sea  yields,  differing  from  our 
Englijh.  In  what  their  Husbandry  differs  from, 
ours,  and  whatfoever  of  that  Kind  is  remarkable. 

What  Woods  it  yields  good  for  Building, 
Shipping,  or  other  neceftary  TJfes. 

What  notable  Virtues  are  attributed  to  this 
or  t’other  Plant  ,  whether  for  Divination,  Phy- 
fick,  Dying,  Smell  or  Tafte,  &c. 

The  Seeds  of  as  many  as  may  be  gotten  toge* 
ther,  with  their  Names. 

How  feveral  Creatures  fubfift  in  the  Winter. 

What  are  the  predominant  Colours  of  Ani¬ 
mals.  '  . 5 

What  general  Change  Is  made  on  the  Ship- 
men,  that  does  not  feem  immediately  to  proceed 
from  Cold,  as  what  Difeafes  they  are  moft  fubjedt 
to. 

The  Nature,  Difpofition,  Manners,  and  Cu** 
floras  of  the  Natives. 


C  3. 


Their 


xx  *Dr.  H  o  o  k \r  Enquiries  for  Iceland* 

T  heir  Apparel  for  Warmth,  Houfing,  Vi¬ 
ctuals,  Firing,  Bedding,  Cookery,  and  other  Ob- 
fervables,  either  ACtions  or  Utenlils,  &c. 

Any  notable  Effefts  produced  by  Cold, 

The  Height  of  the  Iflands  of  Ice,  their  Depth  * 
whether  it  be  frefh  Water ;  whether  it  feem  to  be 
made  up  of  Snow,  and  feem  to  lie  in  Plates  one 
above  another. 

Whether  Spirits  appear ;  in  what  Shapes  ^ 
what  they  fay  or  do ;  any  thing  of  that  Kind  ve¬ 
ry  remarkable  and  of  good  Credit. 

How  much  the  Celeftial  Bodies  are  elevated 
by  Refraction  above  their  true  Place. 

What  Currents  there  are,  the  T ime  of  the 
Tides  in  feveral  Ports  5  their  great  riling  and  fall¬ 
ing  in  feveral  Places  ,  any  thing  notable  concern¬ 
ing  them. 

What  Condition  the  Body  is  in  that  is  pre- 
ferved  by  Snow,  whether  fhrunk  or  fwelPd,  or 
chang’d  in  Colour  or  Talte,  &v. 

Whether  Quickfilver  will  congeal. 

A  bladder  full  of  Englijh  Air  carried  thi¬ 
ther,  and  one  of  that  Bland  Air  brought  back. 


(  *3  ) 

2)r.  Hoc k V  Trofofials ,  finding  out  the 

Refinance  of  the  Air ,  to  Bodies  mov'd 
through  it. 

Tryal  fhould  be  made  with  Pendulums  of 
all  Sorts,  whofe  Weights  fhould  be  made 
of  feveral  Sorts  of  Materials  ,  as  of  Metal,  Stone, 
Wood,  Feathers,  Wool,  &c.  and  thofe  falhioned 
into  feveral  Shapes,  as  round,  elliptical,  fquare, 
oblong,  flat,  to  move  flat-ways  and  edge-ways, 
and  the  like  ^  then  to  have  one  common  Standard, 
or  Pendulum,  by  which  the  Celerity  and  Durati¬ 
on  of  all  the  other  are  to  be  meafured. 

Tryals  fhould  be  made  with  feveral  of  thefe 
Pendulums,  in  the  exhaufled  P^eceiver,  where 
there  is  a  much  lefs  Quantity  of  Air  ,  and  like- 
wife  in  the  Receiver,  where  the  Air  is  very  much 
condenfed  3  and  the  Differences  meafured,  as  be¬ 
fore,  and  recorded,  then  compar’d  with  one  an¬ 
other,  and  then  with  thofe  in  the  free  Air. 

Tryals  fhould  be  made  with  Bodies  of  feve¬ 
ral  Sub  fiances,  and  each  of  thofe  of  feveral  Shapes, 
which  fhould  be  let  fall  from  feveral  Heights ; 
and  the  Times  of  each  of  their  Defcents  to  be 
exa&ly  meafured  by  a  Pendulum,  and  recorded. 

Tryal  likewife  fhould  be  made  by  fhooting. 
Horizontally,  feveral  Kinds  of  Bodies,  with  a 
Crofs-Bow,  or  the  like,  from  the  Top  of  feme 
high  Place,  and  fo  obferving  the  Time  before  they 
touch  the  Ground.  And  the 

Tryals  fhould  be  made  by  fhooting  Bodies 
perpendicularly  upwards,  and  fo  obferving  both 
the  Time  of  their  Afcent  and  Defcent. 

Tryals  likewife  fhould  be  made  by  fhooting 
Bullets,  or  other  Bodies,  Horizontally  •  and  fo 
to  obferve  with  what  Force  they  hit  a  Body,  ac¬ 
cording  as  the  Body  is  nearer,  or  further,  from 

C  4  the 


^4  Experiment  about  the  Refraction 

the  Inftrument  that  fhoots.  And  thefe  Tryals 
to  be  made  with  Inftruments  of  feveral  Strengths. 


2)r.  Hoo  r  9s  Experiment  before  the  Royal 
Society,  February  n.  1 66  f  about  the 
Refraction  of  Ice  and  Cryftal. 

a  v  i  n  g  obferved  it  to  be  alrnoft  a  general 


J[  I  Rule  in  Nature,  that  of  pellucid  Bodies, 
thofe  are  found  to  have  greateft  Refraction  to¬ 
wards  the  Perpendicular,  which  are  mod  mafly 
and  heavy  in  Bulk,  I  chofe  a  very  pure  and  pel¬ 
lucid  Fragment  of  Ice,  about  an  Inch  thick, 
which  had  very  few,  if  any,  perceptible  Blebbs 
or  Bubbles  in  it.  Then  I  took  a  large  cylindrical 
Cryftal-Glafs,  about  fix  Inches  over  ;  and  filling 
It  with  very  fair  Water,  I  put  into  it  this  clear 
Piece  of  Ice,  which  did  manifeftly  fwim,  with  fe¬ 
veral  of  its  Parts,  above  the  Water  ,  and  though 
I  feveral  Times  deprefs’d  it  with  my  Finger,  yet 
would  it  incontinently  rife,  as  foon  as  1  had  re¬ 
mov’d  my  Finger.  Then  I  took  it  out,  and  with 
a  very  fharp  edg’d  Knife,  I  fhaved  one  End  of  it, 
(which  is  very  eafy  to  do)  into  the  Form  of  a  ve¬ 
ry  blunt  Wedge,  fo  that  the  two  Sides  of  the  Edge 
compos’d  an  Angle  of  about  ninety  Degrees  j  then 
fmoothing  thofe  fhaved  Sides,  by  rubbing  them  a 
little  with  the  Palm  of  my  Fland,  I  put  it  into  the 
Water  with  the  Edge  downwards,  and  holding  it 
pretty  near  that  Side  of  the  Glafs,  which  was  next 
my  Eye,  I  cou’d  plainly  perceive,  by  looking 
through  that  Edge,  that  an  Objedt,  placed  againft 
the  oppofite  Side,  was  manifeftly  refradted.  For 
faftening  a  fmall  Piece  of  Lead,  fo  that  the  lower 
End  of  it  reach’d  about  an  Inch  under  Water,  I 
could  very  plainly  fee  that  lower  End,  a  little  be¬ 


low 


of  Ice  and  Cryftal. 

low  the  Bottom,  when,  looking  through  the  Ice, 
the  Bottom  of  it  appear’d  above  the  Edge  of  the 
Ice  ;  that  is,  I  faw  the  fame  Objedl  in  two  Places, 
Now  becaufe  the  Refradlion  of  the  Ice  made  it 
appear  higher  than  really  it  was,  it  {hews  that  the 
Refradlion  in  the  Ice  was  lefsthan  Water  3  which 
will  more  plainly  appear  by  the  Figure  :  Where 
Ji  I  K  L  reprefents  the  cylindrical  Glafs,  that 


held  the  Water  m  e,  a  Piece  of  Lead  hung  a- 
gainft  the  Side  of  the  Glafs ,  a  b  c,  the  blunt  Edge 
of  the  Piece  of  Ice  •  D,  the  Eye  ;  n  0  p,  the 
Surface  of  the  Water  5  f  e,  the  refradled  Line, 
in  which  the  Point  e  appeared  to  the  Eye  ,  g  c, 
the  u  lire  fra  died.  This  I  feveral  Times  have  re¬ 
peated,  and  always  found  the  fame. 

The  Ufe  of  this  Experiment  may  be,  1/,  For  to 
make  an  Exception  from  that  general  Rule  of 
M.  Des  Cartes ,  in  the  ninth  Sedlion  of  the  fecond 
G  hap  ter  of  his  Diopticks  ,  where  he  fays,  Quanto 
firmiores  &  folidiores  exigucs  partes  corporis  alien - 
jus  pellucidi  flint ,  tanto  facilius  liimini  tranfituni 
permittunt .  For,  it  feems,  by  this  Experiment, 
not  to  be  the  greater  or  lefs  Fluidity,  or  Firmnefs  of 
Body,  that  caufes  a  Difference  in  Refradlion,  but 
a  more  ratify ’d  or  condens’d  Texture. 


Next  j 


±6  Method  of  making  Experiments. 

Next,  I  t  affords  us  two  Arguments  againft 
their  Opinion,  who  affirm  Cryftal  to  be  generated 
of  Ice.  For,  Firft,  As  to  its  Weight,  this  is 
found  to  fwim  upon  Water  ;  whereas  the  other 
links.  Next,  1  he  RefraClion  of  Cryftal  is  ob- 
ferv*d  to  be  greater  than  that  of  Glafs  3  whereas 
this  of  Ice  I  find  to  be  lefs  than  Water. 

Thirdly ,  This  lefs  Refraction  of  Ice,  I  take 
to  be  a  good  Argument,  that  the  Lightnefs  of  Ice, 
which  caufes  it  to  be  born  up  of  the  Water,  is 
not  caufed  only  by  fmall  Blebbs  or  Bubbles,  but 
from  the  uniform  Conftitution,  or  general  Tex¬ 
ture,  of  the  whole  Mafs* 


2)r.  H  o  o  k \r  Method  of  making  Experi¬ 
ments. 

rri  ji  e  Reafon  of  making  Experiments  is,  for 
|  the  Difcovery  of  the  Method  of  Nature,  in 
Its  Progrefs  and  Operations. 

Whosoever  therefore  doth  rightly  make 
Experiments,  doth  defign  to  enquire  into  fome 
of  thefe  Operations  ^  and,  in  order  thereunto, 
doth  conftder  what  Circumftances  and  EffeCls,  in 
that  Experiment,  will  be  material  and  inftru&ive 
in  that  Enquiry,  whether  for  the  confirming  or  de- 
ftroying  of  any  preconceived  Notion,  or  for  the 
Limitation  and  Bounding  thereof,  either  to  this 
or  that  Part  of  the  Hypothefis,  by  allowing  a 
greater  Latitude  and  Extent  to  one  Part,  and  by 
diminifhing  or  reftraining  another  Part  within  nar¬ 
rower  Bounds  than  were  at  firft  imagin’d,  or  hy¬ 
pothetically  fuppofed. 

The  Method  therefore  of  lfiaking  Experiments 
by  the  Royal  Society,  I  conceive,  fhould  be  thiSo 

Firft , 


Method  of  making  Experiments .  2,7 

Firfi ,  To  propound  the  Defign  and  Aim  of 
the  Curator  in  his  prefent  Enquiry. 

Secondly ,  T  o  make  the  Experiment,  or  Expe¬ 
riments,  leifurely,  and  with  Care  and  ExaCinefs. 

^thirdly ,  T  o  be  diligent,  accurate,  and  cu¬ 
rious,  in  taking  Notice  of,  and  (hewing  to  the 
Aftembly  of  Spe&ators,  fuch  Circumftances  and 
EffeCts  therein  occurring,  as  are  material,  or  at 
lead,  as  he  conceives  fuch,  in  order  to  his  The- 

j  t 

cry. 

Fourthly ,  After  finifhing  the  Experiment, 
to  difcourfe,  argue,  defend,  and  further  ex¬ 
plain,  fuch  Circumftances  and  Effetfts  in  the  pre¬ 
ceding  Experiments,  as  may  feem  dubious  or 
difficult :  And  to  propound  what  new  Difficulties 
and  Queries  do  occur,  that  require  other  Trials 
and  Experiments  to  be  made,  in  order  to  their 
clearing  and  anfwering  :  And  farther,  to  raife  fuch 
Axioms  and  Proportions,  as  are  thereby  plainly 
demonftrated  and  proved. 

Fifthly ,  T  o  regifter  the  whole  Procefs  of  the 
Propofal,  Defign,  Experiment,  Succefs,  or  Fail¬ 
ure  ;  the  Objections  and  Objectors,  the  Explana¬ 
tion  and  Explainers,  the  Propofals  and  Propoun¬ 
ders  of  new  and  farther  Trials  j  the  Theories  and 
Axioms,  and  their  Authors  5  and,  in  a  Word, 
the  Hiftory  of  every  Thing  and  Perfon,  that  is 
material  and  circumftantial  in  the  whole  Enter¬ 
tainment  of  the  faid  Society  $  which  (hall  be  pre¬ 
pared  and  made  ready,  fairly  written  in  a  bound 
Book,  to  be  read  at  the  Beginning  of  the  Sitting  of 
the  faid  Society  :  The  next  Day  of  their  Meeting, 
then  to  be  read  over,  and  further  difcourfed,  aug¬ 
mented  or  diminifhed,  as  the  Matter  fhall  require, 
and  then  to  be  fign’d  by  a  certain  Number  of  the 
perfons  prefent,  who  have  been  prefent,  and  Wit- 
nefles  of  all  the  faid  Proceedings,  who,  by  Sub- 
1  fcribing 


2*8  Mr*  Oldenburg  h V  Letter ,  &c. 

bribing  their  Names,  will  prove  undoubted  TeftL 
niony  to  Pollerity  of  the  whole  Biftory, 


Oldenburg hs  Letter  to  Dr. 


Hook,  Aug.\r 3.  1665.  Concerning  the 
\ 'Plague  then .  and  Grafs  in  Sheef  s  and 
Oxen's  Lungs . 

\ "  .  t  .  V/ , 


s  i  r,  ■  ; 

I  cannot  but  commend  you  for  being  £o 
careful  of  yourfelf  in  this  dangerous  Time,  as 
not  to  venture  to  come  amongft  us,  efpecially 
when  you  find  yourfelf  any  ways  out  of  Temper, 
The  Sicknefs  grows  ftill  hotter  here  ,  though  I 
find  by  all  my  own,  and  other  Men3s  Obfervati- 
qnsa  that  very  few  of  thofe  Houfes  whofe  Inha¬ 
bitants  live  orderly  and  comfortably,  and  have  by 
Nature  healthy  Conftitutions,  (you  muft  take  all 
thefe  together)  are  infedled  ,  and  I  can  fay,  (God 
be  praifed  for  it )  that  as  yet  not  one  of  my  Ac¬ 
quaintance,  except  an  under  Poft-Mafter,  who 
lived  clofely  and  naftily,  and  had  all  Sorts  of  Peo¬ 
ple  coming  to  his  Houfe  with  Letters,  is  dead  : 
So  that,  generally,  they  are  Bodies  corrupted, 
and  Perfons  wanting  Neceffaries  and  comfortable 
Relief,  that  fuffer  moft  by  this  Contagion. 

That  Obfervation,  you  mention  of  Mr.  Boyle"' s, 
is  this,  that  one  of  thofe  two  Phyficians,  Dr. 
Clerk ,  and  Dr,  Lowery  had  allured  him,  that  he 
had  feveral  Times  found,  in  the  Lungs  of  Sheep, 
a  confiderable  Quantity  of  Grafs,  in  the  very 
Branches  of  the  A  [per  a  Arteria  $  and  the  other 
had  related  to  him,  that  a  few  Weeks  fince,  he, 
and  a  couple  of  Phyficians  more,  were  invited  to 
look  upon  an  Ox,  that  had,  for  two  or  three  Days, 

a  almoffc 


Account  of  an  Earthquake  at  Ballalbre. 

almoft  continually  held  his  Neck  ftraighfc  up,  and 
was  dead  of  a  Difeafe,  the  Owner  could  not  ton- 
jedure  at ,  whereupon  the  Parts  belonging  to  the 
Neck  and  Throat  being  opened,  they  found,  to 
their  Wonder,  the  Afpera  Arteria ,  in  its  very 
Trunk,  all  fluffed  with  Grafs,  as  if  it  had  been 
thruft  there  by  main  Force  ^  which  gives  a  juft 
Caufe  of  marvelling  and  enquiring,  both  how 
fuch  a  Quantity  of  Grafs  fhould  get  in  there,  and 
how  being  there,  fuch  an  Animal  could  live  with 
it  fo  long. 


Extract  of  a  Letter  from  Ballalbre,  Jan.  6* 

1 661.  From  Mr ,  Henry  Powell,  t§ 
his  Father  Air.  William  Daniel!,  upon 
London-Bridge :  Giving  an  Account  of 
an  Earthquake ,  &c.  after  the  Appear* 
ance  of  the  Comet  then . 

Th  e  fame  Star  appeared  in  our  Horizon,  a* 
bout  the  fame  Time  5twas  feen  with  yon ; 
The  Effeds,  in  Part,  have  already  been  here,  by 
unfeafonable  Weather,,  great  Mortalities  amongft 
the  Natives,  Englijh ,  and  others.  We  have  had 
feveral  Earthquakes  unufual  here,  which,  with  hi¬ 
deous  Noifes,  have,  in  feveral  Places,  fw  allowed  up 
Houfes  and  Towns  j  but  about  feven  Days  Jour¬ 
ney  from  Dacca ,  where  were  at  that  Time  three 
or  four  Dutch ,  they,  and  the  Natives,  relate  this 
Story.  That  in  that  Place  the  Earth  trembled  a» 
bout  32  Days  and  Nights,  without  Intermilfion  ; 
at  the  latter  End,  in  the  Market-Place,  the  Ground 
turn'd  round  as  Duft  in  a  Whirl-wind,  and  fo 
continued  feveral  Days  and  Nights,  and  fwallow¬ 
ed  up  feveral  Men,  who  were  Spedators,  who 
funk  and  turn’d  round  with  the  Earth,  as  in  a 

Quagmire  * 


30  Account  of  an  Earthquake  at  Balia  fore. 

Quagmire  $  at  laft  the  Earth  worked  up,  and  caft 
up  a  great  Fifh,  bigger  than  hath  been  feen  in 
this  Country,  which  the  People  caught ;  but  the 
Conclufion  of  all  was,  that  the  Earth  funk  with 
300  Houfes,  and  all  the  Men,  where  now  appears 
a  large  Lake,  fome  Fathoms  deep  :  About  a  Mile 
from  this  Town  was  a  great  Lake  full  of  Fifh, 
which,  in  thefe  32  Days  of  the  Earthquake,  caft 
up  all  her  Fifh  on  dry  Land,  where  might  have 
been  gathered  many,  which  had  run  out  of  the 
Water  upon  dry  Land,  and  there  died  ;  but  when 
the  other  great  Lake  appeared,  this  former  dried 
up,  and  is  now  firm  Land. 


Extract  of  another  Letter  from  the  fame 
Mr •  Powell,  to  the  Terfon  abovementi - 
onedy  from  CafTumb,  Seft.  27.  1666. 

Mine,  laft  Year,  advifed  of  the  unknown 
Earthquakes  which  affii&ed  moft  of  thefe 
Parts,  in  fome  to  the  deftroying  of  whole  Towns, 
viz.  June  ift,  in  Agra,  the  King’s  Seat,  at  three 
in  the  Afternoon,  fuch  a  Darknefs  poffefs’d  the 
Country,  that  none  could  fee  his  Fellow'  in  the 
Streets,  nor  his  Hand,  though  never  fo  near  his 
Eyes,  which  continued  half  an  Hour,  and  then 
diifolved  in  Rain.  It  has  pleas’d  God  to  fend  this 
Year  fuch  Rains  and  Overflowings  of  the  Pvivers, 
that  in  many  Places  whole  Towns,  with  Cattle 
and  Men,  have  been  carried  away,  to  the  Be- 
ftruftion  of  many  Thoufands.  About  the  latter 
End  of  Auguft ,  there  was  fuch  a  Storm  about  Pat- 
lava,  that  it  roll’d,  as  it  were,  that  great  City, 
their  Houfes,  in  Heaps,  deftroyed  many  People’ 
and  continued  three  Days  and  Nights,  in  which 
we  have  loft  a  Salt-petre  Boat  of  Value,  and  the 

Dutch 


Of  a  petrified  Bone ,  &c.  31 

Dutch  another  ;  alfo  both  ours  and  the  Dutch 
Houles,  in  all  thofe  Parts,  are  blown  down  :  We 
expedt  the  fame,  it  being  ufual  with  us  about  the 
Middle  of  October  yearly,  but  fuch  Inundations 
and  Storms  wrere  never  before  heard  of. 


An  Account  of  a  petrified  Bone .  An  oddly- 
coated  Stone  Bottle  :  And  a  double  Goofed 
Egg,  Produced  before  the  Society,  by 
©r.  Brown  of  Norwich,  Feb .  27-  1 66?. 

This  Bone  was  found  laft  Year,  1666,  on 
the  Sea-Shore,  not  far  from  Winterton  in 
Norfolk . 

I  t  was  found  near  the  Cliff,  after  two  great 
Floods,  fome  thoufand  Loads  of  Earth  being 
broken  down  by  the  Rage  of  the  Sea,  as  it  often 
happeneth  upon  this  Coaft,  where  the  Cliffs  con- 
lift  not  of  Rock,  but  of  Earth. 

That  it  came  not  out  of  the  Sea,  may  be 
conjedlured,  becaufe  it  was  found  near  the  Cliff ; 
and  from  the  Colour,  for,  if  out  of  the  Sea,  it 
would  have  been  whiter. 

Up  o  n  the  fame  Coaft,  but  as  I  take  it,  nearer 
Hdsborough ,  divers  great  Bones,  are  faid  to  have 
been  found  ;  and  I  have  feen  a  lower  Jaw  con¬ 
taining  Teeth  of  a  prodigious  Bignefs,  and  fome- 
what  petrified.  All,  that  are  found  on  this  Coaft, 
have  been  found  after  the  falling  of  fonie  Cliffs  ; 
j  where  the  outward  Cruft  is  fallen  off,  it  clearly 
refembleth  the  Bones  of  Whales,  and  great  ceta- 
ceous  Animals,  comparing  it  with  the  Skull  and 
|j  and  Bones  of  a  W  hale,  which  was  caft  up  on  the 
ll  Coaft  near  Wells ,  and  which  1  have  by  me. 

The  Weight  thereof  is  fifty  five  Pounds. 


T  h  1  s 


I 

31  Obfervations  of  Water 

This  Bottle  was  filled  with  a  green  Malaga $ 
above  feven  Years  ago,  and  fet  up  in  a  Ni&rio  of 
a  Wine-Cellar-Wall  in  Norwich ,  where  it  con¬ 
tracted  this  Mncor :  It  was  full  at  firft,  and  is  not 
yet  empty. 

A  G  o  o  s  e-E  g  g,  with  another  in  it,  or  at  leaf!: 
over  it  ;  the  outward  Egg  containing  nothing  but 
the  White.  The  like  I  have  obferved  in  Hen’s  and 
Turky’s  Eggs.  I  would  not  omit  to  fend  it,  be- 
caufe  though  it  fometiines  happeneth,  yet  few 
have  the  Advantage  to  fee  it,  efpecially  in  a 
Goofe-Egg. 


Mr.  Charles Towneleybr  Relation,  with  Ob¬ 
fervations  of  the  late  Eruption  of  Water 
out  of  Pendle-Hill,  Communicated  by 
Richard  Towneley,  Efq\ 

Au  g  u  s  t  iS.  1669,  betwixt  9  and  10  o5  the 
Clock  in  the  Morning,  there  iffued,  out  of 
the  North-Weft  Side  of  P e n die -Hill ,  a  great  Quan¬ 
tity  of  Water  :  The  Particulars  of  which  Erupti¬ 
on,  as  I  received  them  from  a  Gentleman  living 
hard  by,  are  thefe.  The  Water  continued  run¬ 
ning  for  about  two  Hours ,  it  came  in  that  Quan¬ 
tity,  and  fo  fuddenly,  that  it  made  a  Breaft  of  at 
Yard  high,  not  unlike  (as  the  Gentleman  exprefs’d 
it)  to  the  Eager  at  Roan  in  Normandy ,  or  Oufe 
in  Torkjhire  3  it  grew  unfordable  in  fo  fhort  a  Space, 
that  two  going  to  Church  on  Horfeback,  the  one 
having  paffed  the  Place  where  it  took  its  Courfe, 
the  other  being  a  little  behind,  could  not  pafs 
this  fudden  Torrent.  It  endanger’d  breaking 
down  of  a  Mill-Dam,  came  into  feveral  Houfes 
in  Worfion ,  (a  Village  at  the  Foot  of  the  Hill) 
fo  that  feveral  things  fwam  in  them.  It  iffued 


ijfuing  out  of  Pendle-Hill  35 

out  at  fomefive  or  fix  feveral  Places,  one  of  which 
was  conliderably  bigger  than  the  reft,  and  brought 
with  it  nothing  elfe  but  Stone,  Gravel,  and  Earth, 
He  moreover  told,  that  the  greateft  of  thefe  fix 
Places  clofed  up  again,  and  that  the  Water  was 
black,  like  unto  that  of  Mofs-Pits ;  and  laftly, 
that  fome  fifty  or  fixty  Years  ago,  there  happened 
an  Eruption  much  greater  than  this,  fo  that  it 
much  endamaged  the  adjacent  Country,  and  made 
two  Cloughs  or  Dingles,  which,  to  this  Day,  are 
called  Oburfi  (or,  in  our  Lancafhire  Dialed:,  BraJT) 
Cloughs.  Thus  far  this  Gentleman  related  j  what 
follows  take  from  my  felf :  Going,  fince  this,  to 
fee  what  I  could  of  this  Accident,  I  found  no- 
‘  thing  that  did  contradid:  the  abovefaid  Relation. 
What  I  obferved  more  concerning  this  and  other 
Eruptions,  is,  that  palling  under  the  North-Eaft 
End,  commonly  call’d  the  Butt  End  of  Pendle ,  I 
faw  feveral  Breaches  in  the  Side  thereof,  at  feve¬ 
ral  Diftances  from  the  Top  ,  from  thefe,  Stones, 
mix’d  with  Earth,  had  been  tumbled  down,  and 
lay  in  fuch  a  confufed  Order,  as  if  they  had  been 
brought  thither  by  fuch  a  like  Eruption  as  this 
laft  ,  and  enquiring  of  a  Country  Fellow,  who 
was  our  Guide,  he  confirmed  the  Conjecture,  and 
told  us,  thefe  Breakings  out  of  Water  were  very 
frequent,  fo  that  he  wonder’d  we  took  fo  much 
Pains  to  go  and  fee  this  late  one.  I  went  to  look 
amongft  the  Rubbifh  of  Stone  and  Earth,  of  one 
of  thefe  Breaches,  to  fee  if  I  could  find  any  thing 
like  Ore,  but  could  find  nothing.  Having  pafs’d 
the  End  of  the  Hill,  and  coming  to  the  other  Side, 
we,  after  a  fhort  Time,  difcovered  the  mentioned 
fix  Breaches,  of  which  two  feemed  to  be  very 
near  the  Top  of  the  Hill,  and  in  the  fame  hori¬ 
zontal  Line  3  the  others  at  feveral  Diftances  from 
the  Top.  I  went  only  to  the  biggeft  of  thefe 
Breaches,  in  which  I  obferved  thefe  Particulars : 
Vol.  I.  X>  The 


34  Obfervation  of  Water ,  &c. 

The  Water  had  taken  away  the  Soil,  (which  was 
But  about  two  Foot  deep)  and  bared  the  Rock, 
betwixt  feme  twenty  and  thirty  Yards  in  Rreadth, 
and  downwards  a  ccnfiderable  deal  more  :  It  an- 
peared  evidently,  that  the  Water  came  from  be¬ 
twixt  the  Swarth  and  the  Rock,  for,  at  the  Top 
Of  the  Breach,  we  faw  feveral  Holes,  whereat  the 
Water  had  iffued  forth,  others  were  clofed  up 
with  the  Fall  of  the  Earth  j  wherefoever  the  Wa¬ 
ter  had  taken  away  fome  two  Foot  deep  of  Earth, 
the  Rock  appeared  :  Amongft  the  Rubbifh  I  found 
nothing  that  could  be  fuppofed  to  come  out  of 
the  Bowels  of  the  Hill,  but  only  fuch  Stones  as 
might  lie  loofe  on  the  Rock,  amongft  the  Earth 
that  covered  it.  This  is  what  I  obferved  in  the 
Breach,  which,  for  Bignefs,  was  moft  remarka¬ 
ble,  and  prefume,  I  fhould  have  found  nothing 
worth  Notice  in  the  lefter  ones.  Though  the  Noife 
of  this  Eruption  was  fo  great,  that  1  thought  it 
worth  my  Pains  to  enquire  further  into  it ;  yet,, 
in  all  thefe  Particulars,  I  find  nothing  worthy  of 
Wonder,  or  what  may  not  be  eafily  accounted  for. 
The  Colour  of  the  Water,  its  coming  down  to 
the  Place  where  it  breaks  forth,  between  the  Rock 
and  Earth,  with  that  other  Particular  of  its  bring¬ 
ing  nothing  along  but  Stones  and  Earth,  are  evi¬ 
dent  Signs  that  it  hath  not  its  Origin  from  the  ve¬ 
ry  Bowels  of  the  Mountain,  but  that  it  is  only 
Rain-Water,  coloured  firft  in  the  Mofs-Fits,  of 
which  the  Top  of  the  Hill  (being  a  great  and  con- 
llderable  Plain)  is  full,  fhrunk  down  into  fome 
Receptacle  fit  to  contain  it,  until  at  laft,  by  its 
Weight,  or  fome  other  Caufe,  it  finds  a  Paftage 
to  the  Side  of  the  Hill,  and  then  a  Way  betwixt 
the  Rock  and  Swarth,  until  it  break  the  latter, 
and  violently  rufh  out.  The  great  Eruption,  men¬ 
tioned  to  have  happened  fo  many  Years  ago,  per¬ 
haps  is  that  taken  NqUCQ  of  by  Qamhden  in  his 

Bnttannicc^ 


/ 


Account  of  Earthquakes  at  Ternata.  35 

ft rittannia ,  pag.  613.  Verurn  hie  mens  damno  quod 
fubjetio  agro  jam  pride  m  intulit  maxi  mam  aqua - 
mm  vim  er  uhlans ,  &  certijjimo  pluvice  indicio ,  quo- 
ties  eius  vertex  nebula,  vefiitur ,  maxim e  in/ignis  eft. 

I  know  not  whether  it  may  not  be  worth  Notice, 
that  going  to  the  Top  of  the  Hill,  and  obferving 
a  conflderable  Part  thereof,  efpecially  towards  the 
Skirts,  where  Turfs  had  been  gotten,  I  found  that 
the  Rock  reach’d  within  a  Yard  or  two  of  the 
highefb  Part ;  confldering  this,  with  what  I  ob- 
ferved  at  the  mention’d  Breach,  and  feveral  other 
Places,  I  think  it  is  very  probable,  that  the  whole 
Mountain,  as  great  as  it  is,  is  one  continued 
Rock  ,  and  it  may  be  a  Queftion,  Whether  all 
other  Hills  be  fo  or  no  ?  But  this  1  leave  to  fur¬ 
ther  Enquiry. 


ExtraB  of  a  Letter  from  the  Erefident 
Cornells  Frans,  and  the  Council  in  Ter¬ 
nata,  to  the  Heer  William  Maatluiker, 
and  the  Council  in  Banda,  dated  the  nth 
of  Auguft,  1673.  Concerning  Earthquakes 
there , 

We  hereby  acquaint  you  with  two  Wonders, 
the  like  not  before  heard  of  The  firft, 

!  that  on  the  2,0th  of  May,  being  Saturday  Even¬ 
ing,  that  great  and  high  Hill  Qammaknotra ,  a~ 
bout  thirteen  Miles  from  hence,  is,  for  the  niofb 
Part,  flown  up  in  the  Air,  which  caufed  the  next 
1  Day,  being  Whit  [unday  ^  fo  great  a  Darknefs,  that 
we  could  hardly  fee  one  another  9  and  this  was 
accompanied  with  a  great  Earthquake,  and  all  the 
■  Land,  both  here,  at  Man  ado ,  Cbianco ,  Jafangy , 
I  and  Mindanao ,  a  hundred  Miles  from  hence,  and 
I  Cod  knoweth  how  much  further,  was  covered 

D  %  with 


36  Account  of  Earthquakes  at  Tefnata. 

with  Afhes  a  Foot  thick,  and  fo  much  was  fallen 
in  the  Sea,  that  a  fmall  fluit  Ship,  in  going  and 
coming  from  Man  ado ,  was  feveral  Times  hinder’d 
in  her  failing,  through  the  great  Quantity  of 
Alhes  driving,  and  fome  Houfes  and  Negeries,  at 
the  Foot  of  the  Hill,  were  quafh’d  with  the 
Weight  of  the  Allies  fallen  on  them. 

Th  e  fecond  Wonder  is,  that  on  the  12 th  pre- 
fent,  in  the  Night,  between  11  and  12  o’  the 
Clock,  a  hidden  Earthquake  furprized  us,  with 
fuch  terrible  Shakings,  as  pofllbly  the  like  was  ne¬ 
ver  known,  which  encreafed  fo  violently,  that  the 
Hill  of  Ternata ,  on  the  South  Side,  was  rent 
from  Top  to  Bottom  j  the  King’s  Mandarfahas 
Stone-Houfes  were  caft  down  j  Parts  of  Hills 
funk  ;  all  the  tiled  Coverings,  with  feveral  Walls, 
call:  down  ,  and  the  Sea  was  in  that  Manner  di- 
fturbed,  that  the  Ships,  here  in  the  Road,  expect¬ 
ed  all  to  have  been  caft  away  ,  and  Quantity  of 
Filh  was  flung  on  the  Shore,  with  many  other 
ftrange  Paflages.  And  that  which  is  worfe,  the 
faid  Earthquake  continueth  to  this  prefent  Time  ; 
and  here  is  nothing  to  be  feen  but  bad  Spectacles 
of  Ruin.  By  a  further  Letter  from  the  faid  Pre- 
fident  of  : Ecrnata ,  of  the  firft  of  September ,  the 
before-going  Relation  is  confirmed,  and  that  the 
Earthquake  yet  continued,  fo  that  the  Night  be¬ 
fore,  the  Houfes  were  thereby  terribly  fhaked  ; 
all  which  is  more  at  large  exprefs’d  in  a  Relation 
printed  at  Batavia . 


s 


$ 


Of  the  Belland,  &c. 


37 


To  whiten  Bees- Wax, 5  April  3.  1674. 

T  n  March  or  April  melt  yellow  Wax  without 
£  boiling  $  then  having  feveral  Pewter  Difhes 
ready,  dip  the  Outfide  Bottom  of  each  Difh  in 
fair  Water ;  then  dip  them  into  the  Wax,  and 
take  up  a  very  thin  Plate  of  Wax,  the  thinner 
the  better:  Take  them  off,  and  expofe  them  upon 
the  Grafs,  to  the  Sun,  Air,  and  Dews,  ’till  they 
be  milk  white,  turning  them  often.  Try  fome  of 
them  by  fprinkling  Water  on  them  with  a  Cloth. 

Whether  white  Lead  may  not  this  Way  be 
made  with  very  thin  Plates, 


Dr.  John  Carte’ j  Letters  to  Dr.  Grew,  of 
the  Belland,  caufed  by  the  Fumes  of  Lead \ 
and  other  curious  Obfervations . 

T  thought  it  might  be  worth  while  to  give 
you  a  fhort  Account  of  a  Diftemper  in  Der - 
byJJjire ,  very  common  among  thofe,  who  are  em¬ 
ployed  in  the  Smelting-Mills,  i .  e.  the  Houfes 
where  they  melt  the  Lead  down  from  the  Ore  j  it 
is  by  the  Country  People  called  the  Belland ,  but 
for  what  Reafon  I  cannot  learn ;  it  is  hard  to  give 
a  concife  Definition  of  it,  becaufe  it  feldom  ap¬ 
pears  but  under  the  Difguife  of  another  Difeafe. 

This  Belland  frequently  imitates  the  \ tormina 
Ventris  Scorbutica ,  but  in  a  mod:  exquilite  Man¬ 
ner,  which  is  ufually  accompanied  with  extreme 
Coilivenefs,  and  a  continued  Suppreflion  of  U- 
rine  :  Sometimes  appears  like  an  Afthnia  Convulfi- 
* yum ,  fometimes  a  continued  and  obftinate  Dy/~ 
pfl(sa9  and  often  feizes  the  Genus  Nervofiim ,  either 

D  3  il1 


or  in 


Of  the  Belland,  &£. 

In  a  paralytick  Kefolution  of  the  Parts, 

Spafnis. 

I  t  has  a  different  EffeCt  upon  Men,  according 
to  their  Age  5  if  they  come  not  to  the  Work  of 
the  Mills,  till  they  are  full  grown,  or  of  a  mid¬ 
dle  Age,  they  fuffer  mofUy  the  aforementioned 
Pains  of  the  Belly,  or  difficult  Breathing.  But 
if  taken  in  while  young,  and  growing,  they  are 
fubjeCt  to  the  Palfy  ■  their  Limbs  (efpecially  their 
Fingers)  being  often  irrecoverably  refolved  :  Or 
fometimes  have  their  Fingers  fo  contracted,  as  to 
render  them  (perhaps  for  ever)  incapable  of  work¬ 
ing.  Both  which  I  have  feen. 

I  could  not  be  informed  of  any  Specificks, 
they  had  for  this  Bifeafe  ;  but  that  a  Decodtioii 
of  Coloquintida ,  in  Ale,  was  very  common  among 
them.  1  remember  once,  an  old  Man  complained 
to  me  of  the  Bell  and ,  it  opprehed  him  in  the  Na¬ 
ture  of  an  Afthma  1  advifed  him  to  fulphurate 
Medicines,  which  did  relieve  him.  The  Contracti¬ 
on  of  the  Fingers  I  have  known  cured,  by  often 
putting  the  Arms  into  hot  Grains  after  Brewing. 

I  have  not  obferved,  whether  any  of  thofe, 
that  are  paralytick  by  the  Bettand ,  die  HeCtick, 
as  Dr.  Pope  relates  of  them,  at  the  Mercurial  Alines 
In  Firmly ,  but  it  feems  not  Improbable  that  they 
may. 

This  Biftemper  is  not  only  incident  to  Men, 
but  other  Creatures,  as  Horfes,  Cows,  Dogs, 
Cats,  Hens,  Geefe,  &c.  but,  efpecially,  Cats  are 
fubjed  to  it :  Indeed  few  Creatures,that  are  young, 
will  live  near  thefe  Mills  without  the  Belland. 

Bogs  do  in  their  Fits  howl  and  tumble  up 
and  down,  foaming  like  Epilepticks  ;  this  the  Peo¬ 
ple  impute  to  the  Pain  of  their  Bellies. 

1  k  n  o  w  a  final!  Rivulet,  on  which  fome  of 
thefe  Mills  Band,  wherein  Trouts  have  been 
caught,  which  have  been  fuppofed  affeCted  with 

bet 


Of  the  Belland,  39 

the  Belland ,  by  the  Irregularity  of  their  Growth, 
their  Heads  being  great  and  milhapen,  their  Backs 
crooked,  their  Tails  very  fmall,  which,  I  am  apt  to 
think,  might,  proceed  from  their  feeding  on  the 
Smith  am  or  Dufi  that  is  wafhed  down  at  a  Flood  : 
For  not  only  the  Fumes,  but  alfo  the  Walkings  of 
Lead  Ore,  and  the  Wafte  (as  they  call  it)  i. 
the  Dull  that  remains,  after  the  Ore  is  melted,  is 
very  noxious  to  moft  Sort  of  Creatures,  and  for 
this  Reafon,  they, that  live  near  the  Mills,  dare  not 
water  their  Horfes  at  the  River,  upon  a  Flood. 

These  poifonous  Fumes  are  not  only  hurtful 
to  Animals,  but  alfo  injurious  to  Vegetables ,  for 
if  the  Snioak  be  driven  much  upon  any  one  Place, 
it  deftroys  all  the  Grafs  of  it. 

Now  that  the  Belland  in  Men,  or  other  Crea¬ 
tures,  proceeds  moftly  from  the  Snioak,  will  be 
eafily  granted  $  but  what  thefe  Fumes  is.  impreg¬ 
nated  with,  is  the  Queftion  :  Some  fancy  them  to 
be  Antimonial,  but  then,  methinks,  they  ihoulcf 
have  the  fame  Effedt  with  the  Flowers  of  that  Mi¬ 
neral,  and  I  never  heard  that  any  of  them  were  in¬ 
clined  to  Vomit.  I  am  much  more  apt  to .  think, 
that  the  Mercury  in  the  Ore  is  the  Caufe,  both  be- 
caufe  they,  that  work  in  the  Mercurial  Mines,,  are 
fubjedl  to  the  like  Symptoms,  efpecialiy  the  Pal¬ 
ly  •  and  alfo  I  am  told,  that  this  Belland  often 
begins  with  a  Swelling  of  the  Glands  about  the 
Throat,  which,  perhaps,  if  not  prevented,  might 
terminate  in  Salivation.  But  w  hy  Mercury  fhould 
operate  fovarioufly  upon  Bodies,  differing  in  Age, 
is  a  (Queftion  will  hardly  be  folved,  till  it  appear 
more  plainly,  whether  it  be  nearer  a-kin  to  Aka- 
lies  or  Acids :  Its  Effect  \s  eafily  foretold  in  Bodies 
that  abound  with  Acids,  whether  Scorbutick  or 
Venereal ;  but  in  younger  Ferfons  whole  Hu¬ 
mours  are  more  infipid,  and  their  Blood  freer  from 
both  fix’d  Salts  and  Acids,  it  may,  perhaps,  fix 

D  4  ‘  *  itfeli 


40  Of  the  Belland,  &c. 

itfelf  upon  the  Nerves,  as  the  cooleft  Parts,  and 
impede  the  Motion  of  the  Spirits  ,  but  I  had  ra¬ 
ther  hear  others  Reafons  about  the  Caufe  of  thefe 
Things,  than  trouble  you  with  my  own. 

So  m  e  other  Things  1  have  b^en  informed  of 
by  the  Work-men,  as  that  a  little  Spar  mix’d  with 
the  Lerd  Ore,  promotes  its  Full  on,  I  fuppofe,  as 
the  yellow  Marchafite,  that’s  found  with  Silver, 
makes  that  Metal  flow  the  fooner  :  That  if  there 
be  any  Holly-Wood  in  the  Fire,  it  hinders  the 
fluxing  of  the  Ore,  which  is  certainly  caufed  by 
the  glutinous  Sap  of  that  Wood. 

That  the  Smoak  is  obferved  to  follow  the 
Water  very  much  :  I  fuppofe  the  Coldoefs  of  the 
Water  does  condenfe  the  Fumes,  as  is  feen  in  re¬ 
viving  Mercury  from  Cinnabar.  A  blue  Film  is 
obferved  on  the  Surface  of  thofe  Waters,  where  the 
Smoak  falls. 

T  n  a  t  a  Man  may  by  wetting  his  Finger  in  his 
Mouth,  cr  cpmmon  Water,  draw  it  through  melt¬ 
ed  Lead  or  Iron,  without  any  Prejudice. 

*5V>,  These  Obfervations  will  feem  barren,  yet 
as  good  as  I  could  make  among  thefe  boorifh  Peo¬ 
ple  of  the  Peak ,  few  of  which  can  give  a  rational 
Account  of  either  what  they  do,  or  fuffer,  in  fuch 
Matters. 

I  a?ny 


Manchcfter, 
Oftob.  27. 
1678. 


u/>, 

Tours  ^  &c. 


Part 


Tr.  H  o  o  yCs  W eatber-JVifer. 


4! 


Tart  of  a  Second  Letter  to  Tr.  Grew, 

Tec.  6.  1678. 

SIR , 

Si  n  c  e  I  writ  to  you  about  the  Be  l land ,  I  have 
been  in  Derbyfhire  ;  all,  that  I  could  learn  far¬ 
ther  of  it,  was,  that  they  are  lefs  fubjedl  to  that 
Diftemper  in  thofe  Smelting-Mills,  that  ftand  in 
an  open  and  moveable  Air,  or  that  have  large 
Ghimnies,  and  are  not  built  clofe  :  I  met  with  a 
Gentleman  who  told  me,  a  Servant  or  two,  of  his 
had  it  very  feverely  in  their  Bellies,  and  were  cu¬ 
red  by  taking  the  Salt  that  comes  from  the  Sul¬ 
phur-Well  at  Knaresborough  ;  this  Remedy  is,  l 
think,  one  of  the  likelieft  I  have  heard  of. 


Tr.  Hook’j  Tefcription  of  his  Weather - 
Wifer  ;  about  Dec.  y.  1678. 

Th e  Weather-Clock  confifts  of  two  Parts; 
Firft ,  that  which  meafures  the  Time,  which 
S  is  a  ftrong  and  large  Pendulum-Clock,  which 
j  moves  a  Week,  with  once  winding  up,  and  isfuf- 
ficent  to  turn  a  Cylinder  (upon  which  the  Paper 
is  rolled)  twice  round  in  a  Day,  and  alfo  to  lift 
a  Hammer  for  ftriking  the  Punches,  once  every 
j  Quarter  of  an  Hour. 

Secondly ,  O  f  feveral  Inftruments  for  meafuring 
the  Degrees  of  Alteration,  in  the  feveral  Things,  to 
if  be  obferved.  The  firft  is,  the  Barometer,  which 
|  moves  the  firft  Punch,  an  Inch  and  Half,  ferving 
:  to  fhew  the  Difference  between  the  greateft  and 
j  leaft  Preflure  of  the  Air.  The  fecond  is,  the 
Thermometer,  which  moves  the  Punch  that  fhews 
i  the 


Lf2,  2)re  Hoo k *s  Weather- Wifer. 

the  Differences  between  the  greateft  Heat  in  Sum¬ 
mer,  and  the  leaft  in  Winter.  The  third  is,  the 
Eygrofcope,  moving  the  Punch,  which  fhews  the 
I :  fferences  between  the  moifteft  and  drieft  Airs, 
The  fourth  is,  the  Rain-Bucket,  ferving  to  fhew 
£he  Quantity  of  Rain  that  falls  j  this  hath  two 
Parts  or  Punches  ^  the  firft,  to  fhew  what  Part  of 
the  Bucket  is  fill’d,  when  there  falls  not  enough  to 
make  it  empty  itfelf j  the  fecond,  to  fhew  how 
many  full  Buckets  have  been  emptied.  The  fifth 
is,the  Wind  Vane  ,  this  hath  aifo  two  Parts  j  the  firft 
to  fhew  the  Strength  of  theWind,  which  is  obferved 
by  the  Number  of  Pvevolutions  in  the  Vane-Mill, 
and  marked  by  three  Punches ,  the  firft  marks  eve¬ 
ry  ioooo  Revolutions,  the  fecond  every  1000, 
and  the  third  every  100  :  The  fecond,  to  fhew  the 
Quarters  of  the  Wind,  this  hath  four  Punches  ; 
the  firft  with  one  Point,  marking  the  North  Quar¬ 
ters,  viz.  N  :  N.  by  E  :  N.  by  W  :  N.  N.  E :  N 
N  W.  N  E  by  N.  and  N  W  by  N.  N  E.  and 
N  W.  The  fecond  hath  two  Points,  marking  the 
Eaft  and  its  Quarters.  The  third  hath  three  Points, 
marking  the  South  and  its  Quarters.  The  fourth 
hath  four  Points,  marking  the  W eft  and  its  Quar¬ 
ters.  Some  of  thefe  Punches  give  one  Mark,  eve¬ 
ry  100  Revolutions  of  the  Vane-Mill. 

T  h  e  Stations  or  Places  of  the  firft  four  Punches 
are  marked  on  a  Scrowl  of  Paper,  by  the  Clock- 
Hammer,  falling  every  Quarter  of  an  Hour.  The 
Punches,  belonging  to  the  fifth,  are  marked  on  the 
faid  Scrowl,  by  the  Revolutions  of  the  Vane, 
•which  are  accounted  by  a  fmall  Numerator,  Brand¬ 
ing  at  the  Top  of  the  Clock-Cafe,  which  is  moved 
by  the  Vane-Mill. 


(  43  ) 

2)r.  H  o  o  iCs  Contrivance  of  a  Vejfel \  to 
"  me  a  fur  e  the  Quantities  of  Rain  falling  : 
Being  a  Bart  of  his  Weather- Wafer  in  the 
preceding  B after* 

PROBLEM. 

€ftc  make  a  Vejfely  which,  when  it  hath  re¬ 
ceived  a  certain  Quantity  of  IV dter ,  jhall 
emftty  itfelf 


44  H  0  o  k 9s  Vejfel  to  empty  ttfelf. 

Le  t  the  Veffel  be  a  Triangular  Prifm,  as  %, 
poiz'd  like  a  Balance  upon  a  Foot,  fo  that 
the  leffer  End  may  only  defcend,  and  not  the 
greater,  by  means  of  the  Stop  D.  And  let  one  of 
the  Sides  be  ABD.  From  N,  the  Half  of  AB, 
draw  the  Line  DN ,  and  from  of  AB,  draw 
MQ_  parallel  to  AB ,  therefore  E  fhall  be  the  Cen¬ 
ter  of  Gravity  of  the  Triangle  ABD.  And  be- 
caufe  AB  is  an  open  Side  of  the  Veffel,  fome 
Point  between  E  and  D,  as  G,  fhall  be  the  Cen¬ 
ter  of  Gravity  of  the  whole  Veffel  j  taking  a 
Point  at  P  near  Q,  towards  D,  ere  (ft  PC,  and  let 
C  be  one  of  the  Centers  of  Motion,  upon  which^and 
the  like  oppofite  Point  in  the  other  Side  of  the  Vef- 
el,  it  fhall  turn  as  a  Balance.  Secondly ,  By  adding 
Weight  in  O  oppofite  to  G,  equiponderate  the 
whole  Veflel  upon  the  Center  of  Motion  C  ,  there¬ 
fore  DCN  will  be  a  Balance,  whofe  Center  is  C, 
and  the  Weights  of  equal  Moment  are  G  and  O. 
thirdly ,  Draw  the  Line  ST  parallel  to  AB,  fo 
that  C  may  be  the  Center  of  Gravity  of  the  Tri¬ 
angle  DST. 

Fir  ft  i  Isay,  if  the  Veffel  be  fill’d  fhort  of  ST, 
the  Side  D  fhall  preponderate  ,  if  higher,  the 
Side  B  ,  becaufe  C  is  the  Center  of  the  Balance 
DCN,  and  the  Centers  of  Gravity  of  all  the  like 
Triangles,  lefs  then  DST  (as  DIL)  are  upon  the 
Arm  DC,  and  the  Centers  of  all  the  greater  up¬ 
on  the  Arm  CN.  Hence  it  follows,  that  becaufe 
it  is  flopp’d  from  defcending  at  D,  the  Veflel  fhall 
reft  till  the  Water  rife  above  ST,  when  the  Side, 
towards  B,  fhall  preponderate. 

2 d/y,  Isay,  if  the  Veffel  be  inclined  towards 
B,  the  Part  B  fhall  ftiil  preponderate  ,  let  ABD 
be  inclined,  (C  the  Center  as  before  •)  fo  that  the 
Water,  that  lay  before  at  ST,  lies  now  as 
and  let  be  a  perpendicular  Line,  becaufe  the 

Triangles 


2)r.  Hoo  k’j'  Veffel  to  empty  It  [elf.  45- 

Triangles  DST,  D  kk  are  equal,  but  7*S,  the  Tri¬ 
angle  nearer  the  Perpendicular,  is  taken  away, 
and  £at5  being  farther  off,  is  added  on  the  Side  to¬ 
wards  B  ,  therefore  that  Side  preponderates,  and 
the  more  the  lower  it  defcends,  becaufe  the  Center 
of  Gravity,  of  the  Triangle  £aT,  runs  farther  and 
farther  from  the  Perpendicular,  till  it  runs  over 
at  B. 

3 dly,  Isay,  that  when  a  Part  given  of  the 
Water  is  poured  out,  the  Refidue  {till  preponde¬ 
rates,  while  it  remains  inclin’d.  Let  the  Water  be 
reprefented  by  the  Triangle  DRB  in  the  Motion 
of  pouring  out,  Part  being  run  over  ;  the  Center 
of  Gravity  of  the  Water,  is  ^  in  the  Line  MQ_: 
and  C  «  at  right  Angles  to  BR,  will  be  the  Per¬ 
pendicular,  as  CP  wi}l  be  the  Perpendicular  when 
B  is  defcended  fo  Jow,  that  DB  becomes  horizon¬ 
tal,  (that  is,  when  all  the  Water  mu  ft  be  poured 
out)  therefore  CP  is  between  CO  and  t/,  but  by 
!  Conftrucftion  the  neareft  Point  of  MQ  is  without 
CP  towards  B,  therefore  v  preponderates ,  there¬ 
fore  the  Veffel  ftill  inclines,  till  all  be  poured  out. 
Therefore  that,  which  was  required,  is  perform’d. 

|  j  C* .  j  s  •• J 

SCHOLIUM. 

If  it  be  requir’d  that  the  Veflel,  after  it  is 

(empty,  fhould  return  again  to  its  former  Pofition, 
there  muft  be  added  to  the  Point  O  yet  more 
Weight  at  K,  enough  to  reftore  the  emptied  Vef¬ 
fel,  in  which  Cafe  a  Triangle  may  be  drawn  as 
DBR,  whofe  Weight  upon  its  Center  v  {hall  equi¬ 
ponderate  to  K  in  O  3  it  feems  therefore,  that  the 
|  Veffel  fhould  defcend  no  lower  than  till  BR  be 
i  horizontal.  But  becaufe  nothing  that  moves  to- 
<  wards  an  Equilibrium  refts  there,  but  is  carried 
.  further  by  the  imprefs’d  Force  which  it  gains  in  de¬ 
fending 


46  2)r.  Hoo  kV  VeJJel  to  empty  itfelf. 

fcending  to  this  Equilibrium.*  as  it  appears  in  all 
Manner  of  pendulous  Motions.  And  becaufe  K 
may  be  lefs  than  any  Magnitude  affigned,  therefore, 
notwithstanding  the  Counterpoife  of  K,  it  will  de- 
fcend  fo  low,  as  to  pour  out  ail  s  that  is,  having 
gain’d  an  imprefs’dForce  in  itsDefcent  from  B  toK, 
there  is  noReafon  but  it  fhould  continue  it  beyond 
the  Equilibrium  to  H  and  further. 

Befides  this,  I  find  two  other  Contrivances  of 
Dr.  Hook's ,  among  the  Minutes  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  April  1670.  for  meafuring  the  Rain 
that  falls,  in  thefe  Words :  Mr.  Hook  fhew’d  an 
Experiment  in  Mechanicks,  which  was  a  Way  how 
to  take  notice  of  all  the  Rain  that  falleth,  and  was 
defigned  as  a  Part  of  the  Weather-Clock.  The 
Contrivance  is  the  fufpending  the  Bucket  that  was 
to  receive  the  Quantity  of  Rain,  that  fell  at  any 
time  (whether  more  or  lefs)  fo  that  according  to 
the  Quantity  therein  contain’d,  the  Place  thereof 
fhould  either  be  higher  or  lower,  but  certainly  be 
determin’d.  This  was  perform’d  by  a  Counter- 
poife  to  the  faid  Bucket.  The  Counterpoife  was 
contriv’d  two  Ways  ;  either  by  a  String  of  leaden 
Bullets,  fo  order’d,  that  when  the  Bucket  was 
quite  empty,  all  the  Bullets  refted  upon  a  Table  ; 
but  when  there  fell  as  much  W ater  into  the  Buc¬ 
ket,  as  equail’d  the  Weight  of  one  of  the  leaden 
Bullets,  then  the  Bucket  defcended  one  Space, 
and  one  Bullet  was  lifted  up  ^  when  twice  as 
much,  two  Bullets  ,  and  when  three  times  as 
much,  three  Bullets  were  lifted  up  ,  and  fo  for¬ 
ward,  till  all  the  Bullets  were  lifted  up,  and  the 
Bucket'  had  defcended  to  its  Place  of  Emptinefs  ; 
whereupon  the  Chain  of  Bullets  prefently  defcend- 
ed,  and  lifted  up  the  Bucket  into  its  empty 
Place. 


fDr.  Hoo  k  V  Vejfel  to  empty  itfelf.  4  7 

But  becaufe  this  Motion  proceeded  by  Jumps, 
and  was  not  equable,  therefore  a  fecond  Contri¬ 
vance  was  alfo  fhewn,  which  was  this, 

The  Counterpoife  to  the  Bucket,  when  empty, 
was  a  Cylinder  immerfed  into  Water,  Mercury ,  or 
any  other  Fluid.  Which  Cylindrical  Counter¬ 
poife,  according  as  the  Bucket  receiv’d  more  and 
Anore  Water,  was  continually  lifted  higher  and 
higher  out  of  the  Water,  by  Spaces  always  pro¬ 
portioned  to  the  Quantity  of  Water  that  was 
contained  in  the  Bucket.  And  when  the  Bucket 
was  fill’d  to  its  defigned  Fulnefs,  it  immediately 
emptied  itfelf  of  the  Water,  and  the  Cylinder 
plung’d  itfelf  into  the  Water,  and  raifed  the 
Bucket  to  the  Place  where  it  was,  again  to  begin 
its  Befcent. 

This  Contrivance,  here  made  ufe  of,  was  declar’d 
to  be  very  ufeful  for  making  a  new  andufeful 

I  Beam,  for  examining  the  Weight  of  Bodies,  with 
out  any  Trouble  of  adjufting,  the  Rifmg  of  the 
Cylinder  immediately  ihewing  the  determinate 
Weight  of  any  Body,  put  into  the  Scale,  without 
any  farther  Trouble. 


Mr. 


(  4«  ) 

Mr.  ToinardV  Obfervation  of  the  "Diffe¬ 
rence  of  Longitude  between  Paris  and 
Breft,  with  Observations  of  Jupiter  \r  Sa¬ 
tellite  Eclipfesfm  1679. 

H.  '  " 

10  Bee.  79.  A  Paris  a  12  50  08 
A  Breft  a  12  22  37 

Breft  felon  le  grande  Carte  de  France 
de  Samfon  del5  an  1650  eft  plus  oc- 
cidentale  que  Paris  de  degr.  -  08  10  00 

Qui  valent  le  temps  de  -  -  00  32-  40 

Mais  Fobfervation  faite  10  Bee.  donnede 

difference  -  -  00  27  31 

Par  confequence  la  Carte  qui  eloigne 

Paris  de  Breft  de  -  -  00  32  40 

Bont  il  faut  oter  la  veritable  difference  00  27  31 
Sc  trompe  de  -  00  04  22 

Qui  valent  plus  d5un  degre  &  un  cart. 

3  Dec.  79.  A  Paris  Fimmerfion  du  Grand 
19  Satellite  a  -  10  53  23 

A  Paris  Fimmerfion  du  Pre¬ 
mier  a  -  -  09  16  03 

Son  gros  camarade  environ  demie  heure  &  demie 
call  apres. 


Mom 


Of  Hail-ftones  that  fell  in  London*  49 

Monfeur  ToinardV  Obfervations  of  the 
Eclipfes  of  Jupiter  V  fir  ft  Satellite  in  1680. 

Satellites  Jovis  primi  leu  proximi  immer-* 
fiones  in  umbram  Jovis  Parifiis,  i68o„ 
Stilo  novo. 


Sept. 


Q5toh» 


D. 

H. 

M.  , 

D. 

H.  M. 

12 

16 

20 

051  oh.  16 

7  3o 

14 

10 

So 

21 

14  55 

21 

12 

45 

23 

9  25 

23 

7 

I5 

28 

16  50 

28 

14 

4° 

3° 

11  20 

5 

16 

35  ! 

Nov.  4 

00 

w 

7 

ii 

5 

6 

13  1S 

9 

5 

35 

8 

7  4° 

12 

18 

30 

13 

15  1° 

14 

13 

0 

15 

9  4°  vel  3  S 

- — -  . - . . - 

2)r.  H  o  o  k's  Account  of  the  great  Hail- 
ftones  that  fell  in  London,  on  May  ig. 
1680. 


A  t  about  10  J  Hour  in  the  Morning,  in  Gre-* 
‘  /ham  College  ,  I  obferved  the  falling  of  a 
great  Shower  of  Hail  ,  concerning  which,  I 
obferved  thefe  Particulars. 

The  Day  before,  it  rain'd  almoft,  all  the  Day, 

I  a  gentle  Rain,  and,  by  turns,  the  fore-part  of  the 
Night.  At  about  three  or  four  o'  the  Clock  in 
the  Morning,  was  very  much  Thunder  and  Light- 
j  ning,  with  an  exceeding  violent  Shower  of  Rain  9 
i  whether  any  Hail  then  fell,  1  know  not,  being  in 
Vol,  L  E  Bed ; 


jo  Of  Hat  If  ones  that  fell  in  London. 

Bed  ;  but,  by  fome  Circumftances,  I  believe 
there  did,  for  there  were  found,  in  the  Mornings 
feveral  great  Spots  of  Wet,  which,  5tis  probable, 
proceeded  from  Hail-ftones  that  fell  down  the 
Chimney.  It  continued  to  rain,,  and  now  and 
then  to  thunder  much,  till  about  Nine  ;  then  it 
clear’d  tip,  and  the  Sun  fhone  very  clear,  and 


Of  Hail- ft  ones  that  fell  in  London,  fx 

theie  was  Icarce  a  Cloud  to  be  leen  ;  about  ten  it 
began  to  thicken,  and  I  heard  the  Thunder  to 
the  South  Eaft  ^  at  about  half  an  Hour  after  ten 
!  it  grew  very  dark,  and  thunder’d  very  near;  and 
1  *oon  after  there  began  to  fall  a  good  Quantity  of 
Hail-hones,  fome  of  the  Bignefs  of  Piftol  Bullets 
i  others  as  big  as  Pullets  Egs,  and  fome  above  2  j  In¬ 
ches,  and  near  three  Inches  over  the  broad  Way ; 

I  the  fmaller  were  pretty  round,  and  white,  like 
Chalk,  or  Sugar  Plums ;  the  other  of  other 
Shapes:  Some  of  the  moil  remarkable  were  thefe. 


yx  Of  Hail-flones  that  fell  in  London* 

Breaking  many  of  them,  I  found  them  to 
be  made  up  of  Orbs  of  Ice,  one  encompaflmg  ano¬ 
ther  j  feme  of  them  tranfparent,  and  fome  white, 
and  opaque  ;  fome  of  thefe  were  to  the  Bignefs  of 
near  an  Inch  in  Diameter,  and  were  orbicular  eve¬ 
ry  Way.  Some  of  them  had  the  white  Spot  in  the 
Middle,  as  A  3  others  towards  one  Side,  as  B  5 
and  the  Variety  of  white  and  tranfparent  Spots  ve¬ 
ry  differing  $  thofe,  which  exceeded  thefe  in  Big¬ 
nefs,  were  made  by  an  additional  Accretion  of 
tranfparent  Icicles,  radiating  every  Way  from  the 
Surface  of  the  White  Ball,  like  the  Shooting  of 
Niter,  or  toothed  Sparre.  Thefe  in  fome  flood, 
as  it  were,  feparate  in  diftindt  Icicles,  which 
were  very  clear  and  tranfparent,  and  had  no 
Blebs  or  Whitenefs  in  them.  Others  of  them  were 
all  concreted  into  a  folid  Lump,  and  the  Interfli- 
ces  filled  up  with  Ice,  which  was  not  fo  clear  as 
the  but  whiter  3  and  thereby  one  Side, 

which,  I  fuppofe,  was  the  undermofl,  was  flat, 
almoft  like  a  Turnep  ;  and  the  Radiations  appear¬ 
ed  to  proceed  from  the  Ball  in  the  Middle,  more 
towards  the  upper  Si^e,  and  mofl  toward  the 
Sides  5  the  Edges  and  Top  were  more  rough,  and 
the  Ends  of  the  Stiria  appeared  prominent  5  which 
the  Figures  will  better  exprefs. 

The  Extent  of  this  Shower  I  cannot  yet  cer¬ 
tainly  learn,  but  have,  by  the  Information  of  fe- 
veral,  underflood  it  was  feen  above  ten  Miles  off. 
I  was  alfotoldby  feveral  Perfons,  that,  a  little  before 
the  Hail  fell,  there  were  was  heard  a  great  Noife 
out  of  the  Sky,  like  the  Shooting,  or  Emptying, 
of  a  Cart-load  of  Pebbles,  as  if  they  had  fallen 
one  upon  another  in  the  Air. 

From  the  Manner  of  their  Figure,  I  conceive, 
their  Accretion  was  made  by  a  Congelation  of  the 
Water,  as  they  fell  ,  that  the  final!  white  Globule 
in  the  Middle,  about  the  Bignefs  of  a  Pea,  was 

the 


Of  Hail  ft  ones  that  fell  in  London.  5-3 

the  firft  Drop  that  concreted  into  Hail ;  this,  in 
falling  through  the  Clouds  beneath,  congealed 
the  Water  thereof  into  feveral  Coats  or  Orbs,  till 
fome  of  them  came  to  the  Bignefs  of  Pigeons 
Eggss  f°me  white,  fome  traniparent,  according 
to  the  feveral  Degrees  of  Coldnefs  it  paired 

I  through,  whilft  they  congealed  ;  that  the  laft  Ac¬ 
cretion  was  made  by  a  more  violent  and  fudden 
Cold,  in  the  lower  Part  of  the  Cloud,  where  they 
pahed  through  almoft  a  continued  Body  of  Wa¬ 
ter.  Other  Varieties  of  their  Forms,  which  were 
very  many,  I  conceive,  mutt:  be  made  by  their 
meeting  with  one  another  in  their  Pattage. 


Notwithstanding  Mr.  Waller  hath 
publijhed  the  Subfiance  of  this  Paper ,  in  Dr.  Hook’s 
Life,  p.  22.  yet  the  Original  may  not  be  ttnaccep- 
table  to  the  Reader ,  by  reafon  of  the  Figures 
Which  the  Doffor  hath  given  of  thofe  monftrotis 
Hail-ftones ;  which  I,  my  [elf,  faw  falling,  in  °reat 
Numbers,  in  Great  Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields,  and  no- 
'■ic'd  to  have  fallen  on  May  19.  1680.  one  of  which 
%  Servant  brought  me  in  his  Hand,  as  large  as  a 
Vurnep,  and  of  the  fame  Shape,  which  I  inftantly 
neafured  with  a  String,  and  found  the  Compafs  of 
he  wideft  Part  to  be  above  thirteen  Inches  j  which 
r  confefs,  feems  fomewb at  incredible  ■,  but 1 1  think 
did  it  with  great  Care,  and  was  not  ifiifi  ak.cn. 


W.  Desham. 


E 


3 


The  Reverend  Air,  Pasch  all';  Letter 
to  Dr.  Hook,  of  an  Earthquake  in 
Somerfetfhire,  dated  Jan.  4.  1680.  from 
Chedfey  in  that  County. 

Worthy  Siry 

Yesterday  about  feven  in  the  Morning,  X, 
being  about  to  rife,  took  Notice  of  what 
feemed  a  fmart  Guft  of  Wind,  which  was  follow¬ 
ed  with  a  Jog  of  our  Koufe,  and  that  immediate¬ 
ly  with  a  very  fenfible  Shaking  of  the  Houfe,  and 
particularly  the  Bed  in  which  1  lay.  I  doubted 
the  Fall  of  fome  large  Fiece  of  Timber,  or  Stone- 
Work,  and  caufed  the  Servants  to  make  diligent 
Search  all  about  for  the  Caufe  of  it  j  though  not 
without  Sufpicion  that  it  might  be  an  Earthquake. 
Before  Night  I  became  fully  fatisfied  that  it  was 
fo,  for  my  Neighbours,  many,  obferved  the  like 
in  their  Houfes,  though  no  Hurt  was  done.  This 
Day,  X  hear,  that  it  was  in  other  Parifhes,  one  with¬ 
in  a  Mile  of  me,  lying  in  the  fame  Level ;  ano¬ 
ther  above  four  Miles  from  me,  lying  on  the  fur¬ 
ther  Side  of  an  Hill,  and  which  is  a  firm  Rock. 
This  Afternoon  comes  a  Letter  from  an  Acquain¬ 
tance  of  mine  in  Bridgwater ,  (two  Miles  from 
me,  and  on  the  other  Side  of  their  navigable  Ri¬ 
ver)  which  fays  thus,  u  I  fuppofe  you  heard  of" 
u  the  Earthquake,  which  happened  with  us  this 
u  Morning  about  feven  a  Clock  :  It  fhook  our 
ftrong  Stone-Houfe  fo,  that  1  began  to  look 
u  whether  the  Walls  were  fcattered  or  crafed,  with 
a  Noife,  as  if  fome  very  great  Thing  had  fallen 
u  upon  the  Ground.  One  or  two  in  Baft  over  (a. 

Part  of  that  Town  on  our  Side  of  the  River Ji 
* c  were  ready  to  leap  out  of  Bed  upon  it,  £s>c/a 
The  Air  was  very  calm,  as  being  a  frofty  Morn¬ 
ing,  upon  the  Snow  lying,  which  fell  the  Day 

2  before, 


Smallnefs  of  the  T articles  of  Water ,  yy 

before.  It  lafted  but  a  very  fhort  Time.  I  do  not 
remember,  for  tkefe  eighteen  Years  of  my  Abode 
here,  to  have  known  any  fuch  thing  $  but  I  call 
to  mind  the  Obfervation  of  Acofia ,  and  others, 
that  they  do  moll  commonly  happen  in  Places 
near  the  Sea,  and  fuch  is  our  Country ;  of  which 
I  meet  many  Arguments  which  perfuade,  that  it 
was,  in  thefe  Parts  of  it,  formerly  gained  from  the 
Sea.  If  you  fee  my  Lord  of  S — -,  I  prefume, 
it  would  not  be  unacceptable  to  his  Lord  flip,  to 
have  an  Account  hereof,  feeing,  ?tis  likely,  it 
will  be  a  Matter  of  publick  Difcourfe. 


An  Extract  of  Mr.  LeuwenhoekT  Letter 
from  Deif,  Jan ,  6.  1680.  Concerning 
the  Minutenefs  of  fome  Animalcules  in  the 
Waters. 


•CinceI  perceive  you  are  pleafed  with 
Cy  fome  of  my  Speculations,  I  have, here- 


\  withall,  tranfmitted  alfo  a  Copy  of  that  hafty 
Calculation,  which,  at  the  Defire  of  the  Honou¬ 
rable  Chnftantine  Hygens  van  Zntichem ,  I  drew  up 
for  him  in  Writing  ,  which  was  this  which  follows. 


SIR, 


IT  have  been  often  confidering  of  the  exceeding 
J  Smallnefs  of  thofe  Yeflels,  of  which  the  Si¬ 
news  and  Mufcles  of  thefe  fmall  Creatures  mult  be 
furnifhed  with  :  That  which  put  me  upon  this 
Speculation  was,  the  Query  put  to  me.  Whether 
1  could,  by  my  Microfcope,  difcern  the  Particles 
of  which  Water  doth  confift  ?  To  which  I  fre- 
1.  quently  gave  this  for  an  Anfwer,  That  there  are  in 
I  the  Water  living  Creatures,  many  Millions  of 

E  4  Times 


§6  Smallnefs  of  the  T articles  of  W ater. 

Times  fmaller  in  Bulk  than  a  fmall  vifible  Sand, 
Further,  That  each  of  thefe  Creatures,  though  I 
have  not,  as  yet,  been  able  to  difcover  their  Paws, 
Finns,  or  the  like  Inftruments,  by  which  they 
move,  muft,  neverthelefs,  be  furnifhed  with  feme 
Kind  or  other  of  Organs,  fit  to  produce  that  Mo¬ 
tion.  And  that  thefe  Organs  muft  be  made  up  of 
Veins,  Arteries,  or  Veflels,  to  convey  Nourifh- 
ment  to  them,  and  in  Sinews  or  Strings,  to  ftir 
and  move  by,  (3  c.  If  fo,  then  by  thefe  Veflels 
the  Water  muft  find  its  Paflage,  and  confequent- 
ly  the  Particles  of  Water  muft  be  confiderably 
fmaller  than  thefe  Veflels,  other  wife  it  could  not 
freely  pafs  therp ,  now  the  whole  Animal  itfelf,  be¬ 
ing  but  fearcely  vifible,  we  muft  conclude,  thefe 
their  Veflels  muft  be  wholly  invifible,  and  how 
much  more  invifible  muft  be  the  Parts  of  Water 
that  move  in  them  ,  infomuch  that  I  am  very  con¬ 
fident,  that  no  Man  will  ever  be  able  to  attain,  by 
the  Help  of  Microfcopes,  to  difcover  and  diftin- 
guifh  the  Particles  of  which  Water  doth  confift. 

Now  that  there  are  fuch  Creatures,  that  are  fo 
many  Times  fmaller  in  Bulk,  than  a  fmall  vifible 
Sand,  I  prove  by  thefe  following  Obfervations  and 
Calculations.  1  do  generally  fuppofe  (becaufe, 
as  far  as  my  Sight  was  able  to  help  me,  in  taking 
the  proportionate  Bignefs,  I  fo  judged  it)  that 
about  3  or  400  of  the  fmalleft  of  thefe  Creatures, 
laid  one  by  another  in  a  Line,  may  make  the 
Length  of  the  Diameter  of  a  middle-fiz5d  Grain 
of  Sand.  I  here  fhall  make  ufe  only  of  the  lefler 
Number,  viz.  300  $  which  multiplying  cubically, 
I  find  the  Produd  to  be  27000000  »  whence  it: 
follows  that  there  will  go  the  Quantity  of  27  Mil¬ 
lions  of  thefe  Animals,  to  make  the  Bulk  of  one: 
fmall  Grain,  (sic.  If  we  then  fuppofe  that  eighty 
of  thefe  Sands,  laid  one  by  another,  will  make 


Smallnefs  of  the*P articles  of  Water.  57 

but  one  Inch  in  Length,  then  there  will  lie  in  the 

Space  of  a  Cubical  Inch  no  lefs  than  512000  of 
thefe  Sands,  each  of  which  being  fuppofed  to  be 
as  big  as  27000000  of  thefe  Creatures,  the  Inch 

_  *  e  •  ® 

Cubical  will  contain  no  lefs  than  1 3  824000000000* 
almoft  fourteen  Millions  of  Millions. 

I  have  confidered  alfo  of  the  fmall  Veflels, 
that  ferve  to  compofe  the  Parts  of  our  Bodies* 
and  conceive  them  to  be  Pipes  a  thoufand  Times 
fmaller  than  an  Hair  of  a  Man’s  Head  ;  and  by  a 
Brafs-Rule,  curioufly  divided  into  Inches,  and 
each  Inch  into  thirty  Parts,  endeavouring  to  find* 
how  many  of  thefe  Hairs  Breadths  would  make  an 
Inch,  I  found  that  twenty  Hairs  would  lie  one 
by  another  in  the  thirtieth  Part  of  an  Inch,  and 
therefore  600  in  an  Inch  5  and  meafuring  my 
Body,  I  found  that  one  Part,  with  another* 
equaled  a  Cylinder  of  eight  Inches  Diameter ; 
fo  that  thefe  Proportions  confider’d,  I  find,  that 

one  of  thefe  VeflTeis  muff  be  360000000  fmaller 
than  a  Pipe  of  an  Inch  Diameter,  and,  confequently 
one  Part  of  the  Body  being  equal  to  a  Cylinder  of 
eight  Inches  Diameter,  which  is  64  Times  as  big 
as  one  of  an  Inch,  the  Cylinder  of  the  Body  is 
bigger  than  the  Cylinder,  of  one  of  thefe  Veilels, 

^  e  • 

no  lefs  than  23040000000.  Now  if  the  Veflels  of 
the  Bodies  of  thefe  fmall  Creatures,  in  Pepper  Wa¬ 
ter,  ihould  hold  the  fame  Proportion  to  their  Bo¬ 
dies,  how  can  we  conceive  the  Parts  of  the  Wa¬ 
ter  Ihould  be  difcovered,  that  ihould  move  in  thofe 
Yeifels, 

i  *  f 


Reifilius 


(  58  ) 


Reifeiius  his  Letter  to  Dr.  Grew,  concern¬ 
ing  a  Man's  periodical  Lofs  of  his  Sfeech} 
from  Stutgard,  March  6.  1680. 

At  enim,  ne  fine  fymbolo  coram  altar!  veftro 
fandtilTimo  appaream,  appono  hie  Cafum 
quendam  mere  naturalem  quidem,  ut  mihi  vide- 
tur,  propter  multos  fimiles  affedtus  periodicos 
Cephaleos  pidtum,  Convulfiones,  Colicas,  ut  de 
Febribus  nihil  dicam,  fed  rarum  tamen,  ob  tarn 
conftantem  tamqj  multis  annis  durantem  perio- 
dum,  uti  obfervatus  fuit  a  Collega  meo  exami- 
nante  in  prefentia  Principis  noftri  aliorumque 
magnatum  Novembri  menfe  prasteriti  anni.  Cujus 
caufam,  cum  neque  mihi  neque  aliis  detur  aflequi, 
ab  Societatis  .Regime  Judicio  difeere  gaudeo  & 
rogare  audeo.  Quomodo  a  fermentatione  qua- 
dam  ut  in  Febribus  aliifqj  morbis  deducenda  lit 
hate  affedtio,  haereo.  An  a  coeli  meridiano  vi« 
gore  trahendum  malum  feu  bonutn,  dubito,  cum 
olim  aliis  horis  &  inordinate  notata  fit  haec  af« 
fediio.  Symptomata  tamen,  quae  quondam  ante- 
grefta,  morbofum  quid  innuunt.  Hie  talis  eft. 
Georgius  Algaier ,  Georgii  Algaieri  Cauponis  Jefin~ 
gee  prope  Kircfemium  in  Ducatu  IV irtenbergicoy 
filius  temperament!  Cholerici,  annorum  25,  jam 
ante  annos  quindecim  fefto  S.  Stephani  ftatim  poft 
ccenam,  adeo  male  toto  in  corpore  fe  habuit,  ut  nul- 
libi  fe  continere  potuerit.  Anxietas  cordis  erat  tan- 
ta,  ut,  nifi  per  Vomitum  ingentem  levatus  fuiflet, 
fuffocari  fibi  videretur.  Hora  poft  vomitum  uni- 
ca  pratterlapfa  melius  agebat,  at  per  totum  trium 
menfium  decurfum  valde  triftis  &  melancholicus, 
interdum  etiam  quafi  terrore  percuflus  evadebat. 
Elapfo  hoc  tempore,  primo  faltim  per  unum  fere 
momentum  vocem  &  loqudam,  quam  prius  accu¬ 
rate 


Of  a  Man's  lojtng  his  Speech ,  8cc.  yp 

rate  callebat,  amifit,  ut  ne  verbulum  quidem? 
neque  ullam  vocem  emittere  poftet.  Quotiefcunqs 
vero  loquela  amittebatur,  toties  turn,  (quod  tamen 
ultra  dimidium  annum  non  duravit)  e  ventriculo? 
aliquid  furfum,  fauces  verfus  reperi  fentiebat. 
Atq;  uti  primum  vocis  &  linguae  fuppreffio  faltem 
momentanea,  lie  eadem  poft  indies  indiefq;  crefeere 
incipiebat,  ita  ut  a  momento  ad  femihorium  to- 
turn,  duas,  tres,  &  ultimo  ad  23  Floras,  inordinate 
tamen,  duraverit.  Tandem  typum  adeo  conftan- 
tem  habebat  locutionis  reftauratio,  ut  jam  per  14 
annos,non  nifi  fmgulis  diebus  abhora  12  meridians, 
per  horse  integrsefpatium,  ad  primum  fcil.Pomeridi- 
;  anse  punftum  ufque  loqui  poffit.  Nee  falli  poteft 
(  hominis  Horologicus  fenfus  h  ora  rum  tranfpofiti- 
j  one,  cum  vel  nullis  campanis  fonantibus  terminum 
l  horse  duodecimse  ufque  ad  primam  femper&  quam 
:  accuratiffime  obfervet.  Notandum  etiam  quod 
dum  loqui  poteft  patiens,  aliquantifper  balbutiat, 
quin  &  turn  extra  turn  intra  locutionis  tempus  lin- 
guam  ipfam  non  fatis  volubi liter  queat  movere, 
Prseter  amillionem  vocis  &  loquelse  nulla  de  acti- 
one  queritur,  fenfus  turn  interni  turn  extern!  funt 
integri.  Accuratiffime  femper  audit,  unde  vel 
geftibus  vel  literis  (feribere  enim  feit  fatis  intelli- 
genter,  ut  ipfum  hoc  imitatione  expreffum  propria 
manuferiptum  teftatur  nomen  Georg  Ulgryer 
Jefingus')  ad  interrogata  cuivis  quantum  poffibile 
eft  refpondet.  Vixit  alias  hactenus  omnimodd 
fanus,  nec  ullum  morbum,  excepta  Febri,  qua 
ante  tres  menfes  vexabatur,  quotidiana ;  cujus  pa- 
roxyfmum  inordinate  jam  mane,  vefperi,  jam  eti¬ 
am  noeftu  fuftinuit,  paftus  eft ;  neque  typus  amiffe 
loquelse  ex  Febri  minimum  mutatus.  Vivit  etiam- 
num  poft  febrem  fanus  omnino  &  incolumis.  Huc- 
ufq,  Cafus  Muti  periodic e  loquentis. 


Mr. 


(  6o) 


Mr.  P  i  g  o  t  in  his  Letter  to  Dr.  Hoo 
from  Oxford,  Nov .  26 .  1681.  faith , 

Mr.  Cafwel,  /«  his  travels  with  Mr.  Adamss 
obferved  Lidford-Bridge,  or  ££00;  Dart- 
more  in  Devonfhire,  whofe  Plane  is  level  with 
the  Ground ,  yet  59  Feet  above  the  Water 3  that  runs 
fwiftly  under  it. 

At  Droit wych  in  Worcefterfhire,  he  vifited  the 
SaluSprings 5  which  he  founds  upon  t %fie3  to  be 
far  falter  than  the  Sea.  they  have  three  in  the 
town 5  clofe  by  afrejh  River  Side3  and  could  have 
fnore3  but  that  the  Merchants  will  not  permit  any 
more ?  to  keep  up  the  trade .  He  tells  me3  the  poor 
dirty  Women3  that  work  at  the  Salt-Houfes3  are  ne** 
ver  troubled  with  Lice 3  Fleas 3  or  Flies, 


Mr. 


(  <51  ) 


■t 

|| 

I 

;! 

II 

m 


Mr.  LeewenhoeckV  Letter  in  Nov*  i68r,  of 
the  Structure  of  Hair  ;  of  the  Excre¬ 
ments ,  &c. 

/  R, 

Th  a  v  e  (hewed  that  the  Cortex  of  the  Hair  of 
an  Elard  Hart,  was  compos'd  of  Globules. 

I  found  the  fame  of  my  own  Hair.  I  have  fince 
found  it  like  the  Bark  of  a  Tree  of  Globules,  but 
irregular  from  the  fqueezing  of  the  Hair.  The 
Subftance  of  the  Hair  is  made  of  Threads  ,  fome 
judge  the  Hair  hollow,  others  to  have  Marrow  ; 
but  viewing  a  Hog's  Hair, 1  found  the  Hollownefs 
of  thofe  Hairs  from  Cleft.  Hair  grows  by  Pro** 
trufion,  not  as  Plants,  being  thruft  continually 
forward,  from  within  the  Skin  outward  j  what  was 
within  moift,  expos'd  to  the  Air,  dries  and  fhrinks, 
and  the  outwardSkin  hardening,the  inwardT  hreads, 
upon  Ihrinking,  cleave  into  one  or  more  Clefts, 
which  feems  like  Marrow.  In  a  Piece  of  Hog's 
Hair  the  Threads  appear  plain,  even  in  a  common 
Microfcope,  but  bigger  in  Proportion  to  the  Cir¬ 
cumference  for  Eafe  ,  the  Threads  were  but  few, 
from  the  Roughnefs  of  the  Razor.  By  thefe  may 
appear  their  Miftake,  who  aflert  Hairs  round ,  'tis 
rather  true,  they  have  all  differing  Figures.  A 
Friend  vifiting  me  after  a  Fit  of  Sicknefs,  where¬ 
by  he  had  loft  all  his  Hair,  complain'd  of  a  great 
Itching  all  over  his  Skin,  yet  his  Stomach  was 
good,  which  the  Docftor  attributed  to  a  Sharpnefs 
of  Blood  5  which  I  rather  afcribed  to  the  filling  of 
the  Body,  and  from  the  new  growing  of  the  Hair 
in  the  Pores,  whence  it  had  fallen  by  his  Difeafe, 
the  Pores  of  which  being  clofed,  the  new  Hairs, 
thrufting  againft  the  Cuticula ,  caufed  the  Itching. 
I  my fe if  have  been  fo  troubled  in  the  Spring, 

which. 


6%  Of  the  Structure  of  Hair ,  &c. 

which,  I  conceive,  to  proceed  from  the  fame 
Caufe,  being  my  feif  hairy,  and  fhedding  them 
yearly,  as,  I  conceive,  moft  Men  do  ;  this  I  ob~ 
ferved  in  two  Parts  of  my  Body,  alfo  in  three 
Places  of  my  Hand,  where  I  have  fhorn  off  the 
Hair,  and  found,  that  fome  Hairs  grew,  others 
not  ^  fome  fell  out,  and  I  could  pull  them  out 
without  Pain  j  alfo,  that  thefe,  which  fall  out,  have 
thin  (harp  Roots ,  thofe  which  ftay,  thick  ;  alfo 
fuch,  as  have  no  Hairs  on  their  Body,  have  Pores, 
and  an  Hiding  Matter,  not  fo  fit  for  Hair.  This  ap«* 
pears  like  black  Specks,  and  are  fuppofed  Worms  , 
and  fome  Doctors  of  Aken0  did  prefcribe  this  Man 
to  ftand  with  his  Back  to  a  Fire  made  of  Oak, 
and  anoint  his  Body  with  Honey,  that  by  Means 
of  the  Sweetnefs  and  Warmth,  the  Worms  may 
come  out,  and  fo  be  cut  off  with  a  F.azor,  as  the 
Gentleman  Patient  himfelf  told  me  ;  hereupon  I 
try'd  to  prefs,  both  out  of  my  own,  and  out  of 
another  Man's  Nofe,  thefe  fuppofed  Worms, 
which  feem'd,  from  their  Shape,  much  to  favour 
the  Opinion,  feeming  to  have  a  Head  which  pro¬ 
ceeded  from  that  Part  of  the  Hair,  which  was 
next  the  Air,  it  being  browner  than  that  within 
the  Skin,  but  no  two  like  one  another.  I  obferv'd 
all  its  Parts,  but  found  nothing  like  an  Animal  $ 
but  in  feveral  I  found  fmall  Pieces  of  Flair,  fome 
25,  others  100  Times  thinner  than  a  common 
Hair.  Plence  1  concluded,  the  fuppofed  Animals 
are  only  the  places  of  thofe  Hairs  fill'd  with  the 
ufual  Food  of  Flairs ,  my  Opinion  is  confirm'd  by 
new-born  Children  ,  over-grown  with  Hairs, 
which,  I  fuppofe,  from  too  much  Nourifhment, 
grow  hairy,  but  when  they  want  that  Supply,  the 
Hairs  fall  out,  and  grow  not  again. 

In  aLoofenefs  I  view'd  my  own  Excrements,  and 
took  notice  of  what  I  eat  and  drank,  it  confided  of 

clear, yellow, roundifh, irregular  particles, alfo  of  vaft 

Quantities 


Of  the  Structure  of  Hair ,  cxc.  63 

Quantities  of  Globules,  like  thofe  of  Blood,  fix 
together  equal  to  j  of  the  whole  5  others  but  7!  of 
a  Blood  Globule  :  Thefe  I  found  in  a  tranfparent 
Liquor,  in  which  were  many  Animals,  as  big  as  a 
Globule  of  Blood,  their  Bodies  oblong  and  flat, 
with  many  Feet  underneath,  with  which  they 
moved  quick;  like  aPifs-a-bed  agairift  a  Wall,  tbo* 
they  moved  their  Paws  quick,  yet  they  went  but 
flow.  Once  I  found  but  one  in  the  Bignefs  of  a 
Sand,  at  other  Times,  4,  5,  6,  7,  or  8.  I  have 
feen  other  fhap’d  Animals,  (but  of  the  fame  Big¬ 
nefs)  like  River  Eels ;  thefe  were  very  numerous, 
and  fo  fmall,  that  5  or  6oo,  extended  in  Length, 
would  not  reach  the  Length  of  a  River  Eel ;  thefe 
Wriggled  like  a  Snake,  very  quick,  like  a  Pike  {hoot¬ 
ing  through  the  Water.  At  another  Time,  I  faw 
Multitudes,  200  Times  lefs  than  a  Blood  Glo¬ 
bule,  the  Axes  being  about  one  to  fix,  and  I  am 
confident,  I  have  feen  above  1000  living  Animals, 
in  the  Bignefs  of  a  Sand,  fwiftly  moving,  and  of 
three  or  four  feveral  Sorts.  Some  have  thought, 
thefe  Animals  might  pafs  into  the  Blood ;  but,  I 
conceive,  the  PafTages  of  the  Blood  are  fo  fmall, 
that  though  the  Animals  were  1000  Times  left, 
they  could  not  pafs.  My  ordinary  Excrements, 
mixed  with  a  clear  Liquor,  had  no  Animals;  but 
when  thinner  than  ordinary,  it  had.  I  found  al- 
fo  Parts  of  the  Food  I  had  eaten,  undigefted,  as 
the  Pipes  of  Afparagus,  the  fofter  Parts  being  di- 
gefted. 

This  Summer,  in  our  Meadows,  I  have  of¬ 
fer  ved  the  Dung  of  Cows,  Horfes,  c Sc.  frefh,  but 
found  no  Animals.  It  confifted  of  Multitudes  of 
Globules,  fome  others  77  of  a  Blood  Globule, 
in  a  clear  Liquor.  In  May  laft,  riding  my  Mare 
,i  hard,  I  obferved  the  laft  thick  Part  of  her  Urine, 
and  found,  the  thick  Aih  Colour  of  it  was  caufed 
by  a  great  Variety  of  differing  Globules,  fome  as 

bis 


1 


6  4  Dr.  Ho  orV  Enquiries  for  Jamaica. 

big  as  thofe  of  Blood,  and  thefe  compofed  of  fix* 
The  firft  of  thefe  were  like  a  clofe-grown  Bunch 
of  Grapes,  and  though  not  perFedt  round,  yet  I 
call  them  Globules. 


Dr.  Hoo  kV  Letter  to  Dr.  Trapham, 
of  Enquiries  for  Jamaica^  Feb .  x8.  168*. 

S  I  R,  . 

I  t  will  be  a  great  Obligation  to  the  Royal  Soci~ 
ety ,  if  Dr.  Frapham^  or  any  other  ingenious 
and  knowing  Perfon  in  'Jamaica ,  will  pleafe  to 
communicate  any  curious  Obfervations  they  fhali 
make,  concerning  any  Part  of  Nature ,  as  con¬ 
cerning  the  Temperature  and  Qualities  of  the 
Air,  the  Seafons,  Winds,  Storms,  Hurricanes, 
Rains,  Hails,  Dews,  Mills,  Fogs,  Be.  the  Heats, 
Colds,  Be.  of  the  Seafons  j  the  Qualities  of 
Springs,  Rivers,  Lakes,  Be.  the  Defcription  of 
any  of  the  Animals,  Birds,  Bealls,  Fifties,  Ser¬ 
pents,  InfecSs,  or  of  any  of  their  Qualities  or 
Ufes,  for  Food,  Phyfick,  Pleafure,  Be.  The 
Defcription  of  their  Vegetables  j  as  of  their  Herbs 
and  Shrubs,  whether  of  the  Land  or  Sea  ,  of  the 
Trees  ,  their  Ufe  in  Food,  Phyfick,  Building, 
Dying,  Perfuming,  Firing,  Joinery,  Turning, 
Bows,  Be.  The  Defcription  of  any  of  their 
peculiar  Stones,  Minerals,  Ores,  Metals,  Clays, 
Earths,  Sands,  Be.  of  what  Nature,  what  Ufe 
made  of  them,  Be.  Alfo  to  inform  them  con¬ 
cerning  any  accurate  Obfervations,  that  have  been 
made  of  any  Eclipfes  of  the  Moon,  and  particu¬ 
larly  that  of  the  nth  of  this  Inllant  February  ; 
of  the  Variation  of  the  magnetick  Needle,  from 
the  Meridian,  or  North  Point  ;  of  the  Times  of 
the  Tides,  both  Spring  and  Neap,  and  of  the 

Height 


Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mufcles ,  Sec,  6f 

Height  it  rifes ;  of  the  Currents,  what,  when, 
which  Way  3  of  the  Depths  and  Soundings  of 
the  Seas  thereabouts,  and  whatever  of  this  Kind 
fhall  be  communicated  ;  or  if  any  curious  Jewels, 
Shells,  Seeds,  &c.  fhall  be  fent,  the  Society  will 
not  only  pay  the  Charge  of  Freight,  but  any  o- 
ther  way  gratefully  acknowledge  the  Favour  that 
the  Communicator  fhall  defire,  either  by  record¬ 
ing  it  in  their  Regillers,  or  publifhing  it  in  their 
Hiftories. 


Mr.  Lewenhoek'j*  Letter  to  Mr.  Oldenburg, 
receiv'd  from  Dr.  Crowe,  Aug.  14.  1682. 
Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mulcles,  Dura  Mater, 
Brain,  and  Moxa. 

Excellentijfime  ac  Eruditiffime  Fir . 

C^ratissimas,  praeterit^  menfis  decima 
1"  prima  ad  me  datas,  literas  accepi,  In  quibus 
humanitatem  Nobilitatis  Vefte,  dominorumque 
philofophorum  vifam,  grato  animo  agnofeo. 

I  n  literis  22da  Februarii  feriptis,  nobilitas 
veftra  inquit,  amicorum  quofdam  optare,  ut 
fumma  cum  exadtitudine  obfervarem  fibras  muf- 
culorum  carneas,  ut  &  corticem,  medullamque 
cerebri. 

In  literis  meis.  Anno  1674,  prima  Junii  da- 
tis,  dixi  :  Fibras  mufculorum  carneas  ex  valde 
parvis  confiftere  globulis :  Sed  quo  nobilitati  veftrse 
reliquifq^  amicis  magis  fatisfaciam,  omnes  prsece- 
dentes  meas  obfervationes  rejeci,  firmiterque  pro- 
pofui,  de  novo,  dare  ac  perfpicue  eas,  oculis  me¬ 
is  mi  hi  perfpiciendas,  fumere. 


F 


Inter 


66  Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mufcles ,  8cc. 

Inter  alias,  carnem  vdccinam  accepi,  quain, 
acutiffimo  cultello,  in  frufta  concifam,  per  mi¬ 
cro!  cop  ium  a  membranulis  fuis  feparavi,  quo  per- 
radio,  turn  primum  mihi  nude  ac  dilucide  apparu- 
it,  tenuifiima  ilia  membranula,  cui  fibrae  carnese 
quad  involute,  aut  intextse  jacent,  cujus  etiam 
Anno  1674.  pri m&Junii  in  literis  meis  memini, 
dicens :  Membranulas  illas  ex  tot  ftriis  ac  fibris 
confiftere,  quad  nudo  oculo  omentum  alicujus 
beftias  afpiceremus.  Eafdem  membranulas  jam 
propius  obfervans,  totas  illas  folummodo  con¬ 
fiftere  ex  fibris  tranfverfim  inter  fe  mixtis,  compe- 
ri,  quarum  qusedam,  in  oculo  meo,  decies,  vicies, 
&  tenuiffimae  quinquagies  tenuiores  pilo.  Cogi- 
tabam,  num  quaedam  crafiioris  generis,  quae  in 
ramos  fe  difpergebant,  non  eftent  vafa  lympha- 
tica. 

Sublatis,  a  praedidlis  fibris  carneis,  praeno- 
minatis  membranulis,  eas  nude  ac  perfpicue  vidi, 
quae  in  hac  carne  erant  ad  craflitiem  communis  ca« 
pilli.  Ubi  fpiflae  ac  denfae,  rubicundae  erant  j  ubi 
tenues  ac  difperfe  jacebant,  magis  apparebant 
pellucidae. 

V  a  r  1  a  obfervandi  methodo  ufus  fum,  parti- 
eulas  carnearum  harum  fibrarum  videndi,  perpe- 
tuoqj  inveni,  eas  ex  talibus  compofitas  partibus, 
quibus  aliam  quam  globulorum  figuram  appropri¬ 
ate  nequeo.  Imo  &  minima  fibrarum  carnearum 
fruftula,  grano  arenae  aliquoties  minora,  coram  vi- 
fu  meo  in  plurimas  divifi  partes.  Praeterea  etiam 
obfervavi,  carne  adhuc  recenti  &  humida,  quod, 
turn  comprefiis  vel  fricatis  carnis  globulis,  illi  glo- 
buli  refolvantur  &  conjungantur,  quafi  oleagino- 
fam,  vel  ali.quo  mode  concretam,  videremus,  ma- 
teriam  aquofam. 

H  1  globuli,  ex  quibus  fibras  carneas  confiftere 
dixi,  adeo  exigui  funt,  ut  (juxta  ocuiiim,  meurnq; 
vifum,  judicium  ferens)  dicam  1000000  non  con- 

fedturos 


Of  the  Fibres  of  the  MufcleSj  &c.  67 

fe&uros  unici  arense  grani,  aliquo  modo  grandio- 
ris,  quantitatem. 

E  t  quamvis  in  mentem  veniat,  me  antea  Mo 
bilitati  Veftrae  fcripfiffe,  particulas,  ex  quibus  ca~ 
ro,  adeps,  ofla,  capilli,  &c.  coniiftunt  (quae  a  me 
globuli  vocantur)  non  effe  veros  &  proprie  fic  dit¬ 
tos  globulos,  fed  figura  globulis  proximos,  eadem 
tamen  hie  repetam:  Ex.  gr.  Imaginetur  quis  fibi,  fe 
magnam  veficarum  ovinarum,  vel  aliarum,  aqua 
repletarum  habere  quantitatem  :  Else  veficae  quam- 
diu,  ab  omni  parte,  ab  aere  circumdantur,  rotun¬ 
ds?  erunt :  Sed  imaginemur  nobis,  eas  promifeue 
&  indiferiminatim  in  vas  aliquod  injici :  Quo  fadto, 
veficae,  globofam,  quam  in  aere  habuerant,  ro~ 
tunditatem,  non  fervabunt,  fed  a  fe  invicem  coni- 
preffae,  nullum  vacuum  ( fic  loquendo )  locu 
relinquent:  Et  fic  quaevis  vefka  aliam,  ob  Hex!-' 
bilem  fuam  mollitiem,  accipiet  figuram.  Sed 
quae  in  vafe  fupremse  jacebunt,  in  quantum  ab 
aere  ampledbuntur,  globofam  retinebunt  rotundi- 
tatem  :  Idem  de  globulis  carnis,  propter  eoruni 
*  mollitiem,  fit  judicium. 

Piam  Matrem  obfervavi,  comperique  membra- 
nam  hanc,  variis  fanguinis  vafibus  intertextam, 
prseter  ea  quae  nudo  oculo,  cerebro  injacere,  cer- 
nere  pofluimis,  (prsecipue  feparatione  Piae  Matris 
&  cerebri  fadfca,)  &  inter  ea  venae  admirandse  Sc 
incredi bills  tenuitatis  :  Et  quantum  dijudicare 
poffum,  membrana  ilia  ex  admodum  exilibus  con- 
fiftit  fibris.  Elterius  vidi,  praedidbas  multiplices 
I  venas,  per  membranam  hanc  difperfas,  ramos  fuos 
per  cerebri  fubftantiam  quoque  difpergere :  Eo 
:  modo,  ac  fi  nobis  imaginaremur  diverfas  &  fuper- 
,  ficiei  terrae  palmitibus  fuis  injacentes  vites  (quas 
tvenis  Piae  Matris  comparo)  eafque  ubique  ex  pal- 
mitibus  fuis  radices,  in  plurimos  difperfas  ramos, 
site  in  terra  egiffe.  Terrain  hie  mihi  imaginor  fub- 

F  2  ftantiam 


I 


i 


68  Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mujctes ,  See. 

ftantiam  cerebri,  &  radices,  venas  per  cerebri  fub- 
ftantiam  difperfas. 

Accedens  jam  ad  partes  ipfius  cerebri,  ad- 
hue  affirmarem,  id,  praecipue  ubi  paululum  com- 
preffum  ac  compadtum,  non  nifi  ex  globulis, 
&  non  ex  aliis  confiftere  partibus  :  Sed  ubi  ra- 
rum  ac  tenue,  cultro  concifum  aut  feparatum, 
fefe  oftendebat  dilucidiflima  materia,  quafl  ole¬ 
um  fuiffet,  qtiam  videns  imaginabar  mihi  cultro 
id  caufatum,  globulofq;  cerebri  difruptos  aut 
fradtos.  Verum  enimvero  perfeverans  in  obfer- 
vando,  non  tantum  beftiarum,  fed  &  pifeium,  & 
prsecipue  quidem  Afelli  majoris  cerebrum,  clare 
perfpexi  materiam  illam  oleaginofam,  non  fuiffe 
cultro  ex  difruptione  globulorum  caufatam,  fed 
revera  efle  materiam  feparatam,  cui  praedidti  cere¬ 
bri  globuli  quafi  injacebant.  Ulterius  vidi,  fed 
clariflime  in  cerebro  Afelli  majoris,  prsedidtam  olea¬ 
ginofam  fubftantiam,  reapfe  etiam  ex  globulis, 
fed  multo  minoribus,  quam  ipfius  cerebri,  con¬ 
fiftere. 

Primo  nominati  globuli  cerebri,  meo  judicio, 
circumcirca,  globulis  fanguini  ruborem  afferenti- 
bus  (ex  quibus  fanguinem  confiftere  dixi)  magni- 
tudine  aequales  funt.  Hi  majores  globuli,  ex  maxi¬ 
ma  parte  cerebrum  conftituentes,  refpedtu  globulo¬ 
rum  fanguinis,  valde  irregulares  vel  inequales  exif- 
tunt.  Hujus  rationem  exiftimo  vel  globulorum  fir- 
mam  inter  fe,  aut  cum  vafibus  conjundtionem,  vel 
eorum  mollitiem,  adeo  ut  fe  feparari  non  finant, 
quin  (fic  loquendo)  a  fe  invicem  difeerpantur,  ubi 
e  contra  globuli  fanguinis  in  fluidiori  materia  mo- 
ventur,  &  propterea  etiam,  globofam  fuam  ro¬ 
tund  itatem,  quando  in  latiori  fpatio  exiftunt,  re- 
tinent. 

I  n  animum  fubit,  me  antea  temporis  obfervafle 
cerebrum  Anatis ,  &  turn  judicaffe,  cerebrum  ex 
parte  confiftere  ex  filis,  aut  admodum  exilibus 

vafibuS' 


Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mufcles ,  &c.  6$ 

vafibus.  His  filis  vel  vafibus  poftea  mihi  fiepius  oc- 
currentibus,  turn  temporis  &  idem  judicabam,  ea 
Jtantum  produci  per  firmiftimam  globulorum  (ex 
quibus  cerebrum  folumtnodo  confiftere  putabam) 
inter  fe  unionem,  &  qui  minima  extenfione  fic  in 
fila  mutarentur.  Sed  obfervationes  meas  per  in¬ 
tegrum  menfem  continuans,  clare  admodum  vidi, 
multiplices  valde,  &  fupra  modum  exiguas  venas 
(de  quibus  antea  certus  efle  non  poteram)  eas  in 
beftiarum  cerebro  exiftere,  &  revera  venas  efle, 
licet  cognitu  admodum  difficiles.  Verum  obfer- 
vante,  exadtiufque  infpiciente  me  Afelli  majoris  ce¬ 
rebrum,  multiplicia  ijla  minima  vafa,  aut  venulas, 
quae  fupra  modum  pellucidae,  clare  mihi  oftendi : 
&  multas,  licet  in  ramos  difperfas,&  quindecies  vel 
vigefies  filo  bombycis  exiliores,  tamen  cognofcere 
potui :  Horum  cjidtorum  vaforum  vel  venarum 
maximam  mukitudinem,  in  quantitate  cerebri  ad 
magnitudinem  arenae,  vidi  :  Praeterea  Sc  vafa  fan- 
guine  repleta,vel  quaembicunda  apparebant,ut  eti- 
am  vafa  ad  craffitiem  unici  fili  bombycis,  Sc  infuper 
pellucida  vidi. 

Has  c  e  meas  obfervationes  circa  beftiarum  ce¬ 
rebrum  perfequens,  vafa  ante  nominata,  admodum 
perfpicue  quoque  oftendere  potui,  eaque  fumma 
cum  admiratione  vidi,  partim  ob  ingentem  multi- 
tudinem,  partim  ob  fupra  modum  fummam  eorum 
exilitatem.  Si  enim  juxta  oculum  meum  judicium 
feram,  dicere  teneor,  quod,  fi  globulus,  fanguini 
ruborem  afferens,  in  odto  eftet  divifus  partes,  Sc  u- 
naquaeque  ocftava  pars  eftet  firma  Sc  folida, 
ne  una  quidem  harum  partium  haec  vafa  tranfire 
poftet.  Et  quamvis  diverfts  vicibus  prsedidfca  cere¬ 
bri  vafcula  mihi  perfpicue  ob  oculos  pofueram,  in 
obfervationibus  meis  circa  ilia  tamen  continuavi, 
&  quo  penitius  ac  faepius  obfervarem,  eo  exacftius 
admodum  multiplicia  ilia  vafcula,  cum  ipforum 
ramis  (qui  adeo  infirmi  ac  debijes,  ut  minima  con- 
tmftatione  difrumperentur)  dignofcere  potui. 

F  3  I  h  x  E  k 


y  o  Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mufcles ,  5c c. 

Inter  di&os  globules,  ex  quibus  cerebrum 
ex  parte  confiftit,  globulos  fanguinis  jacentes  vidi, 
qui,  ob  perfectam  rotunditatem,  clare  a  globulis  ce¬ 
rebri  diftingui  ac  dignofci  poterant  :  hos  fanguinis 
globulos  opinabar  e  fanguinis  vafibus  per  cerebrum 
difperfis,  &  cultro  concifis,  effiuxiffe. 

Inter  corticem  &  medullam  cerebri,  aut  par-? 
vam,  aut  nullam  fere,  differentiam5obfervarequeo  : 
praefertim  cum  paululum  rariorem,  &  tenuiorem, 
earn  mihi  videndam  fumo  :  tantum  dicam,  venas, 
aut  vafa  corticem  cerebri  permeantia,  aliquo  modo 
fubfufci  vel  fubnigri  ede  colons,  ubi  e  contra  vafa 
medulla?  cerebri  erant  dilucida  ac  pellucidiora. 

I  n  cerebro,  fed  plerumque  incortice,tam  exiles 
ac  rubicundas,  ex  majoribus  procedentes,  venulas 
vidi,utcapere  nequeam,  quomodo  globuli  fanguinis 
eas  permeare  podint :  &  ultra,  quo  padto  globuli 
paulo  rariores,  &  feparatim  obfervati,  fermenullius 
faltern  admodum  modici  eilent  coloris,  ubi  e  con¬ 
tra  fanguis  in  hifce  vafibus  ruberet.  Imo  &  per 
ipfas  venas,  in  fubftantiam  cerebri  proximate  color 
ille  rubicundus  penetrarat,  eamque  infecerat.  Sed 
ammo  revolvens,  me  in  obfervandis  Fediculis  fepe 
vidifle,  quando  Pediculum  efurire  feceram,  ipfique 
prope  fame  confebto,  jam  fanguinem  fugendum 
darem,  ipfum  non  potuide  confumere  fanguinem, 
aut  etiam  ejicere  ;  quo  evenit,  ut  globuli  fanguinis 
rubicund!  liquefierent,  &  in  materiam  fluidiorem 
refolverentur,  &  fic  per  totum  Pediculi  corpus,  imo 
per  ipfas  ungulas  &  cornua  difpergerentur,omnibuf- 
que  partibus  ruborem  afferrent.  Caufam  non  con- 
fumpti  fanguinis  opinabar,  intefrini  aut  parvarum in 
Pediculo  venarum  exficcationem,  defedtu  aliment! 
caufatam:  quo  debitus  ac  ordinarius  fanguinis  mo- 
tus  fuit  impeditus,  nec  jufto  modo  per  totum  cor¬ 
pus  vehi  potuit.  Sed  memini,hanc  fanguinis  mu- 
tationem,  in  fanguine,  in  vitro  per  aliquod  tern- 
pus,  fervato,  aliquando  etiam  a  me  obfervatam, 
1  “  Et 


Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mufcles ,  &c.  71 

Et  idem  in  parvis  cerebri  venis  accidere  poffe  opi« 
nor  (  quamvis  adeo  exiguse  ffnt,  ut  globulus,  ro- 
tunditatem  fervans,  penetrare  nequeat)  ut  refolu- 
tis  globulis,  &  venae  rubrse  appareant,  &  cerebrum 
adjacens  rubore  tingatur. 

Medullam  fpinalem  Vituli,  Ovis,  Gallinae, 
ac  Afelli  majoris  etiam  obfervavi,  quam  ex  iifdem 
cum  cerebro  partibus  confiftere  comperi,  cum  hac 
folummodo  differentia,  quod  prater  globules, 

|  quos  cum  cerebro  fpina  medulla  communes  ha- 
1  bet,  in  hac  ingens  globulorum  oleaginoforum  & 
pellucidorum  numerus,  ac  diverfe  magnitudinis 
i  jaceret.  Quidam  enim  quinquagies  majores  reli- 
quis,  ac  prseterea  admodum  molles,  ac  fiuidi.  Ca> 

I  terum  medullse  fpinales  multis  ac  fupra  modum 
1  tenuibus  inftrudH  erant  venis  aut  vafibus.  Prsete- 
1  rea  hie  per  medullam  fpinalem  difperfe  erant  fi- 
i  bras  col  oris  fubfufei,  &  ad  craffitiem  capiili,  quae- 
i  dam  vero  tenuiores :  quibus  vilis  imaginabar  mihi 
1  in  initio,  num  qusevis  fibra  forfan  non  effet 
t  vena  :  fed  fumma  cum  exadtitudine  penitius  in- 
:  fpiciens  atque  obfervans,  comperi,  quamvis  fibram 
non  efle  vas,  fed  fmgulas  earum  confiftere  ex  aliis 
valde  exiguis  fibris  aut  vafibus  fibi  invicem  adja- 
centibus,  inter  quas  fibras  pellucidiflima  videre  e- 
rant  vafa  ad  craffitiem  fili  bombycis.  Hie  turn 
:  opinabar,  an  haec  vafa  non  eflent  ea,  quae  fpiriti- 
1  bus  animalibus  per  medullam  fpinalem  vehendis 
inferviunt. 

Hie  funt,clariffime  ac  nobiliffime  vir,quse  poft 
I  ultimos,  indefeftos,  &  exadtiffimos  labores,  hue- 
.  dum  in  cerebro,  &c.  detegere  valui. 

U  t  1  dixi  antea,  quo  pacto  multae  venas  fibi  in¬ 
vicem  adjacent  conjunct  quaff  una  tantum  eflent 
‘  vena,  ffc  illud  mihi  non  tantum  occurrit  in  medul¬ 
la  fpinali,  &  interdim  quoque  in  cortice  cerebri : 

!  Verum  etiam  in  frudtibus,  &  feminibus,  praefertim 
in  Gaftanearum  venis.  Ut  &  in  cortice  &  puta- 

F  4  mine 


Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mufcles ,  &c. 

t amine  Amygdali:  in  fecundanigri  piperis  mein-8 
brana  5  In  putamine  Avellanae  nucis  duro5  &  mem- 
brana  qux  intus  inconcavoei  adhseret,  &in  molU 
eortice  cui  nucleus  injacet  involutus  :  ubi  quidem 
15  aut  20  tenuiffima  vafafibi  invicemadjacentia  vidi. 
Btiam  in  membrana  nucleum  Juglandis  immediate 
ampledtens.  Omnia  hsec  vafa  ex  continuata  tor- 
tuofitate  compofita  funt5  eo  modo  ac  fi  nobis  i ma¬ 
gi  naremur  tenuiffimumaliquod  filum  sereum  aut 
ferreum  craffiori  preffim  circumvolutum  (in  for- 
mam  qua  fuftis  vel  baculus  fifths  iterum  fune  col- 
ligatur)  poftea  extradto  craffiori  filo,  tenuiffi- 
mum  illud  quod  ei  circumvolutum  fuerap,  omnes 
gyros  ac  circumvolutiones  retinebat.  Eodem  modo 
(ut  dixi)  tenuiffima  in  prsenominatis  feminlbus  & 
frudtibus  vafacontortavidi.  Prseterea  inMalo  &  Pi- 
ro  tenuiffima  fibi  invicemadjacentia  vafa  obfervavi. 
Annus  jam  prseteriit5  cum  in  sedibus  fuis,  no- 
bilis  dominus  Conftantinus  Hugenius  a  Zuli- 
chem,  mihi  monftraret  Moxam ,  addens,  quo  pacSo 
inuftione  iftius  herbae  podagra  fanaretur:  Aliquan- 
tulum  hujus  ilc  dicflce  herbae  Moxse  mecum  domum 
retuli,  carpoque  manus  impofitum  juxta  praefcrip- 
tum  urendi  modum,  combuffi  (  ex  curiofitate  ni- 
mia,  nam  podagra  non  divexor)  quo  extraordina- 
riam  hujus  combuftionis  effedlum  detegerem,  ob¬ 
fervavi  autem  cuti3  in  loco  uftionis,  injacere  mate- 
riam  flavam  ac  oleaginofam,  quam  principio  judi- 
cabampec  combuftionem  cutis  caufatam.  Verum 
hanc  cutis  inuftionem  intermittere  coadlus  fui,  non 
ob  dolorem,  fed  fanationis  difficultatem  :  fi  enim 
tam  facile  fanare  poffiem5  ac  vulnus  ex  incifione 
cultri,  (quod  colligatum  ac  confutum  fanatum 
aeftimo)  fepius  hanc  inuftionem  iterarem.  Per  mi- 
crofcopium  Moxam  examinavi,  firmiterque  fentio 
Moxam  non  efte  herbam  ex  optima  teme  pharmacis 
artificiofe  paratam,  ut  autumat  dominus  BiitT- 
choff  in  tradiatude  Moxa  p.  52fedfolummodo  va* 

porem 


Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mufcles ,  Sec.  7  3 

porem  aliquem  ejedtitium  alicujus  frudtus,  ficuti 
in  malis  Perficis,  Cydoniis  £jjc,  lanofam  videmus 
fubftantiam  cortici  adhaerentem.  Cogitaram  etiam 
me  de  frudtibus  quibufdam  colledturum  herba$ 
moxae  quodai*  modo  fimiles,  fed  hucufque  efficere 
1  non  potui. 

Moxa,  quoad  figuram,  goflypio  refpondet :  licu- 
j  ti  enim  inter  pilos,  capillofve,  &  lanam,  nulla,  niil 
\  quoad  craflitiem  &  longitudinem,  differentia,  ut- 
pote  ex  globulis  confiftentes,&  ad  rotunditatem  in- 
clinantes:  aeque  parva  inter  moxam  &  goflypium  dif¬ 
ferentia,  &  ilia  &  hoc  enim  duobus  planis  gaudent 
lateribus.  Eandem  figuram,  lanofum  illud  quod 
interne  rubri  corticis  caftanea?  convexo  adglutina- 
tum,  oftendit :  in  hoc  tantum  differens,  quod  moxa 
multo  fubtilior  fit  goflypio,  hoc  caftanes?  lanofi- 
tate.  Moxam,  cum  inuftio  manus  non  placeret, 
juxta  &  goflypium,  forfice  parumper  difledium, 
quo  facilius  ignem  perciperet,  chartse  anguftse  im~ 
pofui,  &  haeemoxae  &  goflypii  combuftio  fibi  invi- 
cem  exadie  refpondebant,  adeo  ut  mecum  ftatuam, 
fl  inuftio  quendam,  circa  fanationem  podagra?, 
producat  effedlum,  illud  non  evenire  per  aliquam 
mox^e  propriam  qualitatem,  fed  tantum  per  inu- 
ftionem  ipfam,  &  fl  golfypio  inuftionem  faceremus, 
nos  tantum  effedturos  quantum  moxa. 

Ulterius  mox^j  goflypii  &  lanofitatis  caf- 
tanese  sequalem  fumfi  quantitatem,  quam  juxta  fe 
invicem  pofita  combufli,  comperique  quodvis  ho- 
rum  trium  poftfe  reliquifle  materiam  aliquam  olea- 
ginofam,  fed  moxa  plurimam  ;  caufam  imaginabar, 
quod,  quamvis  quantitas  moxx  quoad  oculmn  non 
major,  revera  plus  materiae  eflet  in  moxa,  utpote 
qua?  fubtilior  molliorque,  goflypio  ardtius  con- 
jundtas  habere t  partes,  &  propterea  majorem  olei 
quantitatem  poll  combufli  on  em  reliquerat.  Adeo 
ut  credam  dominum  BiflchofF  a  Chinenfibus  moxa? 
qualitates,  praeparationemque  extollentibus,  efle 
fedudium  ac  deceptum.  E  t  i  a  m 


74  Of  the  Fibres  of  the  Mufcles ,  &c. 

Etiam  animo  recolens  commune  chirurgorum 
di&um,gofiypium  (ut  Holl.  dicitur)  efifeignitum, 
hoc  eft,  inflammationem  caufare,  &  noxam  afferre 
vulneribus,  quando  iis  colligandis  applicator.  Ma- 
lignitatem,  goffypio  adfcriptam,  in  hoc  confiftere 
judico,  vi%.  quod,  ut  antea  didlum,  duo  plana, 
&  per  confequens  qusevis  particula,  duo  acuta 
habeat  latera.  Hasc  acuta  latera  tenuiora,  fubtiliora 
&  duriora  globulis  fibrarumcarnis,  propterea  ( cum 
gofifypium  vulneribus  applicatur)  non  tantum  caro 
adhuc  fana,  fed  materia  incarnationi  novse  infer- 
viens,  &  molliores  came  fana  globulos  habens, 
vulneratur  ac  lasditur  imo  condditur  &  refolvi- 
tur.  Sed  contrarimn  cum  linteo  evenit,  utpote  cu» 
jus  partes  rotundas  &  ardte  fibi  invicem  jundlas, 
majus  corpus  efficiunt,  ideoque  globulos  carnis  & 
materise  incarnationi  infervientis  tam  facile  non, 
aut  in  totum  non  laedunt. 

H  je  c  font,  nobilis  vir,  quas  excellent!® 
veftras  dominifque  philofophis  hac  vice  per  11- 
teras  nunciare  voiui  :  Submifle  &  fubnixe  rogans, 
nobilitas  veftra  velit  dominis  philofophis  mult  am 
meo  dicere  nomine  falutem,  dataque  occafione, 
refcripto,  has  bene  perlatas,  &  quo  padlo  has 
me®  obfervationes  aut  conveniant  cum  antecedent 
tibus,  aut  in  quantum  (fi)  ab  illis  difcrepent,  fig- 
nificare.  Nunquam  occafioni  deero,  qua  demon- 
ftrare  potero 

ExcellentiJjime  ClariJJime  Vh\ 

Quod  Sim  Nobilitatis  Vefirre 
Addict  ijjimus  Cult  or  ^ 

Subfignaverat 

Anthonius  Lewenhoeck. 


(  75  ) 


Dr.  John  Cartel  Letter  to  Dr.  Hook, 
Worms  like  Millepedes,  in  the  Stomach 
&c. 


SIR , 

send  you  the  following  Cafe,  which,  in  fome 
of  its  Circumftances,  is  not  very  common  :  A 
Girl  about  eight  Years  old,  who  has  never  been 
very  healthful,  but  of  late  hath  looked  more  pale 
than  ordinary,  and  troubled  with  Pain  at  her  Sto¬ 
mach,  yefterday,  upon  taking  a  purging  Powder, 
vomited  a  Sort  of  Infedts,  to  the  Number  of  a- 
bout  a  Hundred,  very  much  refembling  little  Mil¬ 
lepedes  ,  I  faw  fome  of  them,  and  three,  that  were 
!  living,  I  put  in  a  Box,  and  a  little  Duft  to  them, 

,  but  they  followed  the  Fate  of  the  reft,  and  died 
i  prefently  j  I  have  fent  you  fix  of  them.  The 
Child  had  taken  Worm-Seed  over  Night,  but  had 
a  very  troublefome  Night,  could  fcarce  be  held  a 
Bed,  complaining  both  of  the  Pain  and  Sorenefs 
I:  of  her  Belly,  fancying  the  Worms  had  eaten  it 
thin  in  one  Place,  and  would  eat  a  Hole  in  it. 
The  Length  of  one  of  the  biggeft,  (though  there 
was  but  little  Difference)  was  *  of  an  Inch :  I 
view'd  them  through  a  fmall  Microfcope,  which 
did  not  reprefent  them  fo  clearly,  as  to  diftinguifh 
them  from  the  common  Wood-Lice,  only  their 
Bellies  were  more  tranfparent,  and  their  Heads 
of  a  more  confufed  Figure,  which  laft  1  thought 
afterwards  might  be  caufed  by  the  rowing  up  of 
the  Ante  mice  or  Horns,  which  I  obferved  fome  of 
the  common  Millepedes  to  do,  when  they  die. 
That  among  them  which  was  black,  was  acciden¬ 
tally  fo,  by  dropping  a  little  Ink  upon  it. 

The  Child,  after  her  vomiting,  had  a  Stool, 
in  which  were  feveral  very  fmall  white  Worms, 
about  an  Inch  long,  which  are  not  uncommon,  but 

fhews 


J 


j6  Worms  like  Millepedes  in  the  Stomach, 8cc. 

fhews  that  the  prim#  <z abounded  with  fuch 
putrid  Humours,  as  are  ufually  productive  of  a 
verminous  Brood  :  She  is  now  very  hearty,  and 
eats  her  Meat  well,  and  free  from  all  the  former 
Symptoms. 

I  h  a  v  e  heard  fome  Stories  of  the  like  Nature, 
but  am  not  forwards  to  relate  them,  becaufe  they 
totally  depend  on  the  Credit  of  others  :  One  Man 
I  know,  who,  many  Years  ago,  was  reduced  to  a 
thin  confumptive  Habit,  and,  upon  taking  Mer- 
curius  Dulcis ,  voided  by  Stool  an  incredible  Num¬ 
ber,  or  rather  Quantity,  of  fmall  Animals,  which 
(according  to  the  Defcription  I  had  of  them)  were 
iefs  than  thefe,  and  of  a  rounder  Figure. 

If  thefe  were  bred  in  a  Folli cuius  of  their  own, 
that  Part  muft  apoftemate,  and  fo  a  purulent  Mat¬ 
ter  be  evacuated  with  them  ;  but  1  rather  think, 
they  muft  be  generated  in  the  common  Paffage, 
and  I  remember  I  have  often  feen  Abundance  of 
Animals  bred  in  humane  Excrements,  but  was  not 
fo  curious  to  obferve  their  Figure. 

I  t  is  hard  to  imagine,  how  Worms  fhould 
live  in  the  Stomach,  amidft  that  acid  Humour, 
which,  whether  it  be  the  Caufe  or  Effect  of  Di- 
geftion,  has  the  Force  of  a  Menftriuim  ;  but  it 
muft  be  fuppofed,  that  in  fuch  Bodies,  the  Fer¬ 
ment  is  alter’d,  if  not  deftroy’d  :  You  obferve 
lately,  that  Birds  are  very  induftrious  to  kill  In¬ 
fects  before  they  eat  them  ;  I  am  apt  to  think,  if 
they  pafs’d  immediately  into  the  Gizard,  there 
was  no  Need  of  killing  them  firft  •  but  the  In - 
gluvies  fupplying  the  Want  of  Teeth,  and  only 
macerating  what  other  Creatures  chew,  has  no  A- 
cidity  that  would  offend  them. 


S  I  R, 


A  Letter  from  Mr.  j.  Yonge,  Sec.  77 

Sir,  I  write  this  Account  haftily,  hecaufe  I 
would  have  you  fee  them  as  foon  as  might  be. 

j 

Manchefter3  I  am^ 

Augufi  2  s,  SIR, 

1682. 

Tour  humble  Servant , 

J.  Cart  e, 

N.  B.  The  Child  had  not  taken  any  Millepedes, 
nor  ufes  to  eat  Earth  or  Dirt ,  which  I  have 
known  fome  difiemperd  Children  do . 


:  A  Letter  from  Mr.  J.  Y  o  n  g  e,  to  cDi\ 
Hoo  k,  of  divers  curious  Matters  ob~ 
ferv’d  by  him. 


Woman,  about  36  Years  old, had  from  her 
Childhood  been  fickly,  more  efpecially  tor¬ 
mented  in  her  Belly  with  a  Pain,  accompanied  at 
firft,  every  three  Months,  and  afterward  every 
three  Weeks,  with  a  round  Swelling  like  her  Fifi, 
in  her  left  Hypocondria ,  fenfibiy  moving  to  and 
fro5,  and  plainly  to  be  felt  :  Horrid  Pain  would 
then  deprive  her  of  Senfes,  twelve  or  twenty-four 
Hours  j  and  then  fie  would  recover  again,  be 
without  Pain,  and  the  Tumour  vanifh,  without 
being  followed  by  any  Evacuation,  of  either  Wind, 
Water,  Excrement,  &c. 

Those  Paroxyfms,  for  many  Years,  kept  a  due 
Courfe  of  three  Weeks  j  {he  was  generally  coftive, 
found  that  Milk  irritated  her  Pain,  that  Flefh  and 
all  fait  Meats  difagreed  with  her. 


N  o  T 


f 


78  ^  Letter  from  Mr .  j;  Y  o  n  g  e, 

Notwithstanding  this, fhe married  about 
twelve  Years  fince,  and  had  one  Child.  During 
her  Breeding,  her  Pains  obferv’d  the  Courfe,  and 
abated  nothing  of  theirVehemence,  which  equalled, 
if  not  exceeded  that  of  Child-birth. 

Under  this  Plague  fhe  liv'd,  till  about  Fe¬ 
bruary  ,  1680,  the  Pain  feem’d  fix’d  on  the  left 
Side,  on  the  Region  of  the  Spleen,  and  feem’d  as  if 
proceeded  from  the  Lodging  of  fome  heavy  Thing, 
and  begot  fuch  Pain,  as  fhe  could  not  lie  down  in 
her  Bed.  Thus  fhe  continued  in  a  miferable  Con¬ 
dition,  ufing  Purges,  Clyfters,  &c.  which  were  ad- 
vifed  by  charitable  People,  fhe  being  very  poor.. 
The  15th  of  November ,  1681,  fhe  became  quit  of 
all  the  Pain  in  her  Side,  and  then  felt  fomewhat 
to  burthen,  and,  as  it  were,  flop  the  Intefiinum 
ReFkum ,  caufmg  frequent  Motions  to  Stool,  but 
no  Evacuation,  but  a  little  Slime  like  a  Tetiefmus. 
The  Suppreflion  of  her  Evacuations  that  Way,  for 
fix  Days,  fo  prefs’d  on  fome  of  the  urinary  Chan¬ 
nels,  that  her  Urine  alfo  flopp’d.  In  this  doleful 
Condition,  fhe  fent  for  me,  when,  giving  me  the 
abovefaid  Hiflory,  I  guefs’d  fomewhat  extraordi¬ 
nary  muft  be  in  the  Reffum.  Accordingly,  exa¬ 
mining  by  a  Probe,  I  felt  a  hard  Subftance  like  a 
Stone,  which,  with  a  flrong  pair  of  Forceps ,  I 
extracted,  and  then  cleanfed  out  the  Bowels  with 
a  Clyfter  ^  fhe  remained  void  of  any  Pain,  and  is  fo 
to  this  Day. 

The  Thing  extracted,  was  of  a  round  Figure, 
fomewhat  oblong,  with  fome  Depreflions,  fuch  as  a 
Man’s  Fingers  make  on  Pitch,  Plaiiler,  or  Wax. 
In  Weight,  was  one  Ounce  and  a  Quarter  ;  was 
five  Inches  round,  fwram  on  W ater,  though  feem’d 
a  Stone.  Its  Outfide  was  black  as  Jet,  fmooth  as 
V arnifh,  but  no  thicker  than  a  Man’s  Skin  j  next  to 
it,  it  was  flony,  or  gritty,  like  Brick,  the  Thick- 
nefs  of  half  a  Crown.  After  fome  Months,  I 

cut 


to  cDr.  Hook,  8cc.  yp 

icut  it  in  two  with  a  Hatchet,  and  found  that  next 

the  gritty  Shell,  it  was  full  of  a  woolly,  hard 
I  Subftance,  like  rotten  Rags ,  or  Sponge  or 
:  chew’d  brown  Paper,  within  which,  lay  a  Lump 
of  the  Bignefs  and  Form  of  a  fmall  Prune.  Cutting 
that  in  two  alfo,  1  found  it  a  Prune,  or  Plum  in¬ 
deed,  the  Pulp  of  which  was  dry,  and  hard  as  Pafte- 

board,  as  was  the  Kernel  in  the  Shell,  that  lav  in 
the  Middle  of  it.  5  7  m 

WhENCE  it  s  manifeft,  that  all  thefo  Accidents 
that  had  fo  long  molefted  this  poor  Woman,  pro¬ 
ceeded  from  this  Plum,  or  Prune,  fwallowed  above 
thirty  Years  before  ;  which,  probably,  ftuck  in  feme 
folding  of  a  Gut,  or  a  Cavern,  or  Cell  of  the  Co¬ 
lon  ,  increafing  its  Dimenfions  by  the  Adhefion  of 
new  Matter,  till  (no  one  knoweth  how)  it  tumbled 
down  to  the  Refium ,  and  1  drew  it  forth.  But  how 
the  Surface  became  petrify’d,  and  fo  uneven,  and 

varnilh  d  over  with  a  black  fmooth  Matter  is  to 
me  a  Wonder.  5  J 

Before  I  broke  it,  I  thought  it  might  fo-  a 
Gall-Stone,  (tho’  foe  never  had  the  Jaundice) 
having  lately  feen  a  Gentlewoman,  almoft  dead  in 
that  Difeafe  relieved  by  the  Evacuation  of  one 
almoft  as  big  as  a  Pullet’s  Egg,  and  another  from  a 
Man,  as  big  as  a  Nutmeg.  Both  followed  Abo’ 
rollive  before)  with  a  Lask,  difeharging  prodigious 
Quantities  of  Choler.  The  Authors  are  innume¬ 
rable,  that  mention  this  latter  Sort,  though  I  meet 
none  fo  great,  Vide  La.  Riverius  Obf.  at  Henrico 
Ritffeo  com.  obf.  4.  Tho.  Bartholin  Acta  Med.  A.  7  j 
*72.  obf.  100.  f .  Fe  melius  lib.  6.  de  part.  Mcrb  & 
Sympt.  J,  Skenckms ,  Obf.  Med.  Sennertus ,  Sc  But 
few  fpeak  of  any,  that  appear  generated  in’  the 
Guts?  Vide  MijceL  Curio  fa  voi  6.  obf  20. 


T  II  £  K  £ 


8o  to 'Dr.  Hook,  &c. 

There  lately  died,  in  Cornwall ,  a  Woman  6t" 
about  154  Years  of  Age  3 1  have  employ’d  a  Friend 
to  give  me  a  particular  Account  of  her  Manner  of 
living,  &c.  which  1  will  not  fail  to  tranfmit  to 
your  Hands. 

Here  was  lately,  alfo,  ah  Ewe  kill'd,  that  had 
a  full  grown  Lamb  lapp’d  up  in  the  Omentum ,  a- 
mong  the  Guts,  without  the  Womb  j  queftionlefs 
it  was  a  Conception  in  tuba  Fallopiana ,  which, 
when  growing  big,  broke  forth  into  the  Bowels. 
But  that  the  Pe  dun  cuius  fhould  hold,  and  where 
the  Placenta  was  fattened,  is  ftrange  :  In  the  fun¬ 
dus  uteri ,  it  cou’d  not  be,  and  if  any  where  elfe, 
how  was  the  nutritious  Juices,  conveyed  to  it. 
It  was  feparated  from  the  Uterus ,  and  the  Bowels 
thrown  away  before  I  knew  it,  fo  that  I  could  not 
make  that  Examination  :  This  Accident  is  not  fo 
new,  but  that  Inftances  of  the  like  are  given  by 
Monf.  Bayle ,  Mr.  Blegny ,  de  Graeff. \  Elfchotius , 
Riolanus ,  Rheynhufe ,  &c. 

AChild  was  lately  heard,  by  feveral  People, 
to  cry  in  its  Mother’s  Womb,  fome  Days  before  the 
Birth  ;  do  not  Children  then  breathe  by  the 
Lungs,  before  they  are  born? 

I  find  fiuch  another  Relation  ( if  not  the  fame  J 
of  a  Lamb  in  the  Omentum,  told  by  Mr.  Younge, 
in  the  Phil.  Tranf.  Numb.  323. 

Will  I  AM  DERHAMj 


0  bfervata  qutfdam  Anatomic  a  in  Vefper- 
tilione diffefyto  22  die  Sept.  1682.  ‘Per  T* 
Molyneux,  M.  2).  Dublinij. 

EXternam  hujus  animalis  hguram  verbis 
defcribere,  fupervacaneum  fore  exiflimavi, 
Utpote  cum  in  hifce  noftris  regionibus  adeo  fre- 
quens  occurrat  Vefpertiiio,  ut  cuique  volenti,  eum 
vivum  intueri,  faciliime  obtigit  •  vel  faltem  omni¬ 
bus  conceditur,  ut  illius  vjvam  afpiciant  delinea- 
tionem,  cum  apud  tot  varios  autores  de  ani- 
malibus  fcribentes,  hoc  accurate  depidfum  inve¬ 
nire  liceat.  lis  igitur  omnibus  dmiffis,  quss  alii  de 
Quadrupede  hoc  volanti  jamdudum  tradiderunt, 
folummodo  hie  notabimus  qusedam  hadlenus  neg- 
iedta  &  inobfervata  quse  in  illius  diffedtione  nobis 
videre  contigit. 

Et  primo  Penis  in  confpe&um  venit,  infignis 
quidem  magnitudinis,  habito  refpe&ui  ad  exiguum 
animalis  corpufculum  ;  in  eo  Oiliculum  hujus 
figure  (I.)  acmulum  delituit,  oiliculum  in  Mu- 
rino  pene  contentum  longitudine  duplo  fuperans. 

f feftictilos  habuit  fatis  amplos,  extra  abdominis 
^cavitatem  prominentes. 

Veficulft  Semin  ales ,  ex  utroque  latere  Veficae  Uri~» 
\nari<&  fitae,  femine  mirum  in  modum  turgidse  con- 
fpiciuntur,  Ehafeoli  magnitudinem  sequantes. 

Longitudo  omnium  Inteftinorum ,  fcilicet 
i  a  Pyloro  ufque  ad  anum  vixdum  6.  pollices  sequa- 
ibat  ^  at  in  Mure  diile&o  (cujus  fimilitudinem  ex 
I omni  animalium  genere  maxime  prae  fe  fert.)  Inte~ 
^ftinorum  circuitus  21  pollices  fuperavit,  nulla 
lhabita  ratione  illius  appendicis  inteftinum  Ccecum 
;ididtse5  quo  omnino  caret  Vefpertilio  ;  cujus  In- 
Itellinorum  brevitatem,  notabilem  levitatis  gratia^ 
a  Natura  conftitutam  eile  opinor,  quae  ab  hoc 
Quadrupede,  per  aerem  volitare  deftinato,  quic- 
uid  eilet  oneri  provide  defumpfit. 


§2  Obfervata  quadam  Anatomic  a 

Ventri cuius ,  Lien  &  Renes  iifdem  partibus  in 
Mure  omnino  perfimiles  funt  j  at  Hepar  &  Pul- 
mones  in  duos  duntaxat  lotos  dividuntur. 

Penitus  mortuo  animale  Cor  motum  fuum, 
viz.  Syftolen  &  Diaftolen.,  amplius  horae  fpatio 
peragebat. 

Genii  infigni  convexitate  donantur  -  eos  autem 
in  hunc  finem  ita  fabricatos  fufpicor,  fei  licet  ut  in 
tenebris  videant  •  quippe  per  foiam  nodlem  &  opa- 
ca  crepufcula  praedam  fuam  (Mufcas  fcil)  animal 
hoc  infe&atur,  quas  inter  volandum  Hirundinis 
ad  inftar  captat. 

Blafius  in  fua  Anatome  diverforum  animalium, 
ubi  de  Vefpertilione  loquitur,  hanc  controverfiam 
inter  quofdam  Medicos  natam,  meminit  •  fcil.  an 
Caudam  habeat  ;  fed  de  re  ipfis  fenfibus  adeo  evi- 
denti  ortam  die  contentionem  magnopere  admiror, 
quippe  seque  bene  difputaftent,  an  Mus  Caudam 
habeat,  cum  in  eo  non  magis  manifeftam  ojjis  Coc~ 
cygis  pfodufiionem  (quae  in  omni  animale  Cauda 
nominatur)  quam  in  Vefpertilione  afpicere  liceat. 

Animal  eft  Viviparum ,  &  nihil  commune 
ullae  Volucrum  fpeciei  poffidet,  exceptis  alts  & 
robore  Mufculorum  pefftoralium  alas  moventium  5 
quippe  nec  Bipes  eft,  nec  Pennatum,  nec  Roftra« 
turn,  &c.  ficut  omnia  volantium  genera  :  quamo- 
brem  a  ClariJJhno  IVillughheo ,  in  fuo  pereleganti 
librode  Avibus,  inter  Aves  nequaquam  numeratur, 
licet  alii  fcriptores  Vefpertilionem  inter  eos  collo- 
care  haud  dubitaverint. 

D  u  m  in  vivis  diet  animal,  in  Pixide  lignea  in- 
carceratum  per  fpatium  quatuordecem  dierum  af- 
fervabam,quo  tempore  Mufcos  ex  omni  genere  & 
Araneas  avide  comedebat  :  *  Corporis  autem  Si- 

,  tus 

*=**=»— wnMTmwaiinwi  11  fc  1  jega*^jggae^.oiaaaBeiff'  i  *  i—n  -rfaw  — *  t*  — 

*  I  have  fee n  him  in  this  Pofhtre  afleep,  above  forty  fever d 
Times. 


In  Vefpcrtilione  dijfecto.  0  ? 

tus  (quem  Temper  eligebat  quoties  fomnum  cape- 
ret)  fingulare  quid  &  infolitum  videtur  •  quippe 
fpreto  molli  gramine  in  fundo  fuse  Cave®  Tub- 
ftrato,  pixidis  lateri  adhsereret,  &  pofterioribus 
fuis  partibus  direcfte  elevatis,  anterioribus  autem 
&  Capite  perpendiculariter  deorfum  pofitis,  fuf- 
penfus  Temper  quiefceret:  in  hac  autem  infolita 
poiitura  corpus  Tuum  fuftentaret  pofierionim  pedum 
:beneficio,  quorum  uterque  quinque  digitis,  acu- 
tiffimis  unguibus  armatis,  inftrucftus  eft,  &  ab  his 
lignese  pixidis  lateri  infixis,  pondus  totius  Corporis 
tuto  dependebat  5  anteriores  autem  pedes,  unicd 
tantum  digito  inftrudi,  ad  illius  fuftentationem 
in  hoc  litu  nequaquam  contulerunt. 

S  i  quis  hujus  animalis  Oftiologiam  cupiat,  con- 
fulat  Cap,  26.  Partis  Secundse  Anatomise  Blafianse 
variorum  Animalium,  &  Tabulam  41.  ubi  Vef- 
pertilionis  Sceleton  &  Effigiem  videre  licet. 


, 


■4 


(  h  ) 


The  Rule  of  Falfe  Fojition ,  in  Dec.  1682. 

Ultiply  the  Pofition  by  the  alternate  Errors, 
and  if  the  Errors  be  of  the  fame  Kind,  divide  the 
Difference  of  the  Produds,  by  the  Difference  of  the  Er¬ 
rors  5  but  if  they  be  of  divers  Kinds,  the  Sum,  by  the  Sum: 
And  the  Quotient,  fhall  give  the  Number  fought. 

For  Demonftration,  what  Number  is  that,  whichbe- 
ing  multiply’d  by  B  3  will  produce  the  Plane  B  A  30. 

Portions.  Portions. 

Let  it  be  A  —  C  —  6  Let  it  be  A—  D— 8 

into B  ~  B  A  —  B  C  <—  18  into  B=BA  —  B  D  :=  24 

A  =  10. 

B  =  3. 

C  r=:  4. 

D  —  2. 


BA  —  30. 

The  Errors  there  ore  are. 

Firft  Error.  B  A  plane  —  B  A  *4*  B  C  =  12. 

Second  Error.  BA  plane  — BA  -f  B  D  =  6. 

The  Lefs  fubftraded  out  of  the  Greater,  there  remains, 

B  C  —  B  D  zz:  6  the  Difference  of  the  Errors. 


Which  being  multiply’d  into  their  altern  Errors,  the  Pro- 

duds  will  be  as  follows. 

BC  Defed  BD  Defed 

A  —  D  A  ■ _ C 

gC'A-BCD'  96  BDA  — BCD—  ^ 

And  Subftradion  a- 7  _ BCA  —  BDA _ 60  __ 

gain  being  made  J A ^TC^BD*^  ~~  6  ~~1Q 


c  B 

Again.  Data  <  r>  A  .  « 

i  Hil  nuatntur  A. 

Sit  A— C  Sit  A  —  D 

in B  =  B  A  —  B  c.  in B  =  B  A  —  BD 

B  A  pi.  B  A  H-  B  q  minus.  BA  pi.  —  BA  +  BD 

Ergo  Errores  -f  B  C  „  _|_  B  D 

A-D  A— 

BCA— BCD  min.  BDA+BDC 


V* 


B  C  A  —  B  D  A 


Pof. 


\ 


BC-BD 


Of  Falfe  Toft  ion. 

Pof.  A  4-  B  Pof.  A  +  C 
>  I)  Errors  E 

B  .  C  :  %  D  .  E  . 

CDz:BC. 

ad  +  cd-aeh-be 

AD  —  AE  ^AD-AE 
_A  D  —  A  E_  . 

D  —  E 

As  the  Difference  of  the  Errors  to  the  firft  Er¬ 
ror,  fo  is  the  Difference  of  the  Portions  to  a  Num¬ 
ber,  which,  contrary  to  the  Sign  of  the  firft  Error, 
being  added  or  fubftradted  to  or  from  the  firft  Pq« 

Ilfition,  gives  the  true  Pofition. 

When  the  Errors  have  different  Signs,  their 
Sum  is  their  Difference, 

The  Reafon  of  the  Proportion  betwixt  the  two 

I  Errors  of  Pofition,  is,  becaufe  the  Numbers  added 
or  fubftradted,  and  apply  Jd  to  the  one  Term  of 
Proportion  are  proportionate  to  the  Numbers 
added  or  fubftrafted;  and  apply'd  to  the  other 
Term,  becaufe  two  Numbers,  apply'd  or  divided 
by  the  fame  Number,  continue  the  fame  Propor¬ 
tion.  Likewife,  if  you  add  orfubftradf  like  propor¬ 
tional  Parts5  the  Sums  or  Differences  will  be  in 
fthe  fame  Proportion. 

A  s  the  Error  of  the  firft  Pofition  to  the  Error 
the  fecond  Pofition,  fo  is  the  Error  of  the  firft 

I  Operation,  to  the  Error  of  the  fecond  Operation. 
But  the  Retftangle  of  the  Means,  is  equal  to 
:he  Redfangle  of  the  Extreams.  Subftradt  the 
Dne,  from  a  Number  containing  the  other,  and 
j^ou  leave  the  true ;  only  in  greater  Products  con*« 
rain'd  fo  many  Times, as  the  Difference  of  the  lefler 
Error  of  Operation  is  to  the  greater  Error  of  O- 
aeration,  becaufe  the  lefter  Error  could  not  take 

G  3  ^ay 


8  6  Of  Falfe  CP  of  it  ion. 

way  fo  many  Truths  as  the  greater  Error  had 
made  in  the  greater  Product. 


From  B  4  From  B  A 

Take  BA—  BC  Take  BA-BD_ 

Remains  BA-  BA  +  BC  Remains  BA— B  AA  B  IF 

The  Difference  B  C  D_B 

~~qT  ’ 


A— D 
BC 


B  C  A— BCD 
Sub  draft  EDA  — BCD 
Remains  the  Diff  B  C  A  —  B  D  A 
Divide  it  by  — ..  .  „ 
BC  —  BD 


A 
BD 

B DA— BCD 


Is  the  true  Pofition 
(  fought  J 


Dr* 

\ 


cDr.  Hook  of  Earths ,  Salts,  &c. 


M  a  r  c  h,  14,  i 68}. 

H  E  Nature  of  Clays,  Stones,  Limes,  Sc. 

A  being  difcourfed,  1  mention’d  the  Sorts  of 
Stone  which  were  here  call’d  Freefbone,  viz.  fuch 
as  could  be  faw’d  with  a  tooth’d  Saw,  fuch  as 
Cone,  Rigate ,  Burford ,  Ketten ,  Sc.  That  Stones 
were  of  two  Natures,  one  bituminous,  or  ful- 
phureous,  the  other  faline  and  watery  ;  the  ful- 
phureous  would  calcine  into  Lime,  the  faline  make 
Glafs,  vitrify  or  diffolve,  and  moulder  with  the 
Rain,  Air,  and  Froft.  That  both  thefe  Sorts  are 
often  found  in  the  fame  Portland-Stone  one  Part 
whereof  will  moulder,  the  other  harden  with 
the  Air.  That  Loam  is  a  Mixture  of  various  Sorts 
of  Clays  and  Sands,  and  may  be  feparated  by  waffl¬ 
ing.  That  fuch  a  Material  is  ufually  chofen  for 
Brick-Earth,  as  being  moil  eafily  foftened  and  tam¬ 
per’d  for  moulding,  and  moil  eafily  and  fpeedily 
dry’d  for  burning,  and  moll  eafily  burnt ;  to  make 
it  yet  more  eafy  for  burning,  tis  ufually  dry,  and  ex- 
pofedto  the  Winter  Rains  and  Frofts,  for  mellow¬ 
ing  againft  the  Spring.  That  the  finefl  Clay 
would  make  the  bell  Bricks,  were  it  not  for  the 
more  than  ordinary  Labour  and  Charge  in  wafh- 
ing,  working,  moulding,  drying,  baking,  as  is 
evident  in  Pottery,  and  Tiles,  and  efpecially  in 
the  Roman  Bricks,  which  are  fome  of  them  of  fo 
fine  an  Earth,  fo  well  moulded,  and  fo  tho¬ 
roughly  burnt,  as  to  lall  even  to  this  Day,  as  in¬ 
tire  and  perfedl  as  when  firll  made,  in  all  proba- 
lility.  That  hungry  Clay  was  hardeil  and  bell  to 
endure  the  Fire  without  melting,  but  faline,  and 
fine  Clays,were  molt  apt  to  vitrify :  And  thence  the 
throwing  in  of  three  or  four  Shovels  of  Salt  into 

Q  4  & 


88  Of  Earthy  Salts ,  5cc* 

a  Fot  Furnace  when  hot,  made  all  the  Pots  in  the- 
Furnace  to  be  glaz'd.  That  China  was  fueh  ar| 
Earth,  as  was  very  difficult  to  be  vitrify'd. 

Concerning  Salts,  and  other  volatile  and 
fix’d  Bodies,  I  mention'd,  that  there  were  two 
Sorts,  one  that  was  homogenous  to  the  Air,  and 
v  ould  be  diftolved  into  it.  T  his  was  call'd  V olatile  5 
the  other  heterogeneous,  and  would  not  at  all  be 
fo  difTblved  and  mixed  with  it;  and  thefe  were 
call'd  Fixed.  Of  the  Volatile,  there  are  various 
Sorts,  which  will  be  difTolv’d  into  the  Air,  by  dif¬ 
fering  Degrees  of  Heat.  Spirit  of  Wine,  orfuch 
other  fermented  Spirits,  Camphire,  the  odorous 
Gums  of  Flowers,  and  Herbs,  will  be  difTolv'd  into 
the  Air  with  a  fmall  Degree  of  Heat;  other  Bodies 
more  difficultly,  and  require  a  ftronger  and  ftronger 
Heat,  as  they  are  more  and  more  fixed  ;  fo  fome 
Salts  and  Gums,  &c.  will  not  rife  at  all  :  And  thefe 
are  call'd  fixed  Bodies,  or  Alcaly  Salts.  Of  thefe 
which  are  difTolv'd  into  the  Air,  fome  are. tailed 
as  it  were,  by  the  Nofe,  others  not  in  the  fame 
Manner  as  in  Tindtures  made  in  Waters  ;  fome, 
whereof  the  Tongue  does  tafle,  others  not. 

Concerning  the  Oxford  Trial  by  blue 
Starch,  which  they  affirm'd  would  turn  red,  with 
Acids,  I  faid  'twas  impoffible,  Smalt  being  Glafs, 
but  it  mufl  be  Litmus ,  or  Indico  :  But  moil  like¬ 
ly  L  itnius  ;  being  a  clear,  blueTindlure  ;  but  /;/« 
dico^  a  thick  Frecipitation. 

T  h  e  Experiment  was  very  confiderable,  though 
plain,  giving  a  further  Explanation  of  Gravity,  by 
making  a  large  Glafs  vibrate,  with  a  Viol  Bow  :  By 
whichVibration,  a  certain  Undulation  is  plainly  feen 
to  dart  out  from  all  fuch  Places  where  the  Glafs 
vibrates.  And  it  was  very  plainly  vifible,  that  the 
Water,  and  Bodies  in  it,  did  move  towards  every 
Inch  vibrating  Part,  and  from  every  other  Part 
that  was  at  reft. 

Dr, 


(  §9  ) 


2)r.  Hoc  kAt  Experiments  of  the  floating  of 
Eea^  &c.  July  4,  1683.* 

Wednesday,  June  27, 16833 1  fhew’d  two 
Experiments  to  the  Society,  which  fuo 
ceeded,  of  which  I  gave  an  Account.,  Wednefday , 
July  43  16833  as  follows. 

Of  the  floating  of  unmelted  Metaf  upon  the  fame 
melted ,  with  the  Caufe. 

I.  There  was  melted,  in  a  Crucible,  about  a 
j  Pound  and  half  of  Sheet  Lead,  and  whilft  it  re- 
J  main’d  melted,  feveral  fmall  Pieces  of  the  fame 
Lead  were  gently  one  by  one,  by  the  Help  of  a 
Forceps ,  laid  upon  the  clear  and  bright  Surface 
thereof  (the  Scum  and  Litharge  being  firft  re¬ 
moved)  and  it  was  found  that  they  all  fwam  upon 
it,  and  did  not  fink  to  the  Bottom  j  but  if  they 
were  all  cover’d  or  plung’d  under  the  Surface,  they 
would  not  rife  again,  but  fink  to  the  Bottom,  and 
foon  be  melted. 

The  Occafion  of  the  Experiment,  was  a  Sug- 
geftion,  that  Lead, when  it  concreted,  did  (as  Wa¬ 
ter  when  it  congeals  to  Ice.)  fettle  itfelf  into  a  more 
rarify’d  Texture,  than  when  fluid  j  by  which 
Means,  it  became  lighter  than  the  melted  Lead,  and 
fo  fwam  at  the  Top  of  it.  But  though  the  Effedt 
:  3 were  anfwerable  to  the  Aflertion,  yet  the  Caufe, 
!ja%  n’d,  was  falfe  ,  for  it  was  very  evident,  that 
:ithe  Reafon  of  its  fwimming,  was  much  the  fame 
with  that  of  the  fwimming  of  a  Needle,  or  of 
Water-Spiders,  and  many  other  Infedts  upon  the 
1  Surface  of  the  Water  j  namely,  a  Coherence  of  the 
1  Air  to  the  Surface  of  the  fwimming  Body  j  which 
l  Coherence  of  the  Air  does  deprefs  and  remove  a 
;  greater  Part  of  the  Fluid,  Lead,  or  Water,  than 

the 


90  Of  the  Floating  of  Lead, ,  &c. 

the  mecr  Bulk  of  the  Body  itfelf would  do  ;  which, 
in  both  thefe  Cafes,  is  very  evident  •  and  was,  in 
thefe  T  rials,  very  remarkable  j  for  the  Surface  of 
the  Lead  did  plainly  bend  and  fink  below  its  Le¬ 
vel,  with  a  Roundnefs  where  the  Piece  of  Lead 
lay  $  which  bending  of  the  Surface,  was  made 
the  greater  by  a  thin  Plate,  or  Skin  of  Li¬ 
tharge  .  which  the  Air  does  prefently  make  upon 
melted  Lead,  fo  foon  as  ever  a  former  is  remov’d 
or  fcummed  off! 

Of  the  Con  den  fat  ion  of  Air  by  Water . 

II.  T  here  was  Buck  into  the  Side  of  a 
Piece  of  wooden  Pipe, for  conveying  Water,  a  fmall 
cylindrical  Pipe  of  Glafs,  about  a  Foot  long,  and 
fomewhat  better  than  half  an  Inch  in  Diameter  , 
one  End  of  which  Pipe  was  hermetically  feal’d, 
but  the  other  End  was  opeiy  and  communicated 
with  the  Cavity  of  the  wooden  Pipe,  by  means  of 
a  fmall  Hole  bor’d  in  the  Side  of  that  wooden 
Pipe^  into  which  the  open  End  of  the  Glafs  Pipe 
wa:S  thruft  hard,  having  a  little  Linnen  Rag  wrapped 
about  it,  as  is  ufual  for  Taps  put  into  the  End  of  a 
Barrel,  or  other  Veffel.  Then  ( there  being  about  a 
Foot  of  Air  left  in  the  Glafs  PipeJ  Water  was 
forc’d  into  the  wooden  Pipe  by  a  fmall  Force- 
Pump  j  and  it  was  plainly  to  be  feen,  that  as  the 
Water  was  more  and  more  ftrongly  forc’d  into 
the  wooden  Pipe,  the  Air  left  in  the  Glafs  Pipe, 
by  the  Water  that  enter’d  into  it  by  the  aforefaid 
Hole,  was  condenfed  into  aleffer  and  Idler  Room , 
fo  that  hereby,  the  true  Degree  of  the  PrefTure  of 
the  Water  could  be  eafily  found  and  meafured* 
which  was  conceiv’d  to  be  an  Experiment,  or  !n- 
ftrument  of  great  L  ie  for  W ater- Works,  becaufejby 
means  hereof,  the  Force  of  Water,  in  any  Pipe, 
might  prefently  be  known  ^  namely,  both  from 

what 


Two  Experiments ,  /hewing. ,  &c#  91 

what  Height  it  defcended,  and  to  what  Height  it 
would  there  again  rife.  The  Rule  of  doing  which, 
was  the  next  Day,  to  be  brought  in. 


2>.  Ho  01 two  Experiments ,  jhewing  the 
Treffure  of  Water  in  Eipes ,  and  how  to 
Me  afire  it.  Alfo  the  Exp  anfi 'on  of melted 
Metals ,  made  before  the  Royal  Society, 
July  4,  1683. 

f  It  '  |  - 

''  r  .  '  ■  •  - 

JUl  y  the  4th,  1683.  I  read  the  Accounts 
of  the  two  Experiments  made  June  27  ,  and 
likewife  further  explain'd  the  Ufes  of  them,  by 
Difcourfes  in  other  Particulars,  namely,  that  the 
fecond  Experiment  was  of  great  Ufe  for  the  trying 
the  Strength  of  Pipes,  for  Conveyance  of  Water. 
By  which  Means,  I  have  examined  feveral  Sorts  of 
earthen  and  other  Pipes  and  Gements,  and  have 
found  that  earthen  Pipes,  made  of  a  Material 
only,  as  hard  as  Houfe-Tiles,  would  endure  the 
Preffureof  100  Foot  of  Water  ;  that  the  Ufe  of 
the  other  Experiment,  was  chiefly  luciferous, 
namely,  to  fhew  the  Nature  of  Fluids  and  Con- 
gruity,  of  which  I  fhould  fhortly  have  Occafion  to 
difcourfe  more  at  large. 

Then  I  produced  and  read  the  Pode,  accord¬ 
ing  to  which  the  Prefliire  of  the  W ater,  in  any 
Pipe,  might,  by  means  of  a  Trial  with  the  former 
Inftrument,  be  calculated  and  reduced  to  certain 
Meafure  in  Feet  and  Inches.  The  Means  of  per¬ 
forming,!  fhew5d,  were  principally  two,  firft  Arith¬ 
metically,  and  fecondly,  Mechanically, 

The  Arithmetical  Rule  was  this ;  that  the 
Length  of  the  Cylinder  of  the  Air  in  the  Pipe,  be¬ 
fore  it  was  prefs’d  upon  by  the  Water  in  the  Pipe, 
Ihould  be  compared  to  the  Length  of  the  Cylinder 
1  of 


T wo  Experiments  Jhewing 

of  the  fame  Air,  when  comprefsM  by  the  Water 
of  the  Pipe,  and  the  Difference  noted  5  namely, 
the  Length  of  the  Cylinder  of  Water  thruft  into 
the  Pipe,  by  the  Prefliire.  Then  to  refolve  this 
Proportion.  As  the  Length  of  the  Cylinder  of 
W ater  thus  comprefs'd,  is  to  the  Length  of  the 
Cylinder  of  Water  fo  thruft  in,  fo  the  Height  of 
the  Standard  of  Water,  at  the  Time  of  Trial,  to 
the  Height  of  the  Cylinder  of  Water  prefling  in  the 
Pipe,  which  is  equal  to  the  Height  to  which  the 
Water  of  that  Pipe,  fo  prefs’d,  will  afcend  above 
the  Surface  of  the  Water  in  the  fmall  Pipe. 

The  Height  of  the  Standard  of  Water,  at  the 
Time  of  Trial,  is  eafily  known  by  the  Height  of 
the  Mercurial  Standard  at  that  Time  j  which,  be¬ 
ing  now  grown  very  common  and  ufeful,  is  almoft 
every  where  to  be  met  with,  and  may  otherwife 
be  eafily  fupply’d  ;  for  as  the  Weight  of  Water, 
to  the  Weight  of  Quickfilver,  fo  the  Mercurial 
Standard,  to  the  Height  of  the  Water  Standard. 

The  Weight  of  Water,  to  that  of  Mercury ,  is 
by  many  Trials  found  to  be  near  as  1000  to 
13593?  or  as  1  to  15,  according  to  his  Account 
following  Numb.  -  -  -  - 


The 


the  Trejfure  of  Water . 


T  h  e  Geometrical  or  Mechanical  Way3  was 
this.  Upon  a  Table3  or  Plane 


is  draw  a  Line3  as  BAG  j  then  crofs  it  at 
I  i  Right  Angles^  with  another  Right  Line,  as 
D  A  E5  then  divide  A  B3  into  thirty-fix 
PartSj  and  continue  the  fame  Divifion5  from 
A  towards  C,  fo  far  as  you  have  Occafion  of 
i  Foot  Heights  of  Preflure  ;  as  fuppofe  to  ioo  5 

then 


94  Two  Experiments  Jhewing 

then  fubdivide  one  of  thefe  Parts,  lying  next 
to  A  into  twelve  equal  Parts.  Then  knowing  the 
prefent  Water  Standard,  count,  from  A  towards  B, 
fo  many  Parts  and  Duodecimals,  as  it  is  then  Feet 
and  Inches :  Crofs  the  Line,  at  that  Point  at  Right 
Angles,  with  another  Line,  as  G  H,  and  from  G, 
fet  off  the  Length  of  the  Cylinder  of  Air  in  your 
Glafs,  before  Compreilion  ,  then  fet  off  the  Length 
of  the  additional  Cylinder  of  Water,  from  A  to¬ 
wards  D,  as  fuppofe  to  £,  and  laying  a  Rule  o« 
ver  the  Points  H  and  F,  fee  where  it  crofieth  the 
Line  A  C,  as  at  I,  then  count  the  Parts  and  Duo¬ 
decimals  from  A,  and  that  fhall  give  the  Preffure 
or  additional  Fleight  of  the  Water,  above  the  Le¬ 
vel  of  the  Water  in  your  Water  Poifer  in  Feet  and 
Inches  :  The  Reafon  of  all  which  depends  upon 
the  reciprocal  Proportion  of  the  Strengths  of  Air 
to  the  Extenfions  thereof. 

The  fecond  Experiment,  was  made,  to  fhew  a 
Way, how  to  find  the  true  and  comparative  Expan¬ 
fion  of  any  Metal,  when  melted,  and  fo  to  com¬ 
pare  it  both  with  the  Expanfion  of  the  fame  Metal, 
when  folid,  and  likewife  with  the  Expanfion  of 
any  other,  either  fluid  or  folid  Body.  An  accu¬ 
rate  Account  of  which  is  necellary,  to  compleat 
a  Hiftory  of  Expanfion  or  Gravitation.  The  Me¬ 
thod  of  trying  it  was,  by  having  a  Veffel  full  of 
melted  Lead,  and  alfo  a  folid  Body  of  Iron  to  be 
funk  into  it  *  this  folid  Piece  of  Iron  was  about 
i  I  Inch  Cubical,  and  into  it,  was  faflened  a  very 
{mail  Wire  of  Iron,  big  enough  to  thruft  it  under 
the  Surface  of  the  melted  Lead,  and  make  it  fink 
therein,  (for,  of  it fe If,  it  fwaiii  upon  the  Lead,  as 
Wood  upon  Water).  This  W  ire  wasfaftened  per¬ 
pendicularly,  under  a  Scale,  and  fo  much  Weight 
put  into  the  Scale  as  ferved  to  make  it  fink  under 
the  Surface  of  the  Lead  ,  then  taking  it  out  of  the 
Lead,  and  feeing  by  the  additional  Weights,  put 

in 


TheTrejJure  of  Water,  95* 

into  the  other  Scale,  to  counterpoife  it,  firft  in  the 
Air,  then  in  Water,  or  any  other  Liquor,  the 
comparative  Weight  of  each  of  them  was  eafily  dif- 
coverable. 

The  Reafon  of  the  making  of  which  Experi¬ 
ment  was,  to  hint  the  Necefiity  there  is,  in  all 
Experiments  fit  to  be  made  Ufe  of  for  any  Philofo- 
phical  Theories,  of  reducing  them  to  a  Certainty 
of  Quantity  3  without  which,  no  certain  and  un- 
i queftionable  Conclufion  can  be  made.  Now  tho* 
a  certain  Standard  of  Weight,  Meafure,  Expan- 
fion,  Power,  Motion,  &c.  be  not  made  Ufe  of ; 
yet  if  fome  one  determinate  Meafure  for  each  of 
them  be  pitched  upon,  ’twill  be  enough  to  make 
the  comparative  Trials  ufeful;  though  it  were  to 
-be  wifh’d,  that  fome  univerfal,  natural  Standard 
of  Meafure  for  all  Things  were  found  out,  thofe 
that  have  hitherto  been  thought  of,  having  been 
C  doubted  of, as  to  their  Universality  and  Certainty, 
at  all  Places  and  in  all  Times. 

Not  knowing  when  the  following  Experiments 
j  were  made ,  I  infert  them  after  the  foregoing ,  by 
i  reafon  of  fome  Congruity  between  them . 

W,  Derh am> 


(  ) 


An  Account  of fotne  Trials  for  the  finding  out 
the  Trejfure  of  the  Tarts  of  Water  one 
upon  another  ;  and  the  elafiical  Tower  of 
the  Air . 

FO  R  the  making  thefe  Experiments,  there 
was  prepar’d  a  long  Tube  of  Glafs,  feal’d 
at  one  End,  and  being  eredted  perpendicu¬ 
larly,  with  the  feafd  End  downwards,  it  was 
fill’d  with  Water,  and  fo  faftened  againlt  the 
Side  of  a  Wall  3  then  there  was  taken  another 
fmall  Tube  of  Glafs,  very  even  drawn,  and 
fmall  enough  to  be  let  down  within  the  former 
Tube  j  this  Tube  was  12  Inches  long,  and 
was  feal’d  at  one  End,  and  divided  into  In¬ 
ches,  Halfs,  and  Quarters  5  then,  to  the  open 
End  of  this  Tube,  was  hung  a  fmall,  long 
Plummet  of  Lead,  which  would  eafily  flip  down 
to  the  Bottom  of  the  longer  Tube,  and  draw 
down  the  fmall  Pipe  with  it  ^  both  which  were 
gently  fo  let  down  by  a  fmall  Thread,  as  the 
Experiment  requir’d,  which  afforded  thefe  Ob- 
fervations.  The  Pipe,  when  the  lower  and 
open  End  firft  touch’d  the  Water,  being  full 
with  Air,  not  heated  by  the  touching  the 
Pipe  with  a  warm  Hand,  or  otherwife,  was  ob- 
ferv’d  by  Degrees,  as  it  defcended,  to  be  in 
part  fill’d  with  Water,  and  fo  much  the  more  by 
how  much  the  deeper  it  defcended.  And  ob- 
ferving  the  Degrees  of  Condenfation  of  Air  in  the 
Pipe  produced  at  feveral  Depths,  we  found  them 
to  be  thefe.  At  Grejham  College,  the  24  half 
Inches  of  Air  loft  one  half  Inch  of  its  Extenfion 

at 


Experiments  Jbe&ing,  See.  -97' 

It  2  Half's  at  3  Half's  at  4  Haifs 

at  which  is  therefore  d  5th  Part  of  a  Cy¬ 

linder  of  Water  able  to  counter-balance  the  Pref- 
fure  of  the  Air.  The  whole  therefore  may  hypo¬ 
thetically  be  judg’d  to  be - 

1  did,  fince that,  ereeft  a  Tube  fome  1 3  Foot 
high  5  and  fitting  all  Things  as  in  the  former  Ex¬ 
periment,  I  collected  this  Table  A,  whofe  firft 
Row  ofNlimbersfliewstheequal  Spaces  into  which 
the  Air  was  extended  ,  and  the  laft 
Ihews  the  Height  of  the  Water  above  A 
the  under  Surface  of  the  Air.  Since 
that,  in  the  fame  Tube  Handing  ill  the 
fame  Place,  I  reiterated  the  Experi- 


48 

47 

46 

45 

44 

43 


00 
0  Si- 

17 

27 

36; 

45" 


24 

06 

42 

5  8; 

23 

IT 

41 

68* 

22 

31 

40 

SO 

21 

52 

39 

9  if 

20 

76t 

38 

I05;- 

19 

IOlT 

37 

1 17 

l8 

*7* 

142 

36 

*3°! 

ment,  and  collected  this  following 
Table  B. 

All  which  three 
Tables,  being  fo  diffe¬ 
rent  one  from  another, 
may  feem  to  overthrow 
each  other,  and  the  Cer¬ 
tainty  of  this  Kind  of 
Experiment  in  general. 

But  as  I  cannot  vindi¬ 
cate  the  Trials  from 
fome  Errors  (it  being 
almoft  impoffible  to 
make  thefe  Kind  of  Trials  fo  accurate, 
there  fhall  be  no  Miftake  committed )  fo  neither 
do  I  believe,  that  thefe  feeming  Contrarieties  do 
wholly  proceed  from  the  Unaccuratenefs  in  the 
Procefs.  For  fince  the  Air  is  fometimes  under  a 
greater,  and  fometimes  a  lefs  Preffure,  the  Degree’s 
of  Force,  requifite  to  promote  the  Condenfation 
further,  muft  necefiarily  be  differing. 

And  hence  by  the  firft  Table,  I  judge  the 
Height  of  a  Cylinder  of  Water,  able  to'  balance 
the  Pfeffufe  Of  the  Air,  when  that  Experiment  was 

H 


that 


98  Experiments  Jhewing 

made  to  be  by  the  Second  Experiment 

I  judge  the  counter-balancing  Pillar,  then  to  be 
between  390  and  400  Inches,  or  near  about  33 
Foot  ;  by  the  third,  I  guefs  it  to  be  about  382 
Inches,  or  near  about  32  Foot.  This  Experi¬ 
ment  therefore,  if  accurately  made,  at  feveral  Sea- 
fons  and  Times  of  the  Year,  may  afford  us  a  very 
eafy  Way  of  knowing  the  Preflure  of  the  Air  at 
that  Time,  and  this  more  accurately  and  nicely, 
than  can  be  perform’d  with  Mercury  the  ordinary 
Way.  For  whereas  the  Shortening  and  In- 
creafe  of  the  Mercurial  Cylinder,  is  at  mod  not 
above  2  or  3  Inches,  in  this  Experiment,  the  aque¬ 
ous  Cylinder  will  change  fourteen  times  as  much. 

Next,  this  Experiment  may  help  us  to  guefs 
at  the  Preflure  of  the  Sea  Water  againft  >he  Air, 
let  down  to  the  Bottom  of  it  in  a  diving  Engine, 
by  knowing  the  Proportion  between  the  Gravity 
of  fait  and  frefh  Water.  But  it  were  very  de¬ 
finable  thatfuch,as  have  the  Opportunity  of  making 
Trials  at  Sea,  would  be  diligent  in  it.  For  though 
there  feems  to  be  no  Doubt,  but  that  Water  pro- 
portionably  preffeth  according  to  its  perpendicular 
Fleight  j  yet  it  is  not  eafy  to  predidf,  how  much 
it  may  vary  from  that  Hypothefis  j  which  Devi¬ 
ation  may  be  caufed,  either  from  the  extreme 
Cold  at  the  Bottom  of  the  Sea,  which  may  weaken 
the  Spring  of  the  Air,  or  from  the  differing  Gra¬ 
vity  of  the  upper  and  lower  Parts  of  fait  Water  j 
or  fromfomewhat  elfe,  whereof  we  may  be  yet  ig¬ 
norant.  Now  for  the  more  accurate  making  of 
thefe  Trials,  I  think  it  were  very  requifite  to  have 
fome  fuch  Engine  as  this. 

Take  a  good  ftrong  Glafs  Bottle,  that  will 
hold  about  a  Gallon  ;  and  let  there  be  fitted  to  it 
a  handfome  Screw  Cover  of  Brafs,  and  fhap’dl  ike 
thofe  Covers  that  are  ufually  put  upon  Chirurgeons 
Bottles,  that  are  made  of  Pewter.  Let  the  Cover 

be 


The  Treffure  of  Water.  99 

fee  very  well  cemented  on,  and  the  Screw  be  made 
j  to  go  veryclofe  through  the  Top  of  this  Cover  j 
!  let  there  be  made  feveral  very  fmall  Holes  with  a 
i  Needle  Drill,  then  hang  a  good  Weight  under  the 
I  Bottle,  and  let  it  down  with  this  Cover  up- 
1  moft,  for  by  this  Means,  by  drawing  it  up  from  • 
!  feveral  Depths,  and  weighing  the  Quantities  of 
1  Water  it  brings  up,  it  will  be  eafy  to  know  the 
1  Weight  of  the  incumbent  Column  of  Water. 

There  might  be  fnany  other 
1  Ways,  but  this,  I  take  to  be  the 
:  moft  cheap,  eafy,  and  certain  of 
1  any  ;  not  is  there  any  Danger  of 
breaking  the  Bottle, ,  either  inward 
:  or  outward  ,  for  as  the  Bottle  de- 
;  fcends,  the  Water  rufhes  in,  and  as 
it  is  drawn  up,  the  Air  goes  out. 

The  following  Experiments  are  here  inferred^  fry 
i  reafon  of  their  Qongruity  with  the  foregoing. 

Whuam  Durham* 

-  •  ■■  -  5 

'  '■  •  ‘j  '■  '  \  ,  "  *  y.  :  •  S 

•  ~  I  ,  ?  ^  .  |  ,  t  j  /  1  '  •  *■  •  Jf  ■ 


H  %  Mon 


(  ICO  ) 


More  Experiments  of  Trejfure , 


THere  was  taken  a  Glafs  Tube  A  B  C,  {Fig.  I.) 

about  23  Inches  long,  and  near  \  of  an  Inch 
over  $  this  was  clofe  feal’d  up  at  one  End  A,  and 
the  other  End  B  was  drawn  into  a  very  fmall  Pipe 
C,  and  bended  according  to  the  Shape  in  the  Fi- 

x  2 

gure.  This  Pipe  was  found  to  weigh  f  4gr* 

or  874  Grains,  being  fill’d  with  fait  Water,  and 
the  Outfide  wiped  dry  (which  was  conftantly 
done  in  all  the  fubfequent  Trials)  it  weighed 

4^1  -J-  io}r*  or  2140  Grains,  whence  if  wededudt 


the  Weight  of  the  Pipe  8  74,  we  have  1266  Grains 
for  the  W  eight  of  the  W  ater  that  fill’d  the  Pipe.  T  his 
Glafs  Tube  being  faften’d  to  a  Line,  to  the  End 
of  which  was  hang’d  a  Plummet  of  Lead,  to  make 
it  fink  j  ’twas  fitted  fo  as  to  be  let  down  perpen¬ 
dicularly  into  the  Water  with  the  feal’d  End  A 
foremoil:,  by  which  Means  the  fmall  Hole  of  the 
Pipe  C  was  open  downwards  (that  Hole  being 
made  purpofely  fmall,  that  the  Air  could  not  get 
out  at  it  whilft  the  Water  got  in,  nor  the  Water 
get  in  whilft  the  Air  was  palling  out.)  Then  the 
Glafs  was,  for  aihort  Time,  fo  held  in  the  Water, 
that  all  of  it,  except  the  fmall  bended  Pipe,  was 
cover’d  and  inclos’d  with  the  Water  (which  wasa 

ob— 


Experiments  jhewing. ,  &c.  roi 

obferv’d  in  every  Trial,  to  the  End  that  the  Ain 
within  the  Pipe,  might  be  well  cooled)  and  be¬ 
ing  let  down  to  the  Bottom,  and  there  fuffer’d  to 
ftay  for  a  fhort  Space.  Afterwards  being  drawn up3 
loofened  -  from  the  Line,  dried,  and  exadlly 

weighed  ;  its  Weight  was  found  3-—  ?  -f  S  Grains 

or  1833  Grains  j  whence,  deducing  the  Weight 
of  the  Tube  874,  we  have  959  Grains  for  the 
'Weight  of  the  Water  it  brought  up.  The  Place 
iwas  in  the  Channel  to  the  North  of  Q uinborough , 
ithe  Depth  of  the  Water  16  Fathom  and  a  Foot, 
or  97  Foot,  where  we  made  the  fubfequent  Tri¬ 
als  which  are  rang’d  in  this  Table. 

I 


1  Top  full 
At  97  Foot  deep  * —  2 
At  97  Ft.  deep  —  2 
At  8  Ft.  3  In. —  2  Ft. 
At  16  Ft.  6  In.  — 2  Ft. 
At  33  Ft.  —  2  Ft. 

At  66  Ft. 

At  66  1 

At  33  C  From  the  Mouth 
At  i6*f  of  the  Tube 

At  8*  ) 


2140  —  874=  1266 
1833  —  874  =  959.  307 
1832  —  874  =  958.  308 

1060  - *874  —  186.  1080 

1257  —  874=  383.  883 
1500  —  874=  626  .  64O 
1737  ““874  —  863.  403 

l734—874  “860.  406 
1530 -  874—656.  6lO 

1296—874—422.  844 

1131  —  874  =257.  1009 


I  A  B  u  n  d  l  e  of  Corks  being  knit  up  in  a  Hand¬ 
kerchief,  and  fatten’d  to  the  Line  at  33  Foot  from 
ihe  fmall  End  of  the  Glafs,  the  Tube  was  again 
1  et  down  to  the  fame  Depth,  and  the  Corks,  float¬ 
ing  upon  the  Water,  fufpended  it  at  that  Depth  t 
'or,  a  good,  while  afterwards.  Then  drawing  up  the 
fcylinder,by  meafuring,  the  Cylinder  was  found  to 
nave  taken  in  juft  as  much  Water,  as  it  had  in  the 
jaft  Trial,  but  the  Weight  of  the  Glafs  was  not 
i  examin’d.  Other  Trials  were  made  the  next  Day 
J  with  the  fame  Glafs  Cylinder,  viz, 

H  3 


i-oz,  Experiments  Jbewing 

At  81  Foot  from  the  Top  1172  —  8 74“  298. 
Juft  at  high  Water,  the  Water  being  at  a  ftancl 
At  84  Foot  1131—874=257 
At  i6|Foot  1300 — 874  =  426 
At  33  Foot  1510  —  874  =  636 
At  49I  Foot  1635  —874  —  761 
At  66  Foot  1712  —  874=838 

The  Trials  did  agree,  by  Meafure,  with  fome 
I  had  made  in  the  Morning. 

ANOTHERTrial  was  made  of  the  laft  Experi¬ 
ment,  becaufe  it  was  done  when  the  Water  had 
fome  Current,  and  the  String  feem’d  to  ftream  a 
good  Way  from  the  Perpendicular ;  to  prevent 
which  Inconvenience,  the  Boat  was  fuffer’d  to 
drive  with  the  Current,  by  which  Means,  the  Line 
feem’d  to  go  down  perpendicularly  into  the  W a- 
ter.  So  the  Cane  being  pull’d  up,  after  it  had 
ftaid  fome  time  at  the  Depth  of  66  Foot,  it  weigh’d 
1719  —  874  =  845.  At  82^  Foot,  and  left  to 
drive  perpendicularly  1883 —  874==  1009, 


Wedncfday,  March  the  wth,  in  the  After¬ 
noon,  near  the  fame  ^Place ,  where  the 
former  Trials  were  made ,  there  were  made 
thefe  following  Experiments  of  Compref 
fiotL 

UN  to  the  Neck,  or  Mouth,  of  a  common 
Quart  Glafs  Bottle,  was  fitted  a  Valve,  that 
opened  inwards,  and  fhut  outwards  ;  this  Bottle: 
Was  fo  let  down  into  the  Water,  that  the  Mouthi 
went  foremoft,  by  which  Means,  the  Water  had,, 
as  the  Bottle  was  finking,  a  free  Paflage  into  the 

Bodj 


The  *P  re  (pure  of  Water.  103 

Body  of  it,  tocomprefs  the  Air  j  but  by  the  fhutting 
of  the  Valve,  when  the  Bottle  was  again  drawn  up, 
it  was  hinder’d  from  getting  out.  This  Bottle, 
when  empty,  weigh’d  37  l  Ounces,  and  24  Grains, 
or  1 8204  Grains,  fill’d  with  fait  Water,  it  weigh’d 
7  8-J  Ounces  and  3  Grains,  or  37563  Grains  ,  whence, 
taking  the  Weight  of  the  Bottle  18204,  we  have 
19359  Grains,  for  the  Weight  of  the  Water,  that 
fill’d  the  Bottle.  This  Bottle  being  let  down  13-r 
Fathoms  by  the  Ship’s  Plumb  Line,  or  81  Foot, 
r  the  Valve  was  fo  hard  fhut,  when  it  was  taken  up 

I  again,  that  it  was  difficult  to  be  thruft  open. 
Though  when  the  fmall  End,  or  Mouth,  of  the 
Bottle,  was  fet  upward,  the  Valve  being  made  of 
1  Brafs,  without  Leather,  was  found  to  leak  a  little, 
by  the  hiffing  Noife  the  Air  made  at  it.  And  when 
by  a  Knock,  the  Valve  was  beaten  down,  the  Air 
j  made  a  Noife  in  rufhing  out  like  that  of  a  Bottle  of 
j  Ale  when  it  flies,  the  Bottle,  and  the  Water  it 
i  brought  up,  weigh’d  65^  Ounces,  or  31656 
i  Grains  j  whence,  deducing  the  Weight  of  the 
j  Bottle  18204,  we  have  13452  Grains  for  the 
Weight  of  the  Water.  This  Bottle  was  again  let 
down  to  the  Depth  of  14  Fathom,  or  84  Foot  » 
and,  being  drawn  up,  was  found  to  weigh,  whilft 
the  comprefs’d  Air  remain’d  in  it,  65^  Ounces,  and 
19  Grains,  or  31279  Grains  j  when  the  Air  was  let 
out,  it  loft  21  Grains  of  its  former  Weight,  counter¬ 
poising  only  31258  Grains,  which  was  fuppos’d  to 
proceed  partly  from  the  freeing  of  the  comprefs’d 
Air,  and  partly  from  the  Lofs  of  a  little  Water, 
that  the  violent  Eruption  of  the  Air  had  blown  a- 
way  j  from  which  laft  Sum,  by  deducting  the 
Weight  of  the  Bottle  18204,  we  have  13054  for 
the  Weight  of  the  Water. 

H  4, 


March 


104  Experiments  Jhewittg 

March  the  13  th,  another  Experiment  was  made 
with  another  Bottle  of  the  fame  Fafhion,  which 
empty,  weigh’d  3  7  \\  Ounces  and  12  Grains,  or 
18162  Grains  ;  fi  I’d  with  fait  Water  to  the  Valve, 
it  weigh’d  77 H  Ounces  and  3  Grains,  or  37353 
Grains  j  whence,  deducting  the  Weight  of  the 
Bottle  18162,  we  have  19191  the  Weight  of  the 
Water  that  fill’d  it ;  this  Bottle  being  let  down 
8  Fathom,  or  48  Foot,  the  Bottle,  comprefs’d  Air, 
and  Water  together,  weigh’d  60 \  *  Ounces  and 
12  Grains,  or  29142  Grains;  the  Air  being  let  out 
foftly,  which  requir’d  a  long  time,  and  the  Bottle, 
and  Water  afterwards  weigh’d,  was  found  24 
Grains  lighter,  viz.  29118  Grains ;  whence,  deduc¬ 
ing  the  Bottle  18162,  we  have  10956  Grains  for 
the  Water.  The  Experiments  are  ranged  together 
jn  this  Table. 

The  Bottle,  with  a  bended  Copper  Pipe  at 
the  Top,  being  let  down  8*  Foot  deep,  brought 
up  in  it  4TI  Ounces,  and  24  Grains  of  Water,  the 
Bottle  being  weigh’d  before-hand  with  a  dead 
Weight,  or  counterpois’d  ;the  fame  Bottle,  kept 
longer  at  the  fame  Depth,  brought  up  Sh  Ounces 
and  25  Grains  of  Water ,  tfie  fame  Bottle,  kept  yet 
longer  a  great  deal,  brought  up  9^  Ounces  and 
6  Grains  ?  the  Water  that  fill’d  the  Bottle,  weigh’d 
41 H  Ounces  and  24  Grains  ,  which  different  Pro¬ 
portions  of  Water,  taken  in,  we  judg’d  to  proceed, 
either  from  the  leaking  of  the  VefTel  at  the  Screw, 
by  which  Means,  the  Water  had  a  Paflage  into 
the  Bottle  below  the  Mouth  of  the  bended  Pipe, 
which  would  therefore  ferve  for  a  Vent-hole  for 
the  Air  to  get  out  at ;  or  elfe  that  the  Motion  of 
the  Top  of  the  Water  being  a  little  uneven, 
the  Prefiitre  upon  the  Bottle  mull  confequently 
alter,  there  being  fometimes  a  greater,  fometimes 
a  fhorter  Pillar  of  the  Water  above  it  ,  fecondly, 
the  Bottle  itfelf  was,  by  the  cockling  of  the  Boat, 

f o  me- 


The  Trejfure  of  Water .  ioy 

Comet  imes  lifted  higher,  then  deprefs’d  lower, 
which  did  alfo  alter  the  Height  of  the  prefling  Pil- 
!  lar  ,  whence,  as  the  PrefTure  was  a  little  increas’d, 
the  Water  got  in  s  and,  as  it  decreas’d,  the  Air 
!  got  out  $  and,  being  held  a  long  while  in  that 
Pofture,  many  of  thofe  Changes  did  very  much 
i  augment  the  Quantity  of  Water  within  the  Glafs. 

Experiments  of  the  Weight  of  Water, 

A  white  Glafs  Viol,  made  in  the  Manner 
defcrib’d  in  Figure  II.  with  a  fmall  fhort  Neck, 
was,  by  Trial,  round  to  weigh,  when  empty,  1425 
'!  Grains ;  when  fill’d  exactly  full  with  fait  Water, 
it  weigh’d  5247  Grains ,  whence,  deducting  the 
1  Bottle  1425,  we  have  3822  Grains,  the  Weight 
i  of  the  fait  Water.  The  fame  fill’d  with  frefh 
i1  Water  taken  out  of  the  Thames  at  Greenwich ,  a- 
bout  low  Water,  weigh’d  5164;  whence,  de- 
[  dueling  1425,  we  have  3739,  the  Weight  of  that 
:  frefh  Water.  And  weighing  afterwards  the  Wa- 
:  ter,  wherewith  the  Strong  Ale  at  Margat  is  brew’d, 
i1  we  found  it  exactly  the  fame  with  the  Water 
:l  taken  up  at  Greenwich  ♦  whence  we  conclude,  the 
I  Proportion  of  thefe  frefh  Waters,  to  this  fait,  to 
;  be  as  3  7 3 9  to  3  822  j  that  is,  near  as  45  to  46. 

T 'rials  of  the  Heat  and  Cold  of  the  Water . 

A  seal’d  Thermometer  was  let  down  to  the 
[  Bottom  of  the  Water,  at  16  Fathom  and  a  Foot, 
with  the  great  Ball  upwards,  and  the  Stem  down- 
1  ward,  to  the  End  that,  if  the  Cold  were  extreme, 
it  might  have  fo  far  condenfed  the  Spirit  of 
Wine,  as  to  have  admitted  the  Air  to  have  got  in 
out  of  the  Neck.  And  fo  by  pulling  it  to  the  Top, 
we  might  have  known  the  Cold  at  Bottom  ;  but 
i  jtjiough  the  Thermometer  was  fuffer’d  to  remain 


ic6  Experiments  Jhewing,&cc. 

a  long  Time  at  that  Depth,  and  were  fuddenly 
pull’d  up,  we  could  not  find  that  it  had  any  whit 
more  condens’d  the  Spirit  of  Wine,  than  it  was  by. 
keeping  the  fame  Thermometer  a  pretty  while  juft 
under  the  Water,  at  the  Top,  when  we  judg'd  the 
Temperature  of  this  Water,  both  at  the  Top,  in 
in  the  Middle,  (for,  by  other  Trials,  we  found  the 
fame  at  other  Depths)  and  at  the  Bottom,  to  be 
all  the  fame. 

N.  B.  Ehe  Inftrument  defcriPd  in  the  Nuntius 
ad  Abyfliim,  much  better  for  the  Purpofe  than  this ; 

R.  W, 


Obfervations  of  Sound . 

Being  at  a  Place  of  the  Eh  ante  s,  about  four 
Miles  above  Grave fend,  there  happen’d  to  be  Ihot 
off  feveral  final  1  Pieces  of  Ordnance,  by  a  Ship 
that  was  about  half  a  Mile  farther  up  the  River  j 
the  Multitudes  of  the  Echoes  of  each  of  which 
Shots,  made  a  Noife  among  the  feveral  Hills, 
Woods,  and  Banks,  on  both  Sides  of  us,  juft  like 
Thunder.  And  could  they  have  been  number’d, 
they  would,queftionlefs,have  exceeded  an  Hundred. 
And  having  fince  had  the  Opportunity  to  obferve 
the  Noife  of  Thunder,  it  feem’d  to  me  to  be  dq^ 
ducible  partly  from  Echoes  3,  which  would  yetfeem 
more  probable,  if  we  could,  by  any  Experiment, 
find  that  the  Clouds  would  rebound  or  echo  a 
Sound.  A  Gun  being  afterwards  (hot  off  by  the 
Veffel  we  were  in,  when  we  were  near  the  Mouth 
of  the  Eh  antes ,  and  feveral  Ships  being  on  this  and 
that  Side  of  us,  we  could  very  fenfibly  hear  fe¬ 
veral  Echoes  rebounded  from  them. 


(  10  7  ) 


\ J)ra  Hook *s  Contrivance  of  a  very  com¬ 
modious  Windmill  ;  communicated  to  the 
Royal  Society,  July,  n,  1683, 

JUl  y  the  nth,  I  read  the  preceding  Difcourfe 
and  Accounts  of  the  two  Experiments  fhew’d 
on  July  the  4th ;  and  further  explain’d  each  of 
them  by  verbal  Difcourfes.  Then  I  fhew’d  thefe 
i  two  Experiments  following,  which  I  explain’d  by 
Difcourfes,  fpmewhat  in  the  following  Manner. 

The  Firft,  was  the  Module  of  a  Windmill,  in 
which  were  thofe  Particulars  following  confidera- 
ble,  not  to  be  found  in  any  pther  yet  made  ufe  o£ 

1.  That  it  had  no  Need  of  any  Houfe,  but 
what  might  be  placed,  either  immediately  upon 
the  Ground,  or  under  the  Ground,  according  to 
the  feveral  Ufes  to  which  it  might  be  apply’d. 
Whence  follow’d, 

2.  That  the  Houfe  need  not  be  any  Impedi¬ 
ment  to  the  Force  of  the  Wind,  which  it  ufually 
is  in  all  other  Windmills. 

3.  That  it  doth  of  itfelf  turn  to  all  Winds, 
and  fo  needs  not  the  Attendance,  Watching,  and 
Labour  of  Men  to  fet  it,  which  is  neceffary  in  o~ 
ther  Mills. 

4.  That  the  Vanes  are  contriv’d  of  the  moft 
perfect  Form,  to  receive  the  whole  Power  of  the; 
Wind,  for  the  Cylinder  thereof  it  is  expofed  to  : 
Which  is  effected  by  the  particular  Slope  of  the 
Vanes  thereof,  whereby  the  Force  of  the  Wind 
becomes  equal  upon  every  Part  of  the  Vane,  from 
the  Center  to  the  Tip,  or  Extremity  thereof  An 
equal  Progreflion  of  Wind  caufmg  every  Point  of 
the  whole  Vane  to  make  an  equal  Arch  of  Rota- 
I  tion,  or  an  equal  Angle  at  the  Axis. 


5*  F  or 


I 


108  Of  a  Commodious  Windmill, Sec. 

+e? 

5.  For  that  it  needeth  not  fo  big  an  Axis,  nor 
fo  ftrong  Vanes  as  other  Mills,  the  greateft 
Strength  of  this  being  in  the  Way  of  pulling,  the 
other  in  the  Way  of  thrufting ,  and  this  being 
capable  of  being  lengthen’d  by  Ropes,  like  the 
Tackling  of  a  Ship. 

6.  F  o  r  the  eafy  Way  of  producing  a  circular 
Motion  below,  without  the  Help  of  Trundles  or 
Cog-wheels,  which  are  both  a  great  Impediment  to 
its  Motion,  and  do  wear,  and  often  need  Repair. 

7.  For  the  eafy  Way  of  communicating  a  re¬ 
ciprocating  perpendicular  Motion,  which  is  ufually 
perform’d  by  the  Help  of  Wheels. 

8.  For  the  Cheapnefs  of  it,  there  being  fo  ma¬ 
ny  Particulars  not  neceffary  to  this,  omitted,  which 
are  ufually  done  in  other  Kinds,  and  not  without 
Neceflity. 

All  which  Particulars  confider’d,  it  makes 
it  to  be  the  moft  plain,  fimpie,  cheap,  and  eafy  to 
be  made  and  ufed,  that  has  been  yet  made  3  and 
yet  the  moft  powerful  in  its  Effedh,  and  the  moft 
univerfally  applicable  to  all  Purpofes  ;(as  grinding, 
bruifing,  beating,  fawing,  pumping,  placing, 
twifting,  drawing,  turning,  lifting,  that  can 
be  made  of  equal  Bignefs. 

I  have  thought  worth  while ,  toinfert  this  Account 
of  the  Windmill  although  fcarcely  intelligible 
without  Figures ,  or  a  Module ,  which  I  never  could 
meet  with )  becaufe  Jon/ebody ,  or  other ,  may  be  fo 
fortunate  to  find  the  Module ,  or,  by  the  Hints  here 
givetiy  contrive  a  Windmill  like  this. 

W.  Der.ha m. 


Dr, 


(  ) 


2)r.  H  o  o  k’j*  Contrivance  to  flop  great 
Weights  failings  July  n,  1683. 


. 

1 


. 

1 

< 

! 

t 

\ 


■ 


TH  E  fecond  Experiment  was  a  very  plain 
and  eafy  Way,  how  to  ftay  a  Weight  from 
falling,  when  the  Rope,  or  Chain,  by  which  it  is 
drawn  up  or  let  down,  fhall  chance  to  break. 
This  was  effeded  by  afmall  Arm  extended  out  from 
the  Top  of  the  Weight  to  the  Side,  with  a  Hand, 
or  Pipe,  at  the  End  thereof,  which  grafped,  or  in- 
clofed,  another  Rope  or  Chain,  extended  from 
the  Top  to  the  Bottom  ,  which  Hand,  or  Pipe, 
was  fo  wide,  as  to  flip  freely  upon  the  faid  Rope, 
fo  long  as  the  Weight  was  fufpended  by  its  own 
Rope  ^  but  fo  foon  as  that  any  way  fail'd,  the  Hand 
grafped  the  Side  Rope  fall,  and  hinder’d  the 
Weight  from  defending  to 
the  Bottom.  This  was  one  of 
the  plainefl,  eafieft,  and  moft 
Ample  Ways  of  effeding  this 
End,  though  the  fame  may  be 
effeded  divers  other  Ways,  as 
certainly,which  1  have  alfo  con¬ 
triv’d.  The  explicating  it,  by 
a  Scheme,  makes  it  the  more 
intelligible.  I  reprefents  the 
Weight,  a  b  the  Arm,  moving 
with  a  Joint  at  c,  upon  the  o- 
ther  Part  of  it  £,  fafl:  into  the 
Weight,  e/reprefents  the  Rope, 
by  which  the  Weight  is  either  drawn  up  or  let 
down,  fatten'd  to  the  Elbow  m  ^  by  which  Means 
the  Wrift,  and  Hand  of  the  Arm,  is  kept  at  Right 
Angles  with  the  Part  fall  in  the  Weight,  and  fo 
the  Hand  flips  freely  upon  the  greater  Rope  g  hj 
extended  from  the  Top  to  the  Bottom,  to  which 
the  Weight  can  defcend  ;  d  reprefents  a  Spring,  by 

which. 


\ 


2io  Of  Great  Weights  falling,  <5cc« 

"which,  fo  Toon  as  the  Rope  of  the  Weight,  which 
holds  by  the  Elbow  c,  fails,  the  Arm  is  extended 
Freight  5  by  which  the  Hand  £,  prefentjy  holds 
faft  the  Rope,  or  Chain  G  h,  by  being  made  ob¬ 
lique  to  the  Perpendicular,  and,  fo  creeking  the 
Rope,  and  fo  hinders  it  from  falling  ,  as,  by  the 
Experiment  fhewn,  plainly  appear’d. 

The  Ufe  of  which  Contrivance,  though  pof- 
fibly  it  might,  to  fome,  feem  very  trivial  and  in- 
fignificant,  as  feeming  to  be  calculated  for  keep¬ 
ing  a  Clock,  or  Chime  Weight,  from  falling,  is 
not  altogether  fo  flight  and  foolifh  ,  for  even  for 
that  Ufe  it  may  fome  time  or  other  poilibly  fave 
100  Pound  Expence,  and  the  Lives  of  fome  Men. 
But  if  apply ’d,  in  general,  for  the  hindering 
W eights  to  fall,  it  may  deferve  a  fomewhat  better 
Value,  and  be  found  very  considerable,  fince  it 
may  be  very  inftrumental  to  fave  many  Mens  Lives, 
and  much  Charge,  and  great  Inconveniences, 
which  do  very  often  now,  for  the  Want  thereof, 
happen.  For  whereas,  in  many  Mines,  the  Men 
themfelves  are  often  drawn  up  and  let  down  in 
Buckets  ,  and  generally  the  Ores,  Stones,  Waters, 
and  divers  other  Things,  belonging  to  thofe 
Works  neceflary  for  procuring  Ores,  or  other  Mi¬ 
nerals,  are  fo  conveyed  $  and  upon  the  failing  of 
the  Rope,  Chain,  or  other  Part  of  the  Engine,  do 
often  fall  from  Top  to  Bottom,  and  fo  afe  not 
only  dafhed  in  Pieces  themfelves,  but  deftroy,  and 
do  oftentimes  irreparable  Injury  to  Men,  or  what 
elfe  they  meet  with  in  their  Fall.  By  this  Means, 
all  fuch  Bodies  are  fecured  from  the  Fall,  and  kept 
hanging  at  the  Place  where  they  were  when  the 
Rope  brake,  or  other  Part  of  the  Engine  fail’d* 
and  thereby  the  Bodies  themfelves  are  preferv’d  in¬ 
tire,  and  no  other  Harm  done  by  their  Fall.  The 
fame  Thing  is  applicable  alfo  to  Men,  afcending, 
or  defcending,  by  Ropes  or  Rope-Ladders,  and  to 
Stones,  l  imber,  or  Materials  for  a  high  Building. 

Dr v 


(  III  ) 


*Dr.  Hook5/  Way  to  take  the  ImpreJJlons  of 
Medals ,  &c.  imparted  to  the  Royal  So¬ 
ciety.  Odtob,  31,  1683. 

HAving  been  fhewn,  by  Mr.  Frazier ,  the 
Imprellions  of  feveralofthe  King  of  Frances 
I  Medals,  in  a  certain  thin  tranfparent  Subftance, 
much  like  Mufcovy  Glafs,  but  much  more  tough  * 

1  on  which,  on  the  one  Side,  appear’d  the  perfect 
lmpreflion  of  the  Medal,  in  Entaglio ,  or  funk  in; 
and,  on  the  oppofite  Side,  the  very  Figure  of  the 
faid  Medal  in  Baffo  Relievo ,  or  fwelling  out.  And, 
r,  confidering  what  Way  this  might  be  done,  having 
;j  formerly  taken  off  the  Figure  of  certain  Carvings, 
j  by  Glue,  fo  as  to  be  able  to  caft  them  in  Plaifter 
1  of  Paris ,  or  burnt  Alabafter;  upon  making  Trial 
j  with  a  Glue  made  of  ItthuocoUa ,  diilblv’d  over  a 
a  gentle  Heat,  in  courfe  Spirit  of  Wine,  by  lay- 
1,  ing  it  upon  a  fair  ftamp’d  Crown  Piece,  and  fuf- 
i  fering  it  to  lie  a  confiderable  Time,  till  it  was  tho~ 

C  rough  dry,  cold,  and  hard  j  I  found  that  it  af¬ 
forded  me  the  fame  Kind  of  Subftance,  both  for 
!  Toughnefs,  Tranfparency,  and  Fitnefs,  to  receive 
j  and  retain  the  lmpreflion  of  the  Coin  upon  w  hich 
it  was  laid,  as  the  Subftance  fhew’d  me,  containing 
1  the  lmpreflion  of  the  French  Medal.  This  I  Ihew’d 
[  the  Society,  and  explain’d  to  them  the  Way  of 
doing  it.  And  alfo  related,  that  the  fame  Im~ 
preflions  might  be  fo  taken  with  common  Joyners 
Glue  j  but  the  Plate  would  not  be  fo  tough,  nor 
i  fo  tranfparent. 

The  Prefident  mention’d,  that  there  had  been 
a  certain  Frenchman  here  in  England ,  fbine  time 
1  fince,  who  had  certain  tranfparent  Plates  like 
|l  Mufcovy  Glafs  ;  with  which,  he  could  eafily  copy 
ii  out  any  Picture  or  Print,  by  laying  i>upcn  the 
1  fame., 


in  tmprejfon  of  Medals  5cc. 

4me,  and  writing  upon  it  with  Ink,  as  on  Paper  $ 
the  fatne  being  very  tranfparent  ^  and  fo  caufing 
the  Print,  on  which  it  was  laid  to  appear  very 
plain  through  it :  And  inquiring,  whether  I  could 
do  the  fame,  upon  my  affirming  that  I  could,  he 
defir’d  that  I  would  fhew  the  Experiment  of  it  at 
the  next  Meeting. 

N.  E.  Dr.  Lifter  mention'd  the  Way  of  contract • 
ing  Seals  with  Moat  h-Xxl  ae. 


*Dr.  Hook  imparted  to  the  Royal  Society 
this  Preparation ,  to  copy  any  Pififure,8cc„ 

Novemb.  7,  1683. 

* 

T  produced  a  Plate,  made  according  to  the 
preceding  Defire  ;  which  had  the  fame  Pro¬ 
perties  with  that  which  was  made  by  the  French 
Gentleman.  This  was  very^thin,  and  as  tranfparent 
as  Mufcovy  Glafs,  or  Selenitis.  It  was  alfo  tough, 
and  would  bear  Ink  as  well  as  any  Paper,  and  fo4 
was  fit  to  make  ufe  of,  for  any  Experiments  for 
drawing,  or  copying  Pictures  or  Maps.  The 
Manner  of  making  it,  I  explain’d  to  the  Society,  to 
be  thus.  Firft,  1  prepar’d  a  very  thick  Cife  of 
Icthuoceolla ,  well  diftolv’d  in  Spirit  of  Wine,  and 
then  clear’d  from  all  its  Rags  and  Foulnefs,  by 
ilraining  it  through  a  clean  Cloth  ;  then  taking  a 
Looking-Glafs  Plate,  well  fmooth’d  and  polifh’d, 
I  rubbed  the  fame  all  over  with  a  fine  Rag, 
moiftened  a  little  with  pure  Saliad  Oil  3  butfoas 
only  to  hinder  the  Subftance  that  was  to  be  pour’d 
on  it  from  flicking  to  it,  but  not  to  make  it  foul 
or  uneven.  Flaving  fo  prepar’d  thefe  Things,  I 
heated  the  Sife,  and,  when  again  pretty  cold,  I 
pour’d  it  upon  the  oiled  Side  of  the  Glafs  Plate,, 


improvements  of  Scales,  &c.  113 

and  fo  taking  the  Plate,  and  inclining  it  this  Way 
or  that  Way,  till  the  whole  Plate  was  cover’d  by 
the  Sife,  I  laid  the  Plate  horizontal,  and  fuffer’d 
it  to  lie  fo  till  it  was  thoroughly  dry. 


•  1  _____ 

2 H  0  o  \Cs  fever  al  <rDifcourfes  of  Improve - , 
ments  of  Scales ,  Beams ,  and  other  Injiru - 
tnents ,  for  weighing  Bodies  more  nicely 
and  firfl,  one  to  find  any  defired  Bart  of  a 
W eight iOr  Body  to  be  weigh'd.  Dec.  5,  1683. 


Produced  an  Jnftrument for  the  fpeedy  and 
exalt  finding  any  deft  rd  Fart  of  any  Weight 
;  given ,  whether  Comm  enf urate,  or  In  com  me  72 fur  ate ■ 
i  The  lnftrument,  f  being  only  a  Module,  and  to 
ferve  only  for  Explication  and  Experiment,  and 
not  for  confcant  and  continual  Ufe)  was  a  ilender 
Fifhing-Cane,  ftreightened  very  Well,  of  about  four 
Foot  in  Length,  and  tapering  from  one  End  to  the 
other  ;  this  Material  1  made  ufe  of  upon  a  dou¬ 
ble  Account  $  Firft ,  for  its  Stiffhefs  |  and,  Second¬ 
ly ,  for  its  Lightnefs,  that  I  might,  as  near  as  pof- 
fible,  make  it  to  be  without  Weight,  and  bend¬ 
ing,  and  fo  approach  to,  or  reprefent,  a  mathe - 
j bnatkal  Line.  Now  the  Part,  I  propos’d  to  find, 
‘being  a  Decimal ,  Centefimal ,  Millefimal ,  or  the 
Powers  of  the  Decimal  Fractions,  I  divided  the  Cane 
into  eleven  equal  Parts  ;  at  one  of  which,  from  the 
greater  End,  I,  with  a  Needle,  drew  through 
it  a  fmall  Silk  Thread,  by  which  I  fufpended  it  - 
and  by  adding  Lead  to  the  fhorter  End,  I  pois’d 
it,  until  it  came  to  ail  Equilibrium ,  and  fo  it  hung 
horizontally.  Then  I  made  two  Scales,  with  two 
[lings,  whofe  inner  Edges  were  thin  and  fharp, 
ay  which  they  might  hang  upon  the  Ends  of  the 
'-'horizontal,  or  equilibrated  Cane.  The  Scale  and 

I  King, 


1 


i 


1 14  Improvements  of  Scales  8Cc. 

King ,  for  the  greater  and  Jhorter  End ,  Was  made 
ten  times  as  heavy  as  the  other  Scale  and  King 
for  the  fmaller  and  longer  End.  Thefe  being  thus 
prepar’d,  I  hung  oil  the  Seale  upon  the  greater  or 
Jhorter  End,  at  any  Diftance  from  the  Thread  : 
Then,  hanging  on  the  little  Scale,  upon  the  Idler 
End,  moving  it  nearer  and  farther  from  the  fuf- 
pending  String,  till  the  Beam  hung  in  Equilibrio $ 
the  which  became  an  lnftrument  fcr  finding  the 
Decimal,  Centefimal,  or  Millesimal  Parts,  or 
Fractions  of  any  Weight  given.  Suppofe  a  Pound 
be  to  be  fo  divided  ;  Put  the  Pound  into  the  great 
Scale,  and  then  counterpoifeit  with  Weight,  as  of 
Sand,  Water,  Minium,  &c.  in  the  leffer  Scale  , 
this  lhall  be  a  tenth  Part  of  a  Pound  :  Remove  the 
Pound,  and  put  the  Decimal  Counterpoife  in  the 
greater  Scale,  then  counterpoife  this  in  the  leffer, 
and  this  fhallgive  a  Centefme  of  a  Pound  :  Remove 
the  Decimal,  and  put  the  Centefme  in  the  Greater, 
and  the  Counterpoife  to  it  in  the  Lefs,  fhall  give  the 
millefiltlal  Part  of  a  Pound,  and  fo  onward  for  the 
ten  thoufanth,  hundred  thoufandth,  of  thoufand 
thoufandth  Part  of  a  Pound  •  which,  this  Way, 
may  be  mcft  exa&ly  found  and  determin’d  :  And 
the  like  for  any  other  alTignable  Part  whatfoever  of 
commenfurate,  or  incommenfurate  Proportion,  to 
the  whole  Quantity,  of  what  Weight  foever  $  the 
Beams  being  accordingly  proportion’d  in  Strength 
ai  d  Dimenfions,  whether  it  be  for  great  aild  maffy 
Bodies,  or  exceeding  minute  and  curious  ;  and, 
by  this  Means,  with  fome  fmall  Addition,  the 
fmalleft  Bodies  may  be  as  certainly  weigh’d,  as  the; 
moft  traftable,  even  to  the  thoufand  thoufandth 
Part  of  a  Grain,  far  beyond  the  Reach  of  the 
Eland,  or  the  naked  Eye.  And,  as  the  Micro - 
[cope  doth  help  the  Eye  to  make  invifible  Bodies T 
and  Parts  vifible ,  fo  may  this  help  the  Hand  tc 
make  the  intr  affable  Bodies  traffabk  and  ponde¬ 
rable 


\ 


Improvements  of  Scales ,  &c.  1 1  $ 

table ,  and  comparable ,  by  other  Trutinations  than 
thofe  of  Sights  which  is  of  confiderable  Advantage 
in  the  Inquiry  after  the  feveral  Natures  of  the 
Inti  ms  of  Things ,  as  I  may  hereafter  fhew,  more 
particularly.  In  the  mean  time,  I  conceive, 
there  was  no  great  Reafon  for  any,  either  to  af¬ 
firm  the  Experiment  falfe  or  erroneous,  or  td 
flight  it  for  its  Plainnefs  and  Obvioufnefs  ,  fince  a- 
ny,  that  underftands  mechanick  Principles ,  will 
fave  me  the  Labour  of  making  a  Demonftration, 
And  how  obvious  foever  it  be  now  known,  yet  I 
do  not  find  it  hath  been  taken  Notice  of  by  any 
Writer  of  Mechanicks  ^  nor  did  I  ever  know  any 
i  that  had  ufed  it,  or  taken  Notice  of  it,  for  this 
i  Purpofe  ;  and  though  it  may  be  faid  to  be  a  StiU 
{yard,  yet  ’tis  as  differing  from  the  common  Ufe 
'of  the  Stilyard ,  as  that  is  from  a  common 
*Beam.  I  mention’d  alfo,  how  neceflary  an  Infiru - 

Iment  this  was  in  almolt  all  Philo fophi cal  Exami¬ 
nations^  efpecially  in  all  Trials  that  concern  the 
Limits  and  Bounds  of  Powers,  in  the  Inti  ms  of 
Bodies.  This  Proportional  Balance ,  will  be  of 
general  Ufe,  and  to  fuch,  particularly  where 

I  Weights  are  troublefome  to  carry  and  remove  j 
and,  I  fuppofe,  the  only  Reafon,  why  it  has  not 
been  ufed,  is,  becaufe  it  has  not  been  thought 
of  j  though  it  were  altogether  as  obvious,  as  to 
sfet  an  Egg  on  End* 

■ 

T'his  Infirument  being  eafily  under  food  without  d 
'^Figute^  I  have  therefore  omitted  the  giving  any * 


A  Second  InJIrument  for  weighing  \  ory  a 

Sort  of  Ejfay -Scale. 

December  12,  i68$?  1  produced  another  Ex- 
periment,  which  was  alfo  an  Inftrument  for 
weighings  which  might  alfo  be  of  very  general 
Ufe  j  and  that  was  not  only  for  examining  the 
Weight  of  any  Sort  of  Gold  or  Silver  Coin,  or 
any  other  Veffels  or  Pieces  of  thofe  Metals  :  But 
alfo  for  examining  and  efiaying  the  Nature  of  the 
Metal  itfelf,  of  which  thofe  Pieces,  or  Veftels, 
fhould  be  made,  both  as  to  the  Species  of  the 
Metal,  and  alfo  as  to  Finenefs,  Purity,  or  the  con¬ 
trary  Qualifications  of  them.  Now  though  this; 
be  to  be  done  by  means  of  ordinary  Gold  Scales 
and  Weights ;  yet,  I  dare  affirm  this  Way  to  be 
altogether  as  fure  as  the  other,  and  abundantly 
more  eafy,  both  for  Carriage  and  Cfe.  And  there 
might  as  well  have  been  Objections  made  againft 
the  Art  of  Printing,  becaufe  a  Writer  was  able, 
before  that  Art  was  found,  to  have  wrote  Letters, 
and  W ords,  as  fair  as  they  could,  by  that  Art,  be 
printed.  The  Invention  of  the  Inftrument  was 
grounded  upon  the  Theory  of  the  Nature  ol 
Springs,  which  I  have  formerly  fhew’d,  and  ex¬ 
plain’d  in  this  Place  ,  and  the  Way  of  examining 
the  Goodnefs  or  Badnefs,  of  this  Kind  of  Metal, 
and  of  difcovering  the  Species  of  the  Metal  itfelf 
was  grounded  upon  the  Experiment  of  Archimedes. 
improv’d  and  explain’d  by  Getaldus  ^  which  twc 
Theories,  being  rightly  underflood,  will  take  of? 
all  Objections  againft  the  Truth  and  Reality 
thereof,  with  all  impartial  Perfons. 

The  Inftrument  was  made  of  a  Coyle  of  Braff 
Wire,  one  Paid  of  w  hich,  w^as  held  in  the  Hand 
and,  to  the  other  End,  was  faften’d  a  frnall  Nei 
of  flair,  in  which  Net,  the  Piece  of  Metal  to  be* 


Improvements  of  S cales  t  &c.  1 1 7 

examined  was  put  ,  and  then  the  whole  was  lifted 
up  by  the  Hand,  and,  by  means  of  a  fmall  Top  of 
a  Feather,  faften’d  to  the  lower  Part  of  the  Wire, 

I  the  Length  of  the  whole  Spring  augmented  by 
the  Weight  of  the  Piece  try’d,  was  obferv’d,  and 
by  the  Bivifion  on  the  faid  Feather,  the  Number 
I  of  Grains  were  to  be  taken  Notice  of  5  this  gave 
I  the  Quantity  or  Weight  of  the  Piece  itfelf  in 
i  Grains.  Then,  for  the  fecond  Qualification  of  the 
faid  Metals,  it  was  to  be  found  by  holding  the 
Piece  (now  weigh’d,  and  in  the  Scales  made  of  a 
Net  of  very  fine  Hair)  into  fair  and  clear  Water, 
j  and  obferving  by  the  relaxing  of  the  Spring,  how 
much  the  Piecegrew  lighter  3  for  thereby  the  fpe« 
cifick  Gravity  of  the  Metal  itfelf,  compar’d  to 
that  of  Water,  was  exhibited  3  and  this  without 
making  Ufe  of  differing,  or  indeed  any  Weight  at 
all. 


I  3  A 


& 


(  ii8  ) 

A  Third  Instrument  for  the  fame  Turfofe. 


IS  hew’d  a  Module  of  a  Beam ?  whereby  rea¬ 
dily  to  find  any  aliquot 3  or  aliquant  Part  of  any 
Weight  given.  The  Beam  was  made  In  the  fame 

\  Manner 


Improvements  of  Scales ,  &c.  1 1 9 

1  Manner  as  the  firft  that  was ;  fpewn  ;  namely,  that 
with  a  Cane  ;  but  whereas  that  w only  then  di¬ 
vided  and  deflgn'd  for  Decimation,  or  Decupja- 
tion,  the  longer  End  of  this  was  divided  into  iz 
equal  Parts,  and  the  Face  of  the  Beam  was  made 
fo  wide,  as  to  be  capable  of  admitting  Subdivifion 
\ by  Diagonals.  1  he  ft  orter  End  was  ope  twelfth 
| Part  of  the  longer;  at  which  Diftance,  the  great 
I  Scale  was  properly  fixed,  wherein  the  Weight,  to 
be  fubdi  vided,  w  as  to  be  put :  Phis  Scale,  when 
empty,  eounterpoifed  the  longer  End,  without 
any  Scale  fufpended  on  it:  And  that  the  removing 
of  a  Scale  might  make  no  Alteration  of  the.  former 
Equilibrium ,  the  Weight  of  the  fame  was  wholly 
taken  off  by  a  proper  Counterpoife,  fo  that  the 
Seale  had  no  Weight  at  al}  upon  the  Beam*  The 
Way  of  finding  any  defirable  part  of  a  Weight 
given,  was  thus  ;  If  the  Part  were  not  fmaller 
than  a  twelfth  Part,  then  the  fame  might  be  ea~ 
fily  found  by  one  Operation,  by  placing  the  Scale 
at  fuch  a  Diftance  from  the  Axis  of  the  Beam,  on 
the  longer  End,  that  the  fame  fhajl  be  in  fuch 
Proportion  to  the  fhorter  End,  as  the  whole 
Weight  is  to  the  Part  defign5d  ;  for  Inftauce, 
having  a  Lump  of  Ambergreaje^  of  an  unknown 
Weight,  but  5tis  to  be  divided  into  three  Shares, 
which  are  to  be  in  Proportion,  one  to  another,  as 
345,  a 3 4,  and  123,  to  find  each  of  thefe,  J  thus 
proceed  $  adding  all  the  Proportions  together,  I 
find  they  make  702  ;  then,  by  a  Sedtor,  by  the 
Line  of  Lines,  I  open  the  Compafles  to  the 
Length  of  the  fhorter  Shank  of  the  Beam;  and, 
by  that,  open  the  Sedtor  to  343:  ;  then,  on  the 
fame  Sector  fo  opened,  I  open  the  Compares 
to  702,  and  fet  off  that  Diftance  on  the  longer 
Shank  of  the  Beam,  and  there  place  the  lefler 
Scale  ;  then  putting  in  the  Lump  into  the  greater 
Scale^  I  counterpoife  it  in  the  lefts,  and  that  gives 

1  4  me 


ixo  Experiments  of  Scales ,  &c. 

me  the  firft  Share,  which  is  as  345  to  234,  and 
123  ;  this  Weight  I  lay  by. 

Then  upon  the  fame  opening  of  the  Sector,  I 
take  off  234,  and  fetting  it  on  the  longer  Shank, 

I  place  the  lefler  Scale,  and  proceed  as  before  3  and 
this  gives  me  the  Weight  of  the  fecond  Part,  name¬ 
ly,  234.  Then  the  Difference  between  the  Sum 
of  thefe  two,  and  the  whole,  in  a  common  Balance, 
gives  me  the  third,  vi%.  123. 

I  f  the  Part,  to  be  found,  be  lefs  than  a  twelfth 
Part,  and  not  lefs  than  a  one  hundred  forty  fourth 
Part,  by  fome  previous  Divifion  of  it,  by  once 
weighing,  I  reduce  it  to  fuch  a  Part,  as,  by  the  fe¬ 
cond  weighing,  I  find  the  Part,  to  be  found,  will 
not  be  lefs  than  a  twelfth  ;  and  then  I  proceed  as 
before.  This  may  be  perform'd,  either  by  finding 
two  Dividers  of  the  Part,  both  which  fhall  fall 
within  the  Compafs  of  1 2  j  or,  if  it  be  a  prime 
Number,  then  by  extracting  the  Root  of  it  5  which 
may  be  done  arithmetically  in  Decimals,  to  what 
Accuratenefs  fhall  be  defir'd,  or  by  a  Line  of  Su«? 
perficies  on  a  Sector,  or  by  a  Table  of  Logarithms. 

1  f  the  Part  to  be  found,  be  lefs  than  a  one 
hundred  forty  fourth  Part,  and  not  lefs  than  a  fe- 
venteen  hundred  twenty  eighth  Part,  then  it  muft 
be  perform'd  by  three  Dividers,  if  fuch  can  be 
found,  that  will  fall  to  be  each  not  lefs  than  a  1 2th, 
or  elfe,  by  the  Extraction  of  the  Cubick  Root. 
If  the  Part  be  lefs  than  a  1 728th,  and  not  lefs  than 
a  20736th  Part  j  then,  by  finding  four  Dividers, 
each,  within  the  Compafs  of  a  twelfth,  or  by  ex¬ 
tracting  the  quadrato,  quadratick  Root,  the  Part 
may  be  obtain'd  by  four  Operations. 


(  121  ) 


*  ;  ;  .  •  ■  >1 

The  fourth  Injirument  for  weighing. 

V  .  *.  \  *  f  •  ’  ;  '•  '> 

J  an.  1 6,  1 68 

S  h  fwd  a  new  Injirument  I  had  invented , 
which ,  immediately ,  without  any  Trouble , 

the  comparative  Weights  of  any  two  Bodies  giveny 
might  be  found  j  if  at  leaf  ,  0/ 

Bignefs  enough  to  bear  them.  The  Beam  was  made 
in  the  Form  of  a  Crofs,  equilibrated  upon  a  fharp 
Edge  in  the  Center  ,  the  Scales  were  hung  upon 
two  Ends  (not  oppofite,  but)  next  together,  which 
v/ere  alfo  equilibrated *  the  fmalleft  Weight,  in  ei¬ 
ther  of  the  Scales,  would  make  the  Arm,  by  which 
it  hung,  to  Hand  perpendicular ,  and,  consequent- 
l  ly,  the  Arm  that  bore  the  other  Scale,  to  lie  ho¬ 
rizontal.  The  Bodies  to  be  weigh’d,  were  each  of 
them  put  into  the  Scales,  one  in  the  one,  and 
r  the  other  in  the  other  ^  and  fo  Suffer’d  to  take 
1  their  Pofture  (which  they  would  prefently  do) 

■;j  by  putting  the  Beam  in  fuch  a  Pofture,  that  the 
:j  Diftances  of  their  Points  of  bearing,  from  the 
m  Perpendicular  under  the  Center,  would  be  in  reci- 
!  procal  Proportion  to  their  Weight.  Dividing 
i.(j  then  the  Arm,  on  which  the  greater  Weight  hung, 
u  into  ten  equal  Parts,  and  each  of  thofe  into  ten, 
n  and,  if  the  Beam  will  bear  it,  each  of  thofe  again 
ii  into  ten,  all  of  which,  will  make  one  thoufand 
equal  Parts,  I  place  three  Pins  upon  each  of  the 
l:i  other  Arms,  which  crofs  the  aforefaid  Arm  at 
i ;  Right  Angles  j  the  firft  two,  at  the  Extremities, 
U  the  next  two,  at  the  Diftance  of  one  tenth  from 
the  Center,  and  the  third  Pair,  at  the  Diftance  of 
one  hundredth  ;  then  I  provide  two  Bullets, 

:  equiponderant  to  each  other  when  fitted,  the  one 
with  a  fmall  Clew,  Somewhat  more  than  the 
Length  of  the  longeft  Diagonal  of  the  two  fufpend- 

in§ 


ii 

m 

ii 


n%  Improvements  on  Scales ,  &c. 

ing  Arms,  with  a  Ring  at  the  End  to  hang  upon 
one  of  the  Pins,  the  other,  with  a  Ring  only. 
Then,  according  to  the  Difference  of  the  Bodies 
counterpoifing  each  other,  I  hang  on  the  Plum¬ 
met  and  Line  upon  that  Pin  of  the  Arm  over  the 
heavier  Body,  and  is  neareft  to  the  Extremity  $ 
from  which  the  Plumb  Line  may  fall  upon  the  Di« 
vifions  of  the  Arm,  and  counterpoife  it  alfo  with 
the  Ring  and  Bullet  hung  upon  the  correfpond- 
Ing  Pin  on  the  oppofite  Ann,  then  {hall  the  Plumb 
Line  {hew,  upon  the  Di  vifions,  the  proportionate 
Weight  of  thofe  two  Bodies.  I  need  not  {hew 
the  great  Ufe  and  Benefit  there  may  be  made  of 
this  Beam  in  all  Philosophical  Inquiries,  Since  they 
are  obvious  enough. 


Let  AC,  B  repreSent  the  Crofs  Beam, moving 

OH 


! Defcription  of  Japan  Scales ,  &c.  123 

on  I,  the  Scales  hanging  at  A  and  B.  The 
Weights  being  put,  the  heavier  in  B,  the  lighter 
in  A,  the  Crofs  pofiteth  itfelf  as  in  the  Scheme  in 
refped:  of  the  horizontal  Line  E  F,  and  the 
Perpendicular  G  H  j  and  their  comparativeWeight 
is  found  by  their  feveral  Biftances  from  the  Per¬ 
pendicular  I  H5  that  is,  as  BN.  to  AM,  fo  tjie 
Weight  at  A,  to  the  Weight  at  B.  Thus  far  is 
clear  from  the  Principle  of  Staticks.  Let  K  P  re- 
pfefent  the  Plumb  Line,  fufpended  at  K  3  1  fay 
then,  that  I  K,  is  to  I  L,  as  B  N  is  to  A  M,  or5 
as  the  lefler  to  the  bigger  Weight  j  for  A  M,  is 
equal  to  I N,  and  the  Angle  N  I  L9  is  equal  to  I 
L  K,  therefore  K  I L,  is  fimilar  to  B  N 1,  therefore 
as  K I  to  IX,  fo  B  N  to  N  I  —  to  A  M,  fo  the 
|  Weight  at  A  to  the  Weight  at  B  •  Q_  •  E  .  D  . 


. 

The  Defer  ip  ion  of  a  Tair  of  Japan  Scales, 
and  a  Japan  Stiljard. 

*.ro  o'.vj  : I  if.  ■.)'[  i  -  fhnx 

J  A  N.  23 9 

I/--',  t*:  £  W-  •  •  -  -  -  j  •  9  ■*  ■  -S  1  (.  -r  V  ?■  *  .1.  .  4  •  /  ,T  i 

T  Produced,  and  fhew’d  three  feveral  Kinds 
J  of  Beams,  for  weighing  the  Gravity  of  Bodies; 
the  firft,  was  a  Pair  of  'Japan  Scales  and  Weights, 
made  and  adjufted  in  that  Country,  and  that 
with  very  great  Care  and  Curiofity.  The  Beam 
was  made  of  a  round  Rod  of  Brafs,  tapering  a  lit¬ 
tle  from  the  Middle  towards  the  Ends which 
were  flatted  perpendicularly,  and  had  each  of  them 
a  fmall  Hole  drill’d  through  it,  tapering  hath 
,1  Ways  to  the  Middle,  leaving  an  Edge  round  the 
!  Middle  of  the  Hole  » through  each  of  thefe  Holes, 

;  was  put  a  Brafs,  Ring  of  Wire,  by  which  the 
Diflies  were  fufpended  by  four  Strings.  The 
:  Cock,  or  Tongue  of  the  Beam,  was  3^ 

into 


124  ■ Definition  of  Japan  Scales ,  &c. 

into  the  Middle  of  the  Beam,  about  two  Inches 
broad  below,  and  i  of  an  Inch  at  the  1  op  j  and  a- 
bout  the  Middle,  between  the  Beam  and  the  1  op, 
was  put  the  Bin,  upon  which  the  Beam  play'd  ,  the 
Handleof  the  Beam  was  alfo  made  of  a  Kind  of 
Ring  of  Brafs,  and  the  lower  Part  thereof,  was 
flit  fo  as  to  receive  the  Cock,  that  it  might  juft 
freely  move  between  its  Sides  and  no  more  5  and 
the  Pin  refted  upon  two  Holes  made  in  the  Sides 
of  the  faid  Handle  j  the  Top  of  this  Handle  had 
a  fmall  Tongue  of  Brafs,  of  the  fame  Breadth 
with  the  Top  of  the  Cock  of  the  Beam,  and 
pointing  fo  diredtly  at  it,  when  in  Equilibria ,  and 
fo  near  approaching  it,  as  juft  not  to  touch  it. 
This  Beam  was  fufpended  by  a  convenient  Frame 
of  Wood,  as  to  hold  it  fteady  whilft  it  was  made 
ufe  of  j  and  to  find  exactly  the  Equilibrium ,  by 
giving  a  little  Knock  with  a  fmall  wooden  Mall, 
upon  the  Handle,  there  wascaufed  fuch  a  fhaking, 
as  made  every  Thing  fettle  into  its  due  Place  $ 
and,  by  the  Ends  of  the  two  oppofing  Cocks,  or 
Tongues,  the  Agreement,  or  Difference,  was  dis¬ 
coverable.  The  Weights  were  all  curioufly,  and 
very  exactly,  made  of  Erafs ,  which,  that  they 
might  not  be  adulterated,  were,  all  over  the  Sur¬ 
face  of  it,  ftamped  with  the  Emperor's  Seal,  and 
the  Quality  of  each  engraven  upon  it  in  the  Chi - 
nefe,  or  JapaniJh  Characters.  Thefe  are,  by  afe- 
vere  Penalty,  prohibited  to  be  exported  into  any 
other  Place,  and  are  of  great  Value  in  the  Coun¬ 
try  itfelf.  The  Weights  are  Cnnderines ,  Maces , 
and  Tales  5  ten  Qunderines ,  making  a  Mace  3  ten 
Mace ,  a  Tale  j  and  10  Tale ,  one  Pound  Troy. 

The  Second,  was  a  Japan*  Stilyard,  made 
Upon  the  fame  Principle  as  our  common  Stilyards, 
but  with  greater  Curiofity,  and  for  fmaller  Weights, 
than  we  generally  ufe  them,  ferving  to  weigh  any 
Weight  from  a  Cunderine ,  to  two  Pound  Troy  ^  or 

twenty 


* Defer  i^tion  of  Japan  Scales ,  Sec.  iiy 

twenty  fate.  The  Beam  was  made  of  a  tapering 
Rod  of  Ivory  $  the  Scale,  or  Difh,  at  the  greater 
End,  was  hung  by  a  ftrong  Thread  of  Silk,  which 
pafs’d  through  a  Hole  in  the  bigger  End  of  it  j  in- 
ftead  of  Handles  alfo,  there  were  three  ftrong 
Threads  of  Silk,  at  feveral  Diftances  from  the  for¬ 
mer,  which  pafs’d  through  three  feveral  Holes  in 
the  Beam  ;  and  to  each  of  thofe  three  handling 
|  Threads,  was  adjufted  a  Line  of  Divifions  upon 
:  the  Sides  of  the  tapering  longer  Arm  j  the  Weight 
i  was  of  Brafs,  and  fufpended  on  the  longer  Arm, 

:  by  a  fmail  Bow  of  Silk,  which  might  be  eafily 
I  flipped  to  and  fro,  as  Occafion  required.  The 
\  whole  Inftrument  was  very  compleat,  and  nice  e- 
nough  for  the  Purpofes  it  was  defign’d  for,  to  wit, 
for  weighing  Silver  and  Gold,  Sc,  in  the  Way  of 
I  Trade. 

The  third,  was  a  Stilyard  of  my  own  Inven¬ 
tion,  by  which  the  Weight  of  any  Body,  that 
could  be  weigh’d  in  it,  might  be  found  without 
the  Trouble  of  removing  the  Weight,  as  in  the 
common  Stilyard  ;  and,  by  Means  of  a  Plumb 
Line,  after  the  Manner  of  the  Balance  I  ftiew’d 
'January  the  1 6th,  the  particular  Weight  of  what¬ 
ever  was  put  in  the  Scale,  was  prefently  manifefted  j 
:  and  it  had  this  great  Conveniency  in  it,  that  the 
!  Divifions,  by  which  the  Weights  were  determin’d, 
j  were  altogether  as  great  at  laft,  as  at  firft,  being 
t  all  equal.  The  Conveniencies  and  Ufes,  are  obvi¬ 
ous  enough  in  the  weighing,  either  of  great  or 
fmail  Bodies,  all  being  to  be  perform’d  with  great 
Speed,  and  as  great  Exadtnefs,  and  with  much  lefs 
Trouble. 


• (  t*6  ) 


{In  the  Minutes  of  the  Royal  Society,  of 
0<ftob.  25,  1 677,  I  find  an  Experiment 
made  that  E)ay^  by  ©r.  Hook,  which , 
for  Congruity ,  1  jhall  infert  here.~\ 

"¥  T  was  a  very  eafy  Way  to  examine  the  com* 
1  parative  Weight  of  Liquors,  and  that  to  fo 
great  a  Nicenefs,as  very  fenfibly  and  manifeftly  to 
exhibit  fuch  Weight  of  two  Liquors,  though  they 
differ'd  from  one  another,  but  a  1  oooooth  Part 
of  their  Weight. 

This  was  performed  by  the  Help  of  a  large 
Glafs,  of  a  Pear-like  Form,  equalling  in  Bulk  a- 
bout  three  Pound  of  Water ,  which,  by  Shot  inclu- 
ded  in  it,  was  made  almoft  equiponderant  toWater ; 
but  yet  fomewhat  heavier,  that  it  might  juft  fink 
to  the  Bottom  ;  but  by  the  fineft  Hair,  tied  to  the 
Stalk,  could  be  fufpended  in  the  Water.  This 
Hair  was  tied  to  the  Scale  of  a  Beam  ;  and  this 
Poife,  by  a  Counterpoife  in  the  other  Scale,  was 
made  to  fwim  in  the  Water,  fo  as  neither  to  touch 
the  Bottom,  nor  the  Top.  And  when  fo  poifed, 
it  was  found,  that  a  5th  Part  of  a  Grain  added  to, 
or  taken  from  the  Scale,  would  make  the  Glafs- 
Pear  rife  to  the  Top,  or  fink  to  the  Bottom. 
Whence  it  was  evident,  that  the  whole  Glafs, 
weighing  about  four  Pounds  (which  amounts  to 
22040  Grains,  or  220400  tenth  Parts  of  Grains) 
and  that  one  fingle  tenth  Part  of  a  Grain  would  turn 
it.  And  the  Glafs,  when  fufpended,  being  al¬ 
ways  equal  to  an  equal  Bulk  of  Water,  if  that 
Weight  be  alter’d  a  220400th  Part,  the  Poife  muft 
be  alter’d,  and  confequently,  by  Help  of  the 
Scales,  be  made  fenlible. 


This 


Experiment  by  Hook.  127 

This  Experiment,  and  the  Nicety  thereof  be- 
ing  underftood  by  the  Company,  it  was  defir’d, 
that  Trials  might  be  made  the  next  Day  upon  fe- 
veral  Sorts  of  Water,  as  Pump-W ater,  new  River 
Water,  Thames  Water,  and  Rain-Water,  that  fo 
they  might  be  experimentally  fatisfied  of  the  Ex- 
adhiefs  of  this  new  Inftrument :  Which  is  new 
upon  this  Account,  that  it  hath  not  been  taken 
Notice  of  by  any  of  thofe  who  have  written  on 
this  Subject ;  as  Ghetaldus ,  Stivtnus ,  Pafcbal ,  &c« 
they  having  only  taken  the  comparative  Weight 
of  fome  fmall  Counterpoife  within,  and  out  of 
the  fame  Liquor,  which  they  have  always  per¬ 
form’d  with  the  fame  Scales,  which  are  no  Ways 
fit  for  exhibiting  the  Nicenefs  and  Curiofity  of  this 
:  Experiment. 

O  n  November  the  firft  following,  the  Experi¬ 
ment  was  accordingly  made,  and  it  was  found, 
i  that  two  Grains  of  Salt,  being  put  into  two  Gal¬ 
lons  of  Water,  caus’d  the  Counterpoife  to  be  con- 
1  fiderably  lighter :  Which  was  found  to  be  fo,upon 
j  repeated  Trials. 


1 

Dr, 


(  1*8  ) 

2)r.  H  o  o  iCs  Experiment  before  the  Royal 
Society  Feb.  6,  168+,  concerning  Magne - 
tifm  in  TArills^  5cc. 

IT  he  n  produced  the  Apparatus  for  the  Expe¬ 
riment  appointed  me  laft  Meeting,  in  order  to 
make  out  my  Aftertion,  that  the  magnetical  Vir¬ 
tue  in  Steel  might  be  excited,  and  confiderably 
increafed  by  a  Body  not  generally  accounted  mag¬ 
netical  j  and  therefore,  that  the  affirming  a  Body 
to  be  magnetical,  becaufe  it  excited  that  Virtue 
would  not  always  hold  good.  The  Experiment  I 
made,  to  examine  this  Opinion,  was  this.  I  took 
a  Drill  made  of  Steel  j  and,  left  it  fhould  have  had 
any  determinate  Virtue  in  it,  as  to  Polarity,  I 
heated  it  fed  hot  in  the  Fire,  and  fo  fuffer’d  it  to 
cool,  quenching  only  the  very  drilling  Point  of 
it  in  cold  Water:  When  it  was  perfectly  cool,  1  ap¬ 
ply  5d  a  Needle  to  it,  and  found,  that  which  End 
foever  1  turn’d  downward,  it  would  attraft  the 
South  End  of  the  Needle,  and  the  upper  End 
would  attract  the  North  s  and  this,  as  often  as  I 
repeated  the  turning  of  the  Drill,  and  apply£d 
the  Needle  to  the  Ends  of  it.  So  that  it  plainly 
appear’d  to  have  no  determinate  Polarity  at  all,  as 
a  Drill,  or  the  like  Piece  of  Steel,  touch’d  bv  the 
Loadftone.  Then  I  caufed  a  Piece  of  Brafs  to  be 
put  upon  a  Table,  and  holding  the  Drill  very  near 
with  the  fame  Inclination,  and  in  the  fame  Line, 
that  a  Dipping  Needle  left  free,  when  well  poifed, 
would  fituate  itfelf ;  I  caufed  the  Drill  to  be 
mov’d  with  a  Drill  Bow,  fo  as  to  drill  a  pretty 
deep  Hole  in  the  faid  Piece  of  Brafs,  and  there  by 
to  warm  or  heat  the  I  op  thereof.  Then,  examin¬ 
ing  it  again  with  the  Needle,  as  I  had  done  be¬ 
fore,  1  found  that  the  Drill  by  this  Boring,  or  A- 

gitation, 


f,  to  -  -r  * 

O/'  Magnet ifm  in  'Drills.  ii$ 

gitation,  had  acquired  a  Polarity  or  directive  Vir¬ 
tue,  as  well  as  an  attractive  for  the  Point  of  the 
Drill,  which,  in  drilling,  refpefted  the  North, 
whether  it  were  held  downwards  or  upwards,  al¬ 
ways  attracted  the  South  End  of  the  Needle,  and 
the  contrary  End  in  like  Manner,  in  either  Pofture, 
attracted  the  North,  in  the  fame  Manner  as  if  the 
Point  thereof  had  been  really  touched  with  the 
Needle.  In  the  like  Manner,  I  found  by  trying 
with  a  Steel  Chizzel  by  ftriking  of  its  End,  when 
I  placed  in  the  proper  Pofition  ofthe  Dipping  Needle, 
i  that  much  the  fame  EffeCts  w  ould  be  produced. 

Hereupon  it  was  objected,  that  Erafs  itfelf 
was  a  magnetical  Body,  and  therefore  that  this 
was  not  a  fufficient  Eviction  3  whereunto  I  re¬ 
plied,  that  I  conceiv’d  any  other  hard  Body, 

;  placed  inftead  of  the  Brafs,  would  produce  much 


»the  fame  EfFedfc. 


I  did  therefore  propound  to  have  the  fame 
tried  with  hard  Wood,Ivory,  Bone,  Glafs,  or  Stone, 
which  have  not  hitherto  been  accounted  magneti- 
cal  Bodies,  to  fee  whether  they  would  not  be  a 
Means  of  exciting  this  magnetical  Virtue  ;  for  if 
fo,  then  either  all  Bodies,  that  are  hard,  muff  be 
faid  to  be  faid  to  be  magnetical,  or  elfe  it  will  not 
neceflarily  follow,  that  every  Body  that  excites  this 
Virtue,  is  therefore  to  be  efteem’d  magnetical 
And  this  the  rather,  becaufe  as  I  have,  in  Part, 
thewn  in  this  Place,  and  as  I  fhall  hereafter  make 
out  more  at  large,  there  may  be  produced  in  o- 
foer  Bodies,  as  well  as  Steel,  Iron,  or  the  like,  a 
Quality  much  refembling  that  of  the  magne- 
:ical  j  wherein,  notwithftanding,  neither  the  Mag- 


let,  Steel,  Iron,  or  the  magnetical  Virtue,  or 
Power  of  the  Earth,  is  any  Way  concerned. 


*  K 


Dr . 


(  130  ) 


®r.  HookV  Experiment ,  about  the  Strength 

of  Ice . 

^  T  e  x  t,  I  gave  an  Account  of  an  Experiment, 

\  \  which  I  had  caufed  to  be  tried  in  the  Pre¬ 
fence  of  Mr.  Meredith ,  and  Dr.  Aglionby ,  of  a 
Piece  of  Ice,  plain'd  true  Square,  of  about  fifteen 
Inches  in  Length,  four  Inches  broad,  and  3f 
Inches  thick  3  this  was  pretty  folid,  having  no 
more  Blebs  in  it  than  common  Ice  ufually  hath. 

1  his  piece  of  Ice,  fo  fquar’d,  was  plac’d  upon 
the  Engine  made  on  Purpofe  for  examining  the 
Strength  of  Bodies,  as  to  bearing.  The  Places, 
whereon  the  two  Ends  refted,  were  juft  twelve 
Inches  afunder,  and  the  Bar,  whereon  the  Weights 
refted,  was  juft  placed  in  the  Middle  of  the  piece 
of  Ice,  between  the  two  bearing  Cheeks,  fo  that 
the  Line  of  Preftiire,  the  Bar  being  round,  was 
at  fix  Inches  Diftance  from  each  of  the  bearing 
Cheeks  $  the  broader  Part  of  the  Ice,  was  placed 
horizontal,  and  the  narrower,  was  placed  per¬ 
pendicular.  All  Things  being  thus  fitted,  we  ap¬ 
plied  the  Weight  to  the  two  Leavers  of  the  En¬ 
gine,  and  began  at  fifty  Pounds  3  then  mov’d  them 
to  100,  150,  200,  250,  and  300,  fuffering  the 
Weights  to  prefs  the  Ice  for  fomeTime,at  every  of 
thefe  Pofitions,  the  Ice  ftill  bearing  them,  without 
breaking,  or  in  the  leaft  crufhing,  either  by  the 
bearing  Cheeks,  on  which  it  refted,  or  under  the 
round  Iron  Bar  that  refted  on  it  $  then  removing; 
the  Weights  to  350,  and  fuffering  them  to  reft: 
upon  it,  in  a  very  fhort  Time,  the  Ice  broke  fhort 
in  two,  juft  under  the  Iron  Bar,  though  it  did. 
not  appear  at  all  to  be  crufhed,  at  any  of  the  three: 
bearing  Places. 


This 


cZ)r.  Hoo  k’s  Experiment ,  &c,  131 

T  his  Experiment  was  tried,  in  order  to  find, 
firft,  the  Hardnefs  of  this  Body, which  is  produced 
by  Cold,  out  of  the  fluid  Body  of  Water,  with¬ 
out  the  Mixture  of  any  fenfible  folid  Body,  or,  is 
rather  the  primitive  Body,  out  of  which,  the  fluid 
Body  of  Water  is  made,  by  a  very  fmall  Degree  of 
Heat,  the  Difference  between  the  greateft  Degree 
of  Heat,  it  will  fuftain  without  being  thawed, 
and  the  leaft  Degree  it  will  fuftain  without  being 
frozen,  being  fo  very  near  the  lame,  that  one's 
Senfe  will  not  difcover  it,  and  even  a  Thermome¬ 
ter,  but  very  little.  So  that  if  Heat  and  Cold, 
only,  be  the  Caufes  of  thefe  Mutations,  it  is  the 
greateft  Inftance  in  Nature  of  fo  confiderable  a 
Change  of  Texture,  upon  fo  inconfiderable  an  Al¬ 
teration  of  the  Caufes. 

Secondly ,  In  order  to  find  the  Tenacity  or 
Strength  of  this  Body  forbearing,  and  thence,  to 
give  fome  Reafon,  how  it  comes  to  bear  fo  great 
Weights,  moved,  or  refting  upon  it,  without  be¬ 
ing  broken,  when  it  covers  the  Top  of  a  River  or 
Pond,  as  has  been  now  fufficienetly  experimented 
upon  the  'Thames.  And  though  the  Manner  of  bear¬ 
ing,  when  the  Ice  floats  upon  the  Water,  be  very 
differing  from  the  Way  of  bearing  in  this  Experi¬ 
ment,  and  fo  the  Calculation  holds  not  the  fame 
in  the  one  and  the  other  ;  yet  this  Way  of  Trial 
is  a  neceffary  Ingredient  of  fuch  a  Calculation , 
fince,  without  knowing  the  Stiffnefs  of  Ice,  as  to 
bending  or  breaking,  and  the  Hardnefs  of  Ice,  as 
to  crufhing,  fuch  a  Calculation  cannot  be  per¬ 
form’d.  The  Cafe  alfo  varies  very  much  from  the 
;  [Manner  of  the  Roundings,  and  the  Bignefs  of  the 
1  Piece  of  Ice,  whofe  Strength  is  to  be  calculated. 
For  in  a  Pond,  where  the  Edges  of  the  Ice  are  firft 
■3. frozen  to  the  Ground,  and  fo  the  Water  under- 
ipeath  being  pent  in  from  being  able  to  get  out, 
:he  Refiftence  of  the  Water  hinders  the  breaking 

K.  2  of 


I32/  An  Experiment  concerning 

of  it,  even  till  the  retting  Weight  begins  to  cmfti  it. 
And  ’tis  much  the  fame,  where  the  Surface  of  the 
Ice  is  very  large,  though  it  no  where  touche  h  or 
refteth  upou  afolid  Body  at  teBri.na,  there  bo„| 
fo  crreat  a  Length  of  Water  to  be  moved,  before  the 
wfter  underneath  can  giveWaytoth.  break, ng  of 

the  Ice  We  mult  alfo  confider  the  Weight,  as  e 

hg  in  the  Center  of  a  round  Flake  which isjeg 
differing  from  that  of  an  oblong  Shape.  To  tl  1 
Calculation  we  mutt  likewife  take  in  the  nfmg  of 
thofe  ambient  Parts  of  the  Ice,  which  at  a  Ddlance 
encompafs  the  bearing  Center,  .Ance  the  Ice  can 
hardly  defcend  in  the  Center,  without  at  the  lame 
Tim/raifing  fome  circumferential  Parts,  which  aie 
more  difficult  to  be  broken  upwards ,  than  the 
Center  to  be  broken  downwards. 


An  Experiment  of  Dr.  Hoc  k’-g  concerning 
the  f, welling  of  Water  by  Freezing. 

T  h  e  third  Experiment  I  tried  was  upon  Oc~ 
‘  cafion  of  a  Report  of  Dr.  Crone *  of  an  Ex- 
befimen  try’d  by  himfelf,  of  applying  the  freez- 
fng  Mixture  to  a  Glafs  of  Water,  andobferv.ng 
SI  Water  to  rife  in  the  Neck  of  the  Glafs,  be- 
fore  any  Part  of  the  Water  was  frozen  M  hence 
h.  c”ycei‘«d  that  the  Water  i.felf  d,d  aflual 
ly  expand  by  its  Application,  before  it  came 
freezing.  The  Reafcn  of  which  Phenomena  , 
connived  to  proceed  only  from  the  Ihnnking  o 
the  containing  Veffel,  and  not  from  the  expanding 
of  the  Water,  before  freezing:  To  elucidate  whic 
I  tried  the  Experiments  I  had  formerly  fhewn,  t 
prove  the  fwelling  of  Glafs  by  Heat,  and  the  flirink 
L  of  it  by  Cold  ;  as  alfo  divers  other  Phenomena 
Which  are  manifeftly  to  be  afcnbed  to  the  fliunk 


the  J welling  of  Water  by  Freezing .  133 

ing  and  fweJling  of  the  containing  Glafs  Veflel, 
and  not  at  all  to  the  fwelling  and  Ihrinking  of  the 
Liquor  contain’d  j  as  the  dipping  fuch  a  Glafs  of 
Water.,  in  hot  Water,  will  prefently  make  the  Wa¬ 
ter  defcend  in  the  Neck  ;  and  the  dipping  the  fame 
in  Water  colder,  then  the  Water  in  the  Glafs,  or 
then  the  Glafs  it  felf,  will  make  the  fame  Water 
i  rife  for  fome  Time  in  the  Neck  of  the  Vefleh 
However,  tho’  fome  Trials  were  made,  whofe  Ef- 
I  fedis  feem’d,  to  me,  plainly  to  concur  with  this 
!  Explication,  yet  the  Doctor,  and  fome  others, 

;  feem’d  yet  to  doubt,  whether  the  Water  it  felf 
did  not  actually  fwell  by  the  Application  of  the 
freezing  Mixture,  before  it  actually  began  to 
freeze  j  which  if  thefe  Trials  do  not  fatisfy,  there 
may  be  feveral  other  Ways  made  ufe  of  to  find 
the  fwelling  of  the  Glafs  by  Heat,  and  the  fhrink- 
ing  of  it  by  Cold.  But  I  conceive  no  Experiment 
can  be  made  that  will  prove  Water,  without  freez¬ 
ing,  to  be  dilated  or  expanded  by  Cold,  or  con¬ 
tracted  or  condenfed  by  Heat. 


(  134  ) 


2)r.  Hoo  iCs  Experiments ,  Feb.  13.  1683-4, 
/hewing  the  fpecifick  Gravity  of  Ice ,  Sic. 

TTook  then  a  Piece  of  Metal  big  enough  to  fink 
the  Piece  of  Ice,  1  defigned  to  examine,  to 
the  Bottom  of  the  W  ater,  that  fo  the  compound 
Body  of  Ice  and  Iron  might  have  a  fenfible  Gravi¬ 
ty  in  the  Water.  Then  letting  it  down  into  the 
Water,  which  I  had  fet  conveniently  in  a  Glafs, 
that  I  might  fee  this  Compound  freely  to  fwim  to 
and  fro  clear  below  the  Surface  5  the  Scales  being 
conveniently  fuifained  by  a  Frame,  I  counterpoifed 
it  exactly  to  an  Equilibrium,  and  found  it  to  a- 
mount  to  1 9  3  3 1  of  3000  Parts  of  a  Pound  Troy, 
which  were  the Weights  to  which  I  reduced  this,  and 
all  the  other  Counterpoifes.  Then  I  fuddenly  lifted 
up  the  Ice  and  Iron  into  the  Scale,  and  fo  coun¬ 
terpoifed  it  in  the  Air,  and  found  the  fame  to  be 
2567 6  of  the  fame  Parts ;  then  I  took  off  the  Ice, 
dry'd  the  Scale,  and  let  the  Iron  Weight  hang  by 
the  fame  String  in  the  Water  ;  and  counterpoifmg 
it,  I  found  it  to  amount  to  1984J  of  the  fame 
Parts ;  then  lifting  the  Iron  out  of  the  Water,  and 
putting  it  into  the  Scale,  I  found  it  to  be  counter¬ 
poifed  by  2209*  of  the  fame  Parts.  Thence  the 
Weight  of  the  Water,  equal  in  Bulk  to  the  Ice 
and  iron,  was  634!  of  the  like  Parts,  and  the 
Weight  of  the  Water,  equal  to  the  Ball,  was  224I; 
thence  the  Weight  of  the  Wrater,  equal  to  the  Ice 
was  409.;,  and  the  W eight  of  the  Ice  in  the  Air 
was  35  855  and  confequently  the  Weight  of  the  Ice 
in  Water  was  50^  ;  that  is,  the  Weight  of  the  Ice, 
to  that  of  the  Water,  was  very  near,  as  7  to  8; 
-  that  is,  the  Ice  was  lighter  than  the  Water,  by  an 
eighth  Part  of  the  Weight  of  the  Water ;  or  the 

O  O  j 

Water  heavier  than  the  Ice,  by  a  feventh  Part  of 
,1  the 


Experiments .  x  3  5* 

the  Weight  of  the  Ice.  So  that  the  Expanfion  of 
-the  Ice,  to  the  Expanfion  of  the  Water,  was  as 
1  the  Weight  of  the  Water,  to  the  Weight  of  the 
lice;  that  is,  as  8  to  7  :  So  that  the  Water,  by  its 
free  zing,  becomes  expanded  one  feventh  Fart  of 
its  Bulk,  and  confequentlv  that  7th  Fart  muft 
[float  above  the  Surface  of  the  Water,  and  l  of  the 
Bulk  of  Ice  muft  remain  immerfed  in  the  Water  T 
■Part  of  the  Bulk  of  the  Ice  floating  above  it. 

The  Ice  I  made  ufe  of,  in  this  Experiment, 
•was  not  very  full  of  Blebs,  or  Bubbles ;  nor  was 
it  perfedlly  free  of  them,  but  of  a  middling  Na¬ 
ture,  which  may  pretty  well  hold,  as  a  Standard, 
pr  common  Meafure  of  a  great  Congeries  of  feveral 
Sorts  of  Ice,  fome  of  which  may  be  much  more 
porous,  and  fome  much  lefs,  as  I  have  had  Occa- 
fion  feveral  times  to  obferve,  in  this  great  Froft. 
:The  Time,  in  which  1  try'd  this,  was  pretty  warm, 
i|and  fo  it  thawed,  and  the  Water  having  ftood  all 
ithe  Day,  expofed  to  the  Air,  was  confequently 
jmuch  of  the  fame  Temper ;  and  thence  1  counter- 
poifed  the  Ice  and  Iron  firft  in  the  Water,  and 
»then  prefently  lifted  it  out  of  the  Water  into  the 
[Scale,  fo  that  all  that  levitated  in  the  Water  was 
[immediately  put  in  the  Scale :  The  Water  was  or¬ 
dinary  Pump,  or  Well-Water,  and  is  accounted  a 
s pretty  good  frefh  Water;  which  Circumftanoes  1 
: mention,  as  having  Signincancy,  as  will  by  and  by 
appear. 

For  from  this  Experiment  it  plainly  appears, 
that  the  common  Opinion  that  the  Ice,  upon  a 
:fudden  Thaw,  finks  to  the  Bottom,  is  falfe,  tho5 
'never  fo  confidently  aflerted  by  the  Water-men : 
(For  in  this  Experiment,  where  the  Water  was 
; pretty  warm,  in  re  foe  cl  of  Ice,  and  thawed  the  Ice 
(very  faft;  yet  an  eighth  Part  of  the  Ice  floated  a- 
bove  the  Water,  and  Water  by  Heat,  without 
boiling,  will  not  expand  near  that  Proportion  : 

V  '  K  4  '  •  nay 

3 


*36  Experiments  jhewing 

Nay, 1  have  found,  that  throwing  in  a  Piece  of  Ice 
into  Water  boiling,  it  ftill  floated,  and  funk  not, 
much  lefs  can  it  fink  in  a  tepid  Water  upon  a 
Thaw. 

Next,  from  hence  we  may  colleft,  that  in  the 
Northern  Seas,  at  leaft  one  Eighth  Part  of  the  Bulk 
of  any  Body  of  Ice  floats  above  the  Water  :  I  fay, 
at  leafl:  an  Eighth  5  for  poflibly  it  may  be  one  Se¬ 
venth  j  for  firft  (as  is  affirmed  by  many  V oyagers 
to  the  Northern  Seas)  the  Ice  is  found  to  be  pret¬ 
ty  frefh,  and  to  have  little  or  no  Tafte  of  Brackiffi- 
nefs  3  and  fo,one  Part  taken  with  another,  not  hea¬ 
vier  than  this  Ice  I  made  ufe  of.  Next,  the  Wa¬ 
ter,  notwithftanding,  in  which  it  floats,  is  fait,  and 
and  confequently  about  a  40th  Part  heavier  than 
common  frefh  Water.  Thirdly,  This  fait  Water, 
tho5  it  do  not  freeze,  is  yet  pretty  near  the  fame 
Degree  of  Coldnefs  with  the  Ice  that  floats  in  it, 
and  confequently  yet  more  heavy  than  the  fame 
Water  when  more  tepid.  For  as  I  fliall  hereafter 
prove,  Bodies  that  freeze  not,  are  yet  not  lefs 
cold  than  other  Bodies  that  do  freeze.  Fourthly, 
That  the  Sea- Water,  near  the  Bottom,  is  yet 
much  more  cold,  and  much  more  fait,  than  in  the 
fame  Place  it  is  near  the  Top,  and  confequently 
piuft  much  contribute  to  the  floating  of  a  greater 
Part  of  the  Ice.  That  the  Water  is  colder  at  the 
Bottom,  than  above,  was  positively  affirmed  by  Mr, 
Roacbford ,  who  try5d  it  in  the  Sound ,  and  that 
fait  Water  is  falter  at  the  Bottom,  than  at  the  T op, 
any  one  may  find. 

All  which  Particulars  conflder5d,  it  will  not 
feem  altogether  fo  incredible,  or  indeed  ftrange, 
that  there  fhould  be  floating  Iflands  of  Ice  in  the 
frigid  Zones,  of  fo  great  a  Height  above  the  Sur¬ 
face  of  the  Sea  :  For,  fuppofmg  it  to  be  globular, 
above  a  4th  Part  of  its  Diameter  muft  float  above 
tlie  Water,  to  make  a  7th  Part  of  its  Bulk  to  float. 


the  fpecifick  Gravity  of  Ice .  137 

^nd  confequently  the  Depth  of  the  Ice  under 
Water  need  not  be  fo  very  great,  to  make  fo 
great  a  Height  above  the  Water  ;  but  if  the  up¬ 
per  Parts  of  it  above  the  Water  are  yet  much 
higher,  and  more  fpongy  than  folid  Ice,  as  con¬ 
fiding,  in  great  Part,  of  Accumulations  of  Snow, 
then  may  that  Height,  above  the  Water  be  raifed 
much  higher,  and  be  made  poflibly  to  equalize, 
if  not  exceed,  even  the  Depth  of  the  Ice  below 
the  Surface  of  the  WTater,  efpecially  if  the  Bot¬ 
tom  of  the  faid  Ifland  be  flat,  as  mod  probably  it 
is,  and  as  broad,  if  not  broader,  than  the  Com- 
;  pafs  of  it  at  the  Surface  of  the  Water;  as  alfo  if 
!  Parts  above  the  Water  be  tapering,  like  a  Pyra¬ 
mid,  to  the  Top.  Again,  If  the  lower  Parts  of 
the  Sea,  in  thofe  Parts,  are  colder  than  at  the 
Top,  as  probably  it  may  be  in  the  Spring,  the 
freftier  Parts  of  the  Water  may  be  congealed,  even 
j  at  the  Bottom,  and  fo  augment  the  Bulk  of  it 
by  new  Accretions  underneath,  and  fo  continue  to 
buoy  it  up  more  and  more,  and  fo  raife  the  upper 
Parts  more  and  more  into  the  Air.  And  confo- 
nant  to  this  we  find,  that  the  greated  Blands  of 
Ice  are  found  in  the  Spring,  after  the  Winter  is 
pad,  and  the  Air  begins  to  have  a  Tepidnefs  in  it ; 
and  not  fo  much,  if  at  all,  in  the  former  Part  of 
the  Winter,  when  it  freezes  more  violently  at  the 
Top  of  the  Water. 

As  to  the  Reafon  why  Water,  when  of  fuch  a 
Degree  of  Temperature,  becomes  fo  folid  a  Body  ; 
and  why,  when  of  another  Temperature,  it  be¬ 
comes  fo  fluid,  I  diall  not  now  fpend  your  Time 
in  explaining,  defigning  to  do  it  in  my  General 
Theory  of  natural  Operations.  This  only  1  fhall 
mention  here,  by  the  by,  that  the  Body  of  Ice, 
tho5  very  hard,  is  very  little  fonorous,  in  refpedf 
pf  Glafs,  which  to  the  Sight  it  fo  much  refembles : 
That  the  Blebs  in  it  are  not  Vacuities,  but  a  Kind 

of 


ig8  Farther  Experiments  concerning 

of  Air,  which  has  its  expanfive  Power,  or  Elafti- 
city,  as  well  as  common  Air:  That  this  Air  does 
not,  upon  the  Thaw,  retreat  into  the  Water,  as  it 
feems  to  come  out  of  it  upon  the  freezing,  as  by 
Experiment  I  have  found. 


Farther  Experiments ,  made  Feb.  20.  1683-4. 
by  cDr.  Hook,  before  the  Royal  Society, 
concerning  the  Fhtenomena  of  Ice . 

rTpHE  proceeding  Difcourfe  was  read,  and 
JL  1  fome  Matters  therein  more  particularly  ex¬ 
plained  by  Defcription  partly,  and  partly  alfo  by 
Experiments. 

T  h  e  Experiments  were  firft  to  fhew,  that  the 
Blebs  in  Ice  (fuppofed  by  fome  to  be  Vacuities, 
like  the  Blebs  in  Glafs  Drops)  are  filled  with  Air, 
which  has  the  fame  Properties  with  common  Air. 
I  took  then  a  Piece  of  Ice,  and  putting  it  into 
Water,  which  was  tepid,  as  having  flood  in  a 
wfarm  Room,  by  which  the  outward  Parts  of  the 
Ice  quickly  thawed,  and  fo  there  remained  nothing 
at  all  of  Air  flicking  to  the  Outfide  of  it  3  then 
whelming  a  Cup-Glafs  clear  over  it,  which  was 
perfectly  filled  with  Water,  and  had  no  Air  in¬ 
cluded  in  it,  I  fuffered  it  to  remain,  covering  the 
Lump  of  Ice,  till  the  whole  was  thawred,  or  melt¬ 
ed  into  Water  ;  and  it  was  plain  to  be  feen,  that 
as  the  Ice  thawed,  the  Blebs  that  were  vifible  in 
it,  before  the  Thaw,  did  afeend  to  the  Top  of  the 
whelmed  Glafs,  and  then  unite  with  one  another 
into  a  confiderable  Body  of  Air. 

The  fecond  was  to  fine w  that  Water,  though 
boiling  hot,  w'ould  yet  be  ponderous  enough  to 
make  the  Ice  to  fwirn  and  float  in  it.  This  was 
done  by  putting  a  Piece  of  Ice  into  a  Vefiel  of 

boiling 


the  ‘Phenomena  of  Ice .  139 

boiling  Water:  And  the  Ice  continued  to  float  up¬ 
on  it  till  it  was  all  melted. 

T  11  e  Reafon  of  the  Experiment  was  in  order 
to  find  out  the  Nature  of  the  Expanfion  of  freez¬ 
ing  W ater,  and  the  true  Caufe  thereof 3  which 
feems  to  contain  as  many  difficult  Phenomena  in 
it  to  be  explain’d,  as  any  other  in  Nature :  For 
firft,  this  Body  of  Ice  feems  heterogeneous  to  all 
other  Bodies 3  which  being  melted,  and  buffered 
to  cool  and  grow  hard,  are  ftill  condenfed  and 
fhrunk  into  a  lefler  and  lefler  Room,  as  they  grow 
colder  5  as  is  very  obfervable  in  all  Sorts  of  Metals, 
as  Gold,  Silver,  Copper,  Tin  and  Lead,  every  of 
which,  when  they  are  melted,  take  up  more  Space, 

;  or  are  more  expanded,  than  when  they  are  grown 
:  cold  and  hardened 3  as  one  may  prefently  find,  by 
:  calling  any  of  them  into  a  Mould,  and  obferving 
the  fetting,  or  Ihrinking  of  the  Gitt,  by  which 
the  Mould  is  fill’d  3  or  by  fuffering  the  whole  Bo¬ 
dy,  fo  melted,  to  remain,  and  grow  cold  and  fo- 
lid  in  the  Ladle  or  Crucible  3  for  5tis  evident 
that  the  top  Surface,  which,  when  melted,  is 
protuberant,  and  fwelling  upwards  3  when  cold, 
it  is  flatted,  and  very  often  concave.  And  fome- 
times  alfo,  in  fome  Metals,  it  is  crumpled,  and 
fhrunk  into  curious  Figures  3  as  is  very  remark¬ 
able  in  Rcgulus  Mart  is ,  made  with  Antimony , 

1  which  is  therefore  called  SteUatry ,  for  that  it  hath 
i  fome  Refemblance  to  the  Figure  we  generally 
make  for  a  Star,  viz*  fix  Radiations  from  its  Cen¬ 
ter.  5Tis  evident  alfo  in  Tin  and  Lead  3  Wax 
alfo,  and  fome  refmous  Subftances,  lhrink  upon 
hardening  after  the  fame  Manner,  and  Fatt,  or 
Tallow  of  Animals  3  fo  all  Sorts  of  Vitrifications  and 
1  Glaffes,  and  all  Sorts  of  Oils,  that  will  harden, 
and  Butter,  which  alfo  grow  opaque.  But  Water, 
when  it  palles  from  Fluidity  to  Solidity,  proceeds 
very  differing  3  Firft ^  In  its  inftantaneous  Change, 

2dly , 


X  4°  Farther  Experiments  concerning 

zdly^  In  its  Expanfion,  or  Rarefaction.  $dly3  In 
its  Tranfparency.  4 tbly,  In  its  Refra&ivenefs. 

$thlyy  in  its  Generation  of  Blebs,  or  Bubbles, 
6thly,  In  its  Power  of  Expanfion  :  tearing  and 
rending  to  Pieces  the  ftrongeft  metalline  Bodies 
that  imprifon  it ;  when,  as  yet,  it  leaves  Room  e- 
nough  for  the  fmall  Particles  of  Air  to  expand,  if 
at  the  fame  time  it  may  not  be  faid  to  fuck  it  in^ 
for  X  do  not  find  that  the  imprifon'd  Blebs  are  at 
all  prefs'd,  nor  is  their  Spring  at  all  the  Caufe  of 
this  Expanfion ,  for  by  obferving  the  thawing  of  a 
Bleb  in  the  Ice,  I  did  not  find  the  Bubble  that  rofe 
from  it  to  be  any  bigger  in  Bulk,  than  the  Bleb  that 
contain'd  it  j  whereas  if  the  Air  in  the  Bleb  fhould 
be  prefled  with  as  great  a  Force,  as  the  Strength  of 
the  Infide  of  the  containing  Veflel  amounts  unto, 
it  muft  of  Neceffity  reduce  the  Air  to  near  a  thou- 
fandth  Part  of  its  natural  Extenfion ,  and  confe- 
quently,  when  the  Bleb  comes  to  be  thawed,  and  fo 
fet  at  Liberty,  it  muft  at  leaft,  I  fay  at  leaft  (by  rea- 
fon  it  then  fuffers  a  greater  Degree  of  Pleat,  than 
when  it  is  frozen)  expand  itfelf  into  a  Bulk  a  thou- 
fand  Times  bigger ;  but  there  is  no  fuch  Appearance 
that  I  could  obferve.  Several  Authors  have  en¬ 
deavour'd  to  give  Solutions  of  this  Phenomenon, 
as  particularly  the  ingenious  Mr.  Des  Cartes ,  who 
fuppofing  the  Particles  of  Water  to  be  very  long 
and  limber  Bodies,  like  fo  many  Eels,  whilft,  as 
it  were,  kept  alive,  and  agitated  by  this  Mate¬ 
ria  Subtilis ,  are  limber,  and  fo  eafily  complicate 
and  Aide  one  within  another,  and  fuller  the  Mate¬ 
ria  Subtilis  to  have  its  Paftage  free  through  them 
every  Way  5  but  when  there  is  lefs  Agitation  of 
this  Materia  Subtilis ,  they  do,  as  it  were,  die, 
and  grow  ftiff  and  rigid,  and  fo  will  not  fo  eafily 
comply  to  the  Figures  of  each  other,  but  grow  fo- 
lid  and  hard ;  But  then  5tis  to  be  confider'd,  that 
the  greater  Plenty  there  is  of  the  Materia  Subtilis , 


the  ‘Phenomena  of  Ice .  1 41 

the  greater  muft  be  the  Agitation  of  them  j  as  he 
i  afferts  in  the  Explication  of  the  Particles  of  the 
!  Air,  and  confequently  the  more  Room  muft  they 
take  up,  and  fo  be  more  expanded  when  fluid, 
then  when  folid.  Another  late  Author  fuppofes, 

I  that  Congelation  is  made  by  a  Sal  Armoniack , 
i  breathed,  or  exhaled  from  Animals,  which,  in 
cold,  frofty  Weather,  is  very  copious  in  the  Air, 
which  Sal  Armoniack  does  then  infinuate  into  the 
Pores  of  the  Water,  and  fo  wedge  up  all  the 
Pores,  and  widen  them,  and  fo  make  the  Parts  of 
the  Water  to  coalefce  into  a  hard  Body.  But 
this  I  conceive  to  be  alfo  hypothetical,  and  not 
experimentally  proved ;  for  the5  there  may  be 
fome  volatile  Salts  in  the  Air,  yet  ?tis  pretty  diffi- 
I  cult  to  conceive  there  fhould  be  fo  great  a  Quan¬ 
tity,  as  at  once  to  wedge  up  all  the  Water  of  the 
Northern  Part  of  the  Earth,  and  yet,  at  the  fame 
Time,  we  fhould  not  fmell  it ,  befldes,  we  do  not 
find  that  the  Sal  Armoniack  Spirit  does  perform 
this  Effedt,  when  it  is  raifed  in  the  Air  at  other 
Times ;  nor  does  the  Sal  Armoniack  it  felf,  when 
mixed  with  Water  or  Ice,  do  it  3  for  we  find  that 
Sal  Armoniack ,  ftrow'd  on  Ice,  will  the  fooner 
make  it  thaw,  and  refolve  again  into  Water,  than 
make  it  freeze  harder  :  Others  have  given  differ¬ 
ing  Explanations,  but  I  have  not  met  with  any  yet, 
that,  in  my  Opinion,  give  a  clear  and  fatisfadfory 
Solution  of  it.  Nor  fhall  I  at  prefent  trouble  you 
With  Theories,  or  Speculations,  which  fome  may 
poflibly  have  a  Prejudice  againft ,  only  fuffer  me 
to  acquaint  you  with  a  Jrh&momenon  or  two, 
which,  if  you  think  any  of  them  worth  feeing, 
you  may  have  tried*  for  they  are  very  obvious, 
plain,  and  neither  difficult  ncr  chargeable  Experi¬ 
ments,  tho?  poflibly  as  inftrueftive  as  the  moft  dif- 
cult,  chargeable,  or  pompous  Experiments,  to 
fhew  fome  Sorts  of  Expanfiom 


T  A  K  E 


1 41  How  to  communicate  one's  Mind 

Take  then  a  Urinal?  and  fit  into  it  a  Stopple 
of  a  dry  Piece  of  W ood  j  then  put  the  End  of  this 
Stopple  into  a  Bifh  of  Water?  and  you  will  find, 
in  a  little  Time,  the  Stopple  will  grow  fo  much 
bigger,  as  to  break  the  Urinal. 

Secondly ,  Take  another  Urinal,  and  fill  the 
fame  with  Peafe  ,  then  filling  it  up  with  Water, 
Hop  the  fame  with  a  Cork,  which  you  may  tie 
down  faff  with  a  Packthread ;  then  let  it  remain 
fome  Time,  and  you  will  find  the  Peafe  will  fwell 
and  break  the  Glafs. 

Thirdly^  Take  Plaifter  of  Paris ,  or  burnt  A- 
labafter,  and  put  it  into  a  wooden  Bifh,  and  tem¬ 
per  it  with  Water,  till  it  be  very  foft  and  fluid, 
that  it  may  be  eafily  poured  out  ,  then  with  this 
Mixture  fill  a  Urinal  or  Vial  top-full,  fuffer  it  to 
ffand  upright  till  it  fets  into  a  folid  Body,  and 
you  will  find  it  fwell  and  break  the  Glafs. 


2 >r.  HookV  cDifcourfe  to  the  Royal  Soci¬ 
ety,  May  2i.  1684.  fhewing  a  IF  ay  how 
to  communicate  Gne's  Mind  at  great  2 )i- 

a  t  which  I  now  propound,  is  what  I  have 
JL  fome  Years  fince  difcourfed  of  *  but  being 
then  laid  by,  the  great  Siege  of  Vienna ,  the  laft 
Year,  by  the  Turks ,  did  again  revive  in  my  Me¬ 
mory  ,  and  that  was  a  Method  of  difcourfing  at  a 
Biffance,  not  by  Sound,  but  by  Sight.  1  fay 
therefore  5tis  polfible  to  convey  Intelligence  from 
any  one  high  and  eminent  Place,  to  any  other 
that  lies  in  Sight  of  it,  tho"  30  or  40  Miles  diffant, 
in  as  fhort  a  Time  almoff,  as  a  Man  can  write 
what  he  would  have  fent,  and  as  fuddenly  to  re¬ 
ceive  an  Anfwer,  as  he  that  receives  it  hath  a 

Mind 


' 

l 

r 

. 

* 

< 


V 

t 


: 

i 


at  great  *Diflances,  143 

Mind  to  return  it,  or  can  write  it  down  in  Paper. 
Nay,  by  the  Help  of  three,  four,  or  more,  of  fuch 
eminent  Places,  vifible  to  each  other,  lying  next  it 
in  a  Freight  Line,  5tis  pollible  to  convey  Intelli¬ 
gence,  alrnoft  in  a  Moment,  to  twice,  thrice,  or 
more  Times  that  Diftance,  with  as  great  a  Certain¬ 
ty*  as  by  Writing. 

For  the  Performance  of  this,  we  muft  be  be¬ 
holden  to  a  late  Invention,  which  we  do  not  find 
any  of  the  Antients  knew  ;  that  is,  the  Eye  muft 
be  aflifted  with  Telefcopes,  of  Lengths  appropria¬ 
ted  to  the  refpe&ive  Diftances,  that  whatever  Cha¬ 
racters  are  expofed  at  one  Station,  may  be  made 
plain  and  diftinguifhable  at  the  other  that  refpeCl 


f 


lil 


;  n 


1: 


: 

. 


hi 


Firfti  For  the  Stations  ;  if  they  be  far  diftant, 
it  wall  be  neceftary  that  they  fnould  be  high,  and 
lie  expofed  to  the  Sky,  that  there  be  no  higher 
Hill,  or  Part  of  the  Earth  beyond  them,  that  may 
hinder  the  DiftinCtnefs  of  the  Characters  which 
are  to  appear  dark,  the  Sky  beyond  them  appear¬ 
ing  w  hite  :  By  wLich  Means  alfo,  the  thick  and 
vaporous  Air,  near  the  Ground,  will  be  paffed 
over  and  avoided  5  for  it  many  Times  happens, 
that  the  Tops  of  Hills  are  very  clear  and  confpi- 
cuous  to  each  other,  when  as  the  wEole  interja¬ 
cent  Yale,  or  Country,  lies  drowned  in  a  Foo*. 
Next,  becaufe  a  much  greater  Diftance  and  Space 
of  Ground  becomes  vifible,  infomuch  that  I  have 
been  informed  by  fuch,  wdio  have  been  at  the  Top 
of  fome  very  high  Mountains,  as  particularly  at 
the  Top  of  the  Pike  of  Verier  iff*,  that  the  Bland  of 
the  Grand  Canaries ,  which  lies  above  60  Miles  di~ 
ftant,  appears  fo  clear,  as  if  it  were  hard  by  •  and 
X  myfelf  have  often  taken  Notice  of  the  great  Dif¬ 
ference  there  is  between  the  appearing  Diftance  of 
CbjeCts  feen  from  the  Tops  and  Bottoms  of  pret¬ 
ty 


144  How  to  communicate  one's  Mind 

ty  high  Hills,  the  fame  ObjeCts  from  the  Top  ap¬ 
pearing  nearer  and  clearer  by  half,  and  more  thaii 
they  do  when  viewed  from  lower  Stations  of  the 
Hills  j  and  this  not  only  when  the  Space  between 
them  was  Land,  but  where  it  was  nothing  but 
Sea.  I  have  taken  Notice  alfo  of  the  fame  Diffe¬ 
rence  from  the  ProfpeCt  of  Places  from  the  Top  of 
the  Column  at  FiJh-ftreet-Hill ,  where  the  Eye  is* 
in  good  Part,  raifed  above  the  fmoaky  Air  be¬ 
low. 

Next,  the  Height  of  the  Stations  is  advanta¬ 
geous,  upon  the  Account  of  the  Refractions  of 
Inflections  of  the  Air  j  which  Inflections  of  the 
Air  are  many  and  very  great,  fometimes  in  an  Ait 
which  feerns,  to  the  naked  Eye,  the  molt  clear 
and  ferene.  Infomuch  that  That  alone  does  whol¬ 
ly  confound  the  DiftinCtnefs  of  ObjeCts  appear¬ 
ing  at  a  Diftance  j  now  the  greateft  Part  of  thefe 
arife  from  Commotions  of  the  more  denfe  Air  that 
is  near  the  Surface  of  the  Earth,  by  the  Rarefacti¬ 
ons  of  fome  Parts  of  it,  caufed  by  Heat  j  which 
rarified  Parts  afcending,  do  make  the  ObjeCts  feen 
through  it,  to  feem  to  dance  and  undulate,  which 
is  in  great  Part  avoided,  if  the  ProfpeCt  be  from 
an  higher  Place.  Befides,  the  Nature  of  the  Air 
itfelf,  at  great  Heights,  approaches  nearer  to  the 
Nature  of  t\\zFEther^  which  more  powerfully  pro¬ 
pagates  the  Impuifes  of  Light. 

N  e  x  t,  in  chufing  of  thefe  Stations,  Care  muft 
be  taken,  as  near  as  may  be,  that  there  be  no  Hill 
that  interpofes  between  them,  that  is  almoft  high 
enough  to  touch  the  vifible  Ray  ;  becaufe  in  fuch 
Cafes,  the  RefraCtion  of  the  Air  of  that  Hill  will 
be  very  apt  to  difturb  the  clear  Appearance  of  the 
ObjeCt,  as  I  have  often  obferv’d. 


T  H  s 


at  great  “DiJ? antes .  145* 

T  H  e  Stations  being  found  convenient,  the  next 
Thing  to  be  confider’d,  is,  what  Telefcopes  will 
be  neceftary  for  fuch  Stations.  And  though  his 
true  in  all,  that  the  longer  the  Telefcopes  are, 
provided  they  are  good,  the  better  they  will  be 
for  this  Effect  ;  vet  fomewhat  of  Limitation  is  re- 
quifite,  at  leaft,  that  they  be  not  fhorter  than  cer¬ 
tain  Limits  for  feveral  Diftances.  Thefe  may  be 
as  follows :  For  1  Mile,  1  Foot  5  for  2  Miles,  2 
Foot;  for  3  Miles,  3^  Foot;  for  4,  Miles,  4b  Foot’ 
for  5  Miles,  5  Foot  10  Inch,  for  6,  7?  Foot;  for 
for  7  Miles,  8  Foot  9  Inch,  for  8,  10?  Foot ;  for 
for  10  Miles,  13  Foot,  and  fo  forward.  One  of 
thefe  Telefcopes  muff  be  fix’d  at  each  extreme 
Station,  and  two  of  them  in  each  intermediate  ; 
fo  that  a  Man,  for  each  Glafs,  fitting  and  looking 
through  them,  may  plainly  difeover  what  is  done 
in  the  next  adjoining  Station;  and,  with  his  Pen, 
write  down  on  Paper  the  Character  there  expofed, 
in  their  due  Order  ;  fo  that  there  ought  to  be  two 
Perfons  at  each  extreme  Station,  and  three  at  each 
intermediate;  fo  that,  at  the  fame  Time,  Intelli¬ 
gence  may  be  convey'd  forwards  and  backwards. 

N  e  x  x,  there  muft  be  certain  Times  agreed  on, 
when  the  Correfpondents  are  to  expect ;  or  elfe 
there  muft  be  fet  at  the  Top  of  the  Pole,  in  the 
Morning,  the  Flour  appointed  by  either  of  the 
Correfpondents,  for  acting  that  Day  ;  if  the 
:  Hour  be  appointed,  Pendulum  Clocks  may  adjuft 
the  Moment  of  Expectation  and  Obferving.  And, 

|  the  fame  may  ferve  for  all  the  other  intermediate 
Correfpondents. 

Next, there  mult  be  a  convenient  Apparatus  of 
Characters,  whereby  to  communicate  any  Thing 
with  great  Eafe,  Diftinctnefs  and  Secrecy.  There 
muft  be  therefore,  at  leaft,  as  many  difti.net  Cha- 
;  ratters,  as  there  are  neceffary  Letters  in  the  Al¬ 
phabet  that  is  made  ufe  of,  (as  is  exprefted  in  Fig. 

L  1 0 


1 46  How  to  communicate  one's  Mind 

1 )  And  thofe  muft  be  either  Day  Characters, 
or  Night  Characters  :  If  they  are  to  be  made 
ufe  of  in  the  Day-time,  they  may  all  be  made  of 
three  flit  Deals,  moving  in  the  Manner  I  here 
fhew,  and  of  Bignefs  convenient  for  the  feveral 


Diftances  of  the  Stations  for  which  they  are  made, 
that  they  may  be  vifible  through  the  Telefcope  of 
the  next  Station.  Any  one  of  which  Characters 
may  fignify  any  one  Letter  of  the  Alphabet,  and 
"the  whole  Alphabet  may  be  varied  10000  Ways ; 
fo  that  none  but  the  two  extreme  Correfpondents 

ftullil 


at  great  ^Difiances. 


fhall  be  able  to  difcover  the  Information  convey 3d  5 
which  I  lhall  not  now  infill  on,  becaufe  it  doth 
more  properly  belong  to  Cruptography.  If  the 
Characters  are  for  the  Night,  then  they  may  be 
made  with  Links,  or  other  Lights,  difpofed  in  a 
certain  Order,  which  may  be  veiled,  or  difcovered, 
according  to  the  Method  of  the  Character  agreed 
on  ,  by  which,  all  Sorts  of  Letters  may  be  difco* 
vered  clearly,  and  without  Ambiguity. 

There  may  be  various  Contrivances  to  facili¬ 
tate  and  expedite  the  Way  of  difplaying  and  ex- 
pofing  thefe  Characters  to  View,  and  of  withdraw¬ 
ing,  or  hiding  them  from  the  Sight ;  but  this 
I  here  fhew,  I  conceive,  will  be  as  eafy  and  fimple 
as  any :  All  which  may  be  expofed  at  the  Top  of 
a  high  Pole,  and  by  two  fmall  Lines  moved  at  the 
Bottom,  fo  as  to  reprefent  any  Character. 

B  y  thefe  Contrivances,  the  Characters  may  be 
fhifted  almolt  as  fait,  as  the  fame  may  be  written  ^  fo 
that  a  great  Quantity  of  Intelligence  may  be,  in  a 
very  Hi  or  t  Time,  communicated. 

There  will  be  alfo  requifite  feveral  other 
Characters,  which  may,  for  Expedition,  exprefs 
a  whole  Sentence,  to  be  continually  made  ufe  of, 
1  whillt  the  Correfpondents  are  attentive  and  com- 
j  municating.  The  Sentences,  to  be  exprefs’d  by 
one  CharaCter,  may  be  fuch  as  thefe,  in  Fig.  2. 


I  am 


|  O  I  am  ready  to  communicate. 
ready  to  obferve.  I  Jhall  be  ready  prefently . 

^  I  fee  plainly  what  you  fhew .  Shew  the 


laft  again.  Not  too  faft.  Shew  f after.  An- 

\  fwer  me  prefently.  Dixi.  Make  Hafte  to  commit - 
nicate  this  to  the  next  Correfpondent.  I  flay  for 
\  an  Anfwer  ;  and  the  like. 


.L  2. 


A  L  L 


148  How  to  communicate  one's  Mind 

All  which  may  be  exprefs'd  by  feveral  Tingle 
Characters,  to  be  expos'd  on  the. Top  of  the 
Poles,  by  themfelves,  in  the  following  Manner, 
To  as  no  Confufion  may  be  created  thereby. 

I  could  inftance  in  a  hundred  Ways  of  faci¬ 
litating  the  Method  of  performing  this  Defign  with 
the  more  Dexterity  and  QuickneE,  and  with  little 
Charge  j  but  that,  1  think,  will  be  needlefs  at 
prefent,  fince  whenfoever  fuch  a  Way  of  Corref- 
pondence  fball  be  put  into  Practice,  thofe,  and 
many  more  than  1  can  think  of  at  prefent,  will  of 
themfelves  occur ;  fo  that  I  do  not  in  the  leait 
doubt,  but  that  with  a  little  Praftice  thereof,  all 
Things  may  be  made  fo  convenient,  that  the  fame 
Character  may  be  feen  at  Paris ,  within  a  Minute 
after  it  hath  been  expofed  at  London ,  and  the  like  in 
Proportion  for  greater  Diftances  ;  and  that  the  Cha- 
rafters  may  be  expofed  fo  quick  after  one  another, 
that  a  Compofer  fliall  not  much  exceed  the  Ex- 
pofer  in  Swiftnefs.  And  fo  great  Expedition  may 
not  only  be  performed  at  the  Diftance  of  one  Sta¬ 
tion,  but  of  a  hundred  j  for  fuppefing  all  Things 
ready,  at  all  thofe  feveral  Stations,  for  Gbferving 
and  Expofing,  as  fall  as  the  fecond  Obferver  doth 
read  the  Charafters  of  the  firft  Expofer  j  the  fe¬ 
cond  Expofer  will  difplay  them  to  the  Obferver  of 
the  3d  Station,  whofe  Expofer  will  like  wife  dif¬ 
play  them  for  the  4th  Obferver,  as  fail  as  his  Ob¬ 
ferver  doth  name  them  to  him,  or  write  them 
down. 

There  may  be  many  Objections  brought  a- 
gainft  this  Way  of  Communication  j  and  fo  many 
the  more,  becaufe  the  Thing  has  not  yet  been  put 
in  Praftice.  But,  1  think,  there  can  hardly  be 
any  fo  great,  as  may  not  eafily  be  anfwered  and 
obviated* 


T  here 


at  great  cDiJIances.  149 

There  may  be  many  Ufes  made  of  this  Con¬ 
trivance,  wherein  it  will  exceed  any  Thing  of  this 
Kind  yet  pradtifed  3  but  I  fhall  not  now  fpejid 
Time  to  enumerate  them,  only  in  two  Cafes,  it 
may  be  of  ineftimable  Ufe.  The  firft  is  for  Cities 
or  Towns  beiieged  ^  and  the  fecond  for  Ships  upon 
the  Sea  ^  in  both  which  Cafes,  it  may  be  practifed 
with  great  Certainty,  Security,  and  Expedition. 

A  farther  Explication  of  the  Figures , 

Let  ABC  (Fig.  i.J  reprefent  three  very  long 
Mafts  or  Poles  erected.  E  the  Top-piece,  that  joins 
them  all  together.  D,  a  Screen,  behind  which,  all  the 
Deal-board  Characters  hang  upon  certain  Rods  of 
Lines,  and  may  (by  the  Help  of  fmall  Lines  com¬ 
ing  down  from  the  Bottom  of  each  of  them)  be 
expofed  at  F,  or  drawn  back  again  behind  D,  as 
Occalion  fhall  be.  G  is  the  Character  for  a  Sen¬ 
tence  agreed  on,  &e. 

Fhe  Letters  of  the  Alphabet  in  Characters ,  Fig.  2. 

1 — \  /  "i  r j  lt  + 

XI  C  X  H  0"L 
X  V  A  X  VA  O 


1 50  2)r.  Hook'j  Ttifcourfe 

All  the  Alphabet.,  or  requifite  Characters, 
may  be  diftinCtly,  and  without  Ambiguity,  expref- 
fed.  Such  a  Bifpofition  as  this,  which  I  have 
here  defcrib’d,  I  think,  will  be  fufficient. 


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Z)r,  H  o  o  k’j*  Difcourfe  of  Carriages  before 
the  Royal  Society,  on  Feb.  zy.  1684-5. 
with  a  \ Defcription  of  StevinV  Sailing 
Chariot ,  made  for  the  Trince  of  Orange. 

r-pH  E  Occafion  of  this  following  Difcourfe  was 
I  from  the  Module  of  a  Waggon ,  fhew’d  to 
the  Society  ;  upon  which  Dr.  Hook  difcourf- 

ed  largely  on  the  various  Ways  of  Conveyance. 
Among  all  which  he  faith.  But  that  which  excel¬ 
led  any,  that  has  hitherto  been  done  of  that  Kind, 
was  the  Sailing  Chariot,  made  by  Simon  Stevin , 
for  the  Prince  of  Orange ,  which,  in  two  Hour’s 
Time,  ran  upon  the  Sand,  on  the  Sea-Shoar,  by 
the  Strength  of  the  Wind,  forty  two  Miles,  car¬ 
rying  in  it  no  lefs  than  28  Men,  with  Safety  and 
Security  :  Of  which  I  have  feen  the  Defcription,, 
and  have  had  the  full  Account.  But  this  being; 
only  accommodated  for  fuch  fmooth  Ways,  as  the: 
Sand  on  the  Sea-Shoar,  could  not  be  made  for' 
common  Ufe,  and  has  therefore  been  laid  afide  andl 
difus’d,  Rowever3  fmce  there  is  a  Poffibility  of! 

fuch  1 


of  Carriages,  See.  s$i 

fuch  a  Performance,  it  may,  perhaps,  be  worthy 
Confideration  and  further  Enquiry,  whether  it 
may  not  be  poffible  to  contrive,  and  make  fome 
other  Kind  of  Chariot,  or  Carriage,  which  may 
perform  as  much  in  any  other  paffable  Ways  3 
which,  I  conceive,  would  be  of  vaft  Benefit  to 
Mankind. 

The  Principal  Matter,  wherein  it  differ'd  from 
all  other  Sorts  of  Land-Carriage,  was  this,  That 
inflead  of  making  Ufe  of  the  Strength  of  Men,  or 
of  any  Sort  of  Animal ,  he  made  Ufe  only  of  the 
Strength  of  the  Wind ,  and  that  after  the  fame 
Manner  as  it  was  then  made  Ufe  of,  for  the 
moving  of  Velfels  upon  the  Water  3  namely,  by 
having  Mafts,  Sails,  and  other  convenient  Rig¬ 
gings  as  Shrouds,  Stays,  Sheets,  Booms,  and  all 
other  Rigging,  as  was  neceffary  for  the  Manage- 
ment  of  thofe  Sails.  Then,  for  guiding  this  Engine, 
he  fo  order’d  his  Contrivance,  that  he  could,  by 
turning  the  Axle-tree  of  the  Wheels,  make  it  go 
this  Way,  or  that  Way,  at  Pleafure,  with  as 
much  Eafe  and  Certainty,  nay,  very  much  more 
than  Tis  poflible  to  fleer  a  Ship,  or  any  other 
Veflel  upon  the  Water.  To  keep  it  fafe  and  fe« 
cure  from  overturning,  though  on  fo  fmooth  a 
Plain  as  that  palled  over,  there  was  little  Dan¬ 
ger  from  the  rifmg  of  the  Wheels  on  one  Side ; 
yet,  in  the  firft  Attempts^  it  being  better  to  over¬ 
do,  in  making  Provifions  againft  any  Thing  of 
Danger,  he  placed  the  Wheels  at  a  great  Diftance, 
or  Breadth,  one  from  another  3  and,  as  I  judge  by 
the  Draught,  very  near  half  the  Length  of  the 
whole  Carriage  3  by  which  Means  there  could  be 
no  Manner  of  Danger  in  over-fetting  3  and  ftill  the 
lefs,  the  more  the  Carriage  was  loaden,  if  the 
Danger  of  over-fetting  were  to  be  feared  from  the 
Strength  of  a  fide  Wind  upon  the  Sails  3  for  the 
Wheels  being  placed  at  a  pretty  Diftance  without 

L  4  „  the 


i  j%  c]Jf\  H  o  o  iCs  \ Difcourfe 

the  Body  of  the  Carriage,  all  the  Weight  of  the 
Carriage,  together  with  the  Weight  of  two  of  the 
Wheels,  and  ail  the  Weight  of  the  Men  muff  be 
lifted  up,  and  reft  upon  the  two  Wheels  on  the 
Leeward  Side,  which  neither  Sails  nor  Malls 
would  be  able  to  do. 

The  Way  of  fleering  or  guiding  this  Carriage, 
was  much  the  fame  with  that  which  is,  and  has  al¬ 
ways  been  pradbfed  in  Carriages  upon  4  Wheels  ; 
namely,  an  Helm,  or  Pole,  fo  faftened  to  the  Axis. 
that  by  the  Means  thereof,  as  by  a  Leaver,  the 
Axis  could  be  fwafhed  either  this  Way,  or  that 
Way,  upon  a  Center-Pin,  as  is  now  in  Ufe  in 
Coaches  and  Waggons,  for  the  turning  or  fwafh- 
ing  of  the  Fore-Axis ;  only,  whereas  the  Pole,  in 
thefe,  is  turned  and  extended  Outwards,  before 
the  Carriage,  in  this,  it  was  turned  Inwards.  The 
Wheels  are  about  a  middle  Size,  between  the  ufu- 
al  Size  of  the  fore  and  hind  Wheels  of  a  Coach, 
and  were  made  very  ftrong  and  fubftantial ;  and 
what  was  peculiar  in  them,  was,  that  the  Rims  of 
them  were  1 8  Inches,  or  2  Foot  broad,  and  the 
Spokes  were  made  to  ftrengthen  the  whole  Breadth ; 
the  Reafon  of  which  I  fuppofe  was,  that  they 
might  thereby  be  the  better  able  to  reft  upon  the 
fandy  Shear,  without  finking,  or  making  Rotes 
in  it,  which  would  have  made  it  move  very  much 
heavier,  the  Wheels  being  thereby  always  in  a 
rifing  Motion  $  for  the  Weight  of  the  whole  Car¬ 
riage,  and  the  Weight  within  it  (which  muft  be 
very  confiderable,  there  being  28  Perfons  in  it) 
retting  only  upon  the  four  Points  of  the  Wheels , 
if  they  had  been  made  with  narrow  R  ims,  muft 
neceftarily  have  funk  pretty  deep  into  the  Sand , 
but  being  broad,  and  the  Sand  very  fmooth,  as  it 
is  generally  left  by  the  Sea,  a  fmall  finking  of  the 
touching  Line  of  the  Breadth  of  the  Wheel,  doth 
prefently  make  a  very  broad  Footing,  to  reft'  up¬ 
on  the  Sand.  ^  T  h  e  ;r  e 


of  Carriages ,  &c.  tsy 

There  were  two  of  thefe  Chariots  made,  the 
one  a  larger,  of  about  30  Foot  long,  and  the  other 
a  fmaller,  about  10  or  12  Foot  long:  The  larger 
had  two  Mails  and  two  Sails,  proportionable  to 
the  Sails  of  a  Boat,  much  about  the  fame  Bignefs* 
The  leffer  had  only  one  Mall  and  one  Sail,  pro¬ 
portioned  likewife  to  its  Bignefs.  Each  of  the 
Sails  had  two  Yards,  the  one  at  the  Top,  and  the 
other  at  the  Bottom,  with  proper  Rigging  to 
work  them.  The  Bottom  Yard,  I  conceive,  was 
put  upon  a  double  Account,  Firfl,  to  keep  the  Sail 
more  flat  and  plain,  that  it  might,  when  the  Car¬ 
riage  was  to  fail  near  a  Wind,  be  kept  more  fharp 
and  trim ;  the  great  Advantages  of  which  I  en¬ 
deavour  to  prove  upon  another  Occafion.  And 
Secondly,  That  the  Sails  might  be  the  eafier  ma¬ 
naged,  and  tacked,  as  Occafions  Ihould  require. 
And  though  I  cannot  find,  whether  this  Engine 
was  ever  tried,  or  made  Ufe  of,  for  Sailing  by  a 
Wind  ;  yet,  1  doubt  not,  but  that  it  would  have 
far  exceeded  any  Veffel  whatfoever,  that  fails  up¬ 
on  the  Sea,  in  going  near  a  Wind;  becaufe,  that 
in  this,  there  could  be  no  falling  to  Leeward , 
(which  the  beilVeffeis  on  the  Sea  do  more  or  lefs) 
i  the  Wheels,  in  this,  keeping  it  diredly  in  the  Line, 
or  Plain  of  the  Wheels. 

The  greater  Carriage  was  guided,  or  fleered, 
by  moving  the  hinder  Wheels  by  a  Pole,  like  the 
Plelm  in  a  Ship,  and  the  End  of  it  had  Tackles  to 
:  bend  it  towards  this  or  that  Side  •  and  the  Rule  of 
i  Steering  was  the  fame  as  in  a  Ship.  The  leffer 
Carriage  was  fleered  by  moving  or  turning  the 
!  Axis  of  the  fore  Wheels ;  the  Pole  or  Helm  being 
turned  backward  into  the  Carriage,  and  the  Rule 
of  Moving  it  was  alfo  the  fame  as  the  former. 

The  lafl  Thing  to  be  confidered  in  thefe  Car¬ 
riages,  is  the  great  Swiftnefsof  their  Courfe,  which 
was  fo  confiderable,  that  no  Horfes,  in  their  full 

Speed, 


154  Hook V  "Difcourfe 

Speed,  could  long  keep  Pace  with  them  ^  and  Vef- 
fels  on  the  Sea,  failing  the  fame  Way,  feem  to  be 
carried  backwards  very  fwiftly.  This,  had  it  not 
been  attefted  by  Teftimonies  of  undoubted  Credit, 
would  have  feern’d  very  difficult  to  be  affented  to. 
But,  on  the  other  Side,  if  we  confi der  the  advan¬ 
tageous  Circumftances  for  its  Promotion,  and 
fpeeding  forward,  and  the  fmall  Impediments  for 
the  hindering  thefe  Carriages  had,  beyond  any 
other,  we  fhall  find  much  lefs  Reafon  to  doubt 
the  Hiftory  of  it :  For,  if  we  compare  it  with  Vef- 
fels  failing  upon  the  Sea,  we  fhall  find  that  this 
Carriage  has  firft  a  plain,  hard  and  even  Surface 
of  the  Shoar  to  pafs  over,  without  any  Rub  or 
Impediment ;  fo  that  it  is  moved  in  a  Plain 
without  rifing  or  falling,  without  any  unequal 
Impediment,  fave  only  fome  fmall  Matter  in  the 
rubbing  of  the  Ends  of  the  Axes  in  the  Naves  of 
the  Wheels,  which,  being  well  oiled,  will  be  very 
little ,  whereas  a  Ship  at  Sea,  when  there  blows 
a  ftiff  Gale  (which  is  abfolutely  neceffary,  when 
much  Speed  is  defired)  is  firft  ciogg’d  in  its  Moti¬ 
on  by  the  Lentor  and  Difficulty  of  yeilding  in  the 
Medium  of  Watery  by  the  unequal  Stoppings  of 
the  rifing  Waves,  which  create  an  undulating 
and  unfteady  Motion  Upwards  and  Downwards, 
as  well  as  Side-ways  j  befides  the  Slope  falling  and 
Hiding  away  to  Leeward,  which  muft  be  allow’d 
for  in  all  Side-Winds,  by  Peering  fome  Point 
nearer  the  Wind,  than  the  diredt  Way  $  and  con- 
fequently  the  Length,  pafted  by  the  Vefifel,  will  be 
$s  much  longer  than  the  direcft  Diftance,  as  the 
Secant  of  fuch  an  Angle  is  than  the  Radius.  On 
the  other  Side,  if  we  compare  its  Motion  with 
that  of  a  Carriage  drawm  by  Horfes,  or  other  liv¬ 
ing  Creatures,  it  plainly  appears  that  thefe  were 
moved  by  an  unwearied  Strength,  whereas  the 
Horfes  were  not  long  able  to  hold  that  Pace.  So 


of  Carriages,  &c. 

that  upon  the  whole,  it  feems  to  be  the  fwifteft 
Carriage  yet  known,  for  fo  great  a  Burthen,  and 
fo  long  a  Way. 

But  the  great  Objection  againft  this  Invention 
is,  that  it  is  hardly  practicable  in  any  other  Place, 
and  even  there  but  at  certain  Times,  which  pofiibly 
have  been  the  Reafons,  why  it  has  been  fo  long 
difufed,  and  alrnoft  forgotten.  To  which  1  an- 
fwer.  That  fcarce  any  other  Invention  for  Carri¬ 
age  is  practicable  in  all  Places :  Land  Carriage 
cannot  be  practifed  at  Sea,  nor  Sea  Carriage  by 
Land  ;  Carts  and  Coaches  cannot  be  ufed  in  fome 
Places,  by  reafon  of  the  Inconvenience  of  the 
Ways,  as  in  Cornwall.  But  this  Invention, 
I  conceive,  is  not  to  be  thought  confined  on¬ 
ly  to  the  fmooth  Sands  on  the  Sea  Shoar  $ 
for  1  doubt  not,  but  that  if  Trial  were  made  (a s 
I  hope  it  will  fhortly  be)  it  might  be  much  more 
practicable  upon  the  plain  Downs  of  England ,  than 
where  it  was  ufed,  by  Reafon  they  are  much  more 
expofed  to  the  Wind,  and  alfo  much  more  hard, 
fo  that  the  Wheels  need  not  be  of  fo  great  a 
Breadth.  I  conceive  farther,  that  the  Carriage 
may  be  improved  much  in  its  Lightnefs,  and  alfo 
in  the  Eafmefs  of  moving.  If  fuch  a  Chariot  were 
made  for  Salisbury  Plains ,  Banftead  Downs ,  W in¬ 
ch  eft  er  DownSj  Newmarket  Row ,  or  fome  fuch 
fmooth  Plains,  and  the  Wheels,  (which  need  be 
but  three)  were  moved  upon  fmall  Steel  Pevots  or 
Gudgeons ,  in  Bell- Metal  Sockets ,  well  oiled,  in- 
ftead  of  being  moved  upon  the  large  End  of  an 
Axle-tree.  Next,  if  inftead  of  4  Wheels,  3  only 
were  made  ufe  of,  placed  in  the  Form  of  a  Tri¬ 
angle,  the  Leering  Wheel  being  that  which  went 
foremoft,  and  the  Place  of  the  Maft  in  the  Center 
of  the  Triangle,  the  Weight  carried,  to  be  all 
placed  behind  the  Maft ,  to  which  I  would  alfo 
have  added  a  Contrivance  to  retard  and  Hop  its 

Motion, 


1 50  cDr.  H  o  o  1 Cs  'Difcout'fe 

Motion,  whenever  there  fhall  be  Occafion,  which 
is  eafily  to  be  done  ;  fomewhat  after  the  fame 
Manner  as  Windmills  are  flay’d,  when  there  is 
Need.  By  fuch  a  Contrivance,  I  doubt  not,,  but 
a  Chariot  may  be  made  to  out-run  even  the  fwift- 
eft  Race-Horfe,  efpecially  where  the  Courfe  is 
long  and  plain  ;  and  with  a  Side  Wind  may  be 
carried  back  again  to  the  Place  from  whence  it  fet 
out  3  and  both  forward  and  backward  may  be  car¬ 
ried  with  as  great  a  Swiftnefs,  even  as  the  Wind 
moves,  which  will  not  be  unpleafant  to  fuch  as 
have  fuitable  Conveniences  near  their  Habitations  ; 
with  which  may  be  tried  as  many  Experiments  of 
failing  near  a  Wind^  as  can  be  tried  upon  the  Sea; 
the  Contrivance  of  the  Wheels  making  the  Mo¬ 
tion  as  eafy,  as  the  Water  of  the  Sea  or  Rivers  in 
others ;  and  to  a  very  fwift  Motion,  having  much 
lefs  of  Impediment,  efpecially  if  the  Wheels  be  or¬ 
der’d  to  the  bed:  Advantage,  all  Manner  of  rub¬ 
bing  or  Hiding  being  thereby  taken  off,  and  even 
the  Inequality  of  the  Ways  themfelves  may  be  in 
a  great  Meafure  removed.  1  have  been  the  more 
particular  in  defcribing  this  Carriage,  becaufe  it 
was  the  fwifteft  that  has  poilibly  yet  been  made, 
and  therefore,  011  this  Occafion,  deferved  more 
than  a  tranfient  Mention,  tho’  I  do  not  look  up¬ 
on  it  as  an  Invention  of  the  highefb  Perfection,  for 
this  Effedl ;  but  may  be  as  much  exceeded,  as  that 
exceeded  a  Man  that  leifurely  walks.  Who  it  was 
that  firft  invented  the  Wheel,  is  not  recorded  in 
Hiftory,  it  having  been  long  before  any  Hiflory 
extant  (except  that  of  the  Bible)  and  the  firft 
Mention  we  find  of  it  there,  is  Pharaoh's  Chariot , 
in  which  Jofeph  was  exalted  to  ride  :  Of  whofe 
Form  we  know  nothing  but  the  Name,  tho’  it  had, 
in  Probability,  been  known  long  before  that  Time  ; 
which,  notwithilanding,  long  preceded  any  Hea¬ 
then  Writings  now  extant. 

1 


Hyginus 


of  Carriages,  &c .  157 

Hyginas  relates,  in  his  2d  Book,  where  he 
treats  Be  Ophiucho ,  that  Ceres  invented  an  One- 
W heel'd  Chariot,  which  Trtpiolenms  (whofe  Nurfe 
flie  was)-  firii  made  ufe  of,  for  to  make  Speed,  to 
inform  the  World  of  her  Bounty.  Ceres  ami  fun 
bene  feta  largiretur  hominibits ,  Trip  ole  mum  cujus 
ip  [a  flier  at  nut  rix  (qui  primus  hominnm  una  rota 
dicitur  ufus  ne  curfuni  moraretiif)  jajjit  omnium 
nationum  agros  circumenntem  femine  partiri.  In 
Gloffs  Ifiodori ,  Vehiculurn  unias  rotce ,  is  called 

Pabo.  But  how  this  One-Wheel’d  Chariot  was 
contrived,  or  ufed,  is  not  to  be  found  in  Hiftory  ^ 
Mention  there  is,  of  other  Chariots,  with  more 
Wheels,  in  the  ancient  Authors  ,  fb  that  his  clear, 
it  was  known  and  pradlifed  long  before  any  Hifto- 
ries  of  Heathen  Writers  were  publiftfd.  An  In¬ 
vention  of  fo  great  Ufe,  that  it  feems  impoffible 
ever  to  be  loft  by  Mankind,  after  it  be  once  known  2 
Which  Confideration  makes  me  very  much  won¬ 
der  whence  thofe  Men  came,  that  inhabited  AmeU 
rica0  before  the  Spaniards  over-running  and  con¬ 
quering  of  it ;  fmee  it  feems  probable,  that  if  they, 
or  their  Anceftors,  had  fprung  from  any  People- 
here,  on  this  Side  of  the  World,  viz.  from  Europe , 
Afia  or  Africa ,  they  muft  needs  have  carried  along 
with  them  the  ufeful  invention  of  the  Wheel  3  but 
it  has  been  obferved,  that  they  knew  nothing  at 
all  concerning  it,  nor  any  the  lead:  Ufe  of  it, 
throughout  all  America ,  before  the  Europeans 
came  among  them.  So  that  we  muft  conclude, 
either  that  they  were  made  Inhabitants  before  the 
Invention  of  the  Wheels  was  found,  or  that  they 
never  had  any  Origination  from  any  Generation  of. 
Men  in  thofe  Parts  of  the  World,  at  leaft  not  fr  om 
the  Tartars ,  who,  of  ail  People,  do  moft:  frequent¬ 
ly  ufe  them  ,  but  this  by  the  by.  The  firft,  a.nd 
moft  fimple  of  Carriages  by  Land,  w?as  this  Inven¬ 
tion  with  one  Wheel,  and  may  poflibly  be  moft 

accornmo- 


158  23 r.  HookV  ^Difcourfe 

accommodate,  for  attaining  the  End  we  are  now 
inquiring  after,  which  is  Swiftnefs,  it  having  the 
leaft  Impediment  to  its  Motion,  and  the  leaft  In¬ 
cumbrance  of  any  other  j  and  may  therefore,  in 
the  next  Place,  deferve  to  be  confidered,  and  pof- 
libly  be  brought  into  common  Ufe,  at  leaft  to  be 
experimented,  as  was  that  of  the  Sailing  Chariot. 

But  before  I  come  to  the  more  particular  De- 
fcription  thereof,  I  think  it  will  not  be  imperti¬ 
nent  to  examine  the  Contrivance  of  the  Wheel,  as  it 
is  applied  to  Carriages,  for  the  facilitating  of  their 
Motion.  One  of  the  greateft  Obftrucftions  to  Swift¬ 
nefs  of  Motion  being  the  Inequality  of  the  Ways, 
and  the  rubbing  or  grating  of  thofe  Ways  againft 
thofe  Bodies  orWeights,  that  are  drawn  or  flid  up¬ 
on  them. 

The  Wheel  being  then  a  round  Body,  and 
moving  forwards,  only  by  its  Rollings,  doth  not 
at  all  rub,  grate,  or  hide  upon  the  Way ;  and  fo 
hath  no  Impediment  at  all  to  its  Motion  forward, 
where  the  Way  is  even,  plain  and  horizontal,  or 
level,  there  being  no  Impediment,  or  very  little, 
f  rom  the  Medium  of  the  Air  it  paftes  through,  and 
fo  hath  no  Impediment  to  be  moved  with  the 
Bvifteft  Motion,  like  that  of  the  Refiftence  of 
Water  to  Velfels  moving  through  it  -:  So  that  the 
only  Impediment  feems  to  be  that  of  its  own  Bulk, 
(of  which  I  ihall  fpeak  hereafter)  becaufe  the  out¬ 
ward  Rim  of  the  Wheel,  in  its  rolling  Motion, 
doth  uniformly  apply  its  Parts  to  the  Parts  of  the 
F  lain,  by  defcending  down,  and  riling  up  from 
them  perpendicularly  3  and  the  touching  Part  is 
.  al  ways  quiefcent  upon  the  Plain,  and  moves  not 
ei  ther  forward  or  backward  ;  and  confequently  all 
Impediment  from  nibbing  upon  the  Ground  or 
Way  is  wholly  taken  off,  as  'twill  be  evident  to 
a:  ny  one  who  Ihall  examine  the  Motion  of  any 
o  ne  Point  of  the  Verge  of  the  Wheel  3  for  he  will 


1 


of  Carriages ,  &c,  159 

ifind  that  every  Point  of  this  Verge  doth,  by  the 
1  compounding  the  circular  and  progreffive  Motions 
together,  move  itfelf  in  a  true  Cycloidal  Line,  and 
ithat,  in  the  Point  of  touching  it,  refteth  or  hand- 
leth  hill  in  the  Boundary  between  two  fuch  Lines. 
:;So  that  where  the  Plain  and  the  Wheel  is  perfeddy 
i  hard  and  fmooth,  the  Wheel  receives  no  Impedi¬ 
ment  to  its  compounded  Motion  ;  but  it  may  be 
thought  that  the  circular  Motion  of  the  Wheel  is 
an  Impediment  to  the  progreffive  Motion,  becaufe 
by  Means  of  this  Compofttion,  the  Parts  of  the 
1  Wheel  do,  in  feverai  Pofitions  therein,  receive  fe« 
veral  Degrees  of  progreffive  Motion,  and  fo  feem 
to  go,  as  it  were,  by  Starts,  for  that  the  Points, 

|  whereby  they  touch,  have  no  progreffive  Motion 
at  all ;  and  when  they  are  at  the  T op,  or  at  the 
n  greateft  Diftance  from  the  Plain,  they  have  a  dou- 
:  ble  Velocity  forwards,  compared  to  that  of  the 
u  Center,  and,  in  every  intermediate  Pofition,  a  dif- 
ti  fering  Degree  of  Velocity  forward.  But  this  is  no 
•  Impediment  at  all  to  the  progreffive  Motion  of  the 
fj  Whole,  each  Motion  being  feverally  uniform,  e- 
qual,  and  continued.  For  a  Pendulum ,  whofe 
Weight  at  the  End  is  a  Globe  of  Lead,  or  any  o~ 
ther  ponderous  Body,  fufpended  by  a  String,  re- 
..  ceives  the  fame  impetus  from  the  Power  of  Gravity, 
(which  is  the  fame  in  both  Cafes)  whether  this 
.5  Globe,  fo  fufpended,  be  fuffer’d  to  vibrate,  whilft 
it  be  fwiftly  whirled  round  upon  its  Center,  or 
whether  it  be  not  fo  whirled  at  all,  the  compound¬ 
ing  of  Motions  not  at  all  intermeddling  with  one 
another  3  but  every  one  keeping  its  diftindt  impe¬ 
tus  ^  as  may  be  eafily  found  by  Experiment,  if 
Trial  be  made  in  the  Way  I  propofe.  Whence  I 
conceive  alfo,  that  the  periodical  Motion  of  the 
Earth,  or  any  other  Planet  about  the  Sun,  would 
be  the  fame,  whether  the  Body  of  any  of  them 
I  were  gyrated  round  their  own  Centers,  or  not, 

and 


1 


t  ! 


x6o  Dr.  Ho o  kAt  Difcov.rfe 

itnd  whether  the  Axis  of  that  Gyration  were  at 
right  Angles  with  the  Plain,  in  which  they  are 
mov’d  or  not,  the  Motion  or  Influence  of  the  one 
not  at  all  interfering,  or  difturbing  that  of  the  o- 
ther.  But  this  only  by  the  by.  However,  1  think 
it  may  be  pertinent  to  be  conflder  d  in  the  ivxaini- 
nation  of  an  Hypothefis  of  Gravity,  propounded 
by  the  learned  Dr.  Vojjius ,  in  his  lately  publifh  d 
Miscellaneous  Treatife,  wherein  he  lays  great  Strefs 
upon  the  Polition  of  the  Axis,  in  lefpvct  of  the 
Plain  of  its  circular,  or  dired  Motion. 

Next  we  are  to  conflder,  w'hat  Impediment 
to  its  Motion,  a  Wheel,  thus  roll’d  upon  a  Floor, 
receives  from  that  Floor.  There  may  be  two  im¬ 
pediments  then,  that  a  W  heel,  fo  toli  d,  may  re¬ 
ceive  from  a  Floor  according  to  the  Natuie  thereof. 
The  fir  ft  and  chiefeft,  is  the  yielding,  or  opening 
of  that  Floor,  by  the  Weight  of  the  Wheel  fo 
rolliim  and  preffing  ;  and  the  fecond,  is  the  Hack¬ 
ing  arid  adhering  of  the  Parts  of  it  to  the  Wheel ; 
to  which  two  may  be  leteii  d  all  otheis,  all  of 
which  proceed  from  the  yielding  or  giving  Way 
of  the  Parts  of  the  Floor,  and  the  not  returning 
arain  to  their  bended  Pofture  5  for,  ifthe  Floor  be 
perfectly  hard(asalfo  the  Parts  of  the  Wheel)  tho’ 
it  be  very  unequal,  yet  is  there  little  or  no  Lofs,or 
confidence  Impediment  to  be  accounted  for  ;  for 
whatever  Force  is  loft,  in  railing  or  making  a 
Wheel  pafs  over  a  B-ub,  is  gain’d  again  by  the 
Wheel’s  defcending  from  that  Rub,  in  the  fame 
Nature  as  a  Ship  on  the  Sea  is  promoted  by  the 
defcending  down  of  a  Wave,  as  much  as  impeded 
by  its  afcending,  or  a  Pendulum  is  promoted  by 
its  Defcent,  as  much  as  impeded  by  its  Afcent. 

N  o  r  is  the  yielding  of  the  Floor  any  Impedi¬ 
ment,  if  it  returns  and  rifes  againft  the  Wheel,, 
for  the  fame  Reafon  ;  but  the  yielding,  or  finking: 
of  the  Floor,  and  its  not  returning  again,  is  the: 


of  Carriages ,  &c. 


great  Impediment  from  the  Floor  j  for  fo  much 
of  Motion  is  loft  thereby,  as  there  is  Force  re- 
quifite  to  fink  fuch  a  Rut  into  the  faid  Floor  by 
any  other  Means  ;  whether  by  Weight,  Preffure 
or  thrufting  direcftly  down,  or  any  Ways  ob¬ 
liquely. 

And  it  may  alfo  be  calculated,  by  drawing  on 
the  Wheel,  whofe  Weight,  at  the  mean  Time,  links 
the  Floor  it  rolls  over.  Either  W ay  it  will  be  eafy 
to  bring  it  under  Calculation,  which  is  the  Defigrt 
of  this  Difcourfe. 


The  Second  Impediment  it  receives  from  a 
Floor,  or  Way,  is  the  flicking  and  adhering  of  the 
Parts  of  the  W ay  to  it ;  for  by  that  Means,  there 
is  a  new  Force  requifite  to  pull  it  off,  or  raife  the 
hinder  Part  of  the  Wheel  from  the  Floor,  or  Way, 
to  which  it  flicks,  which  is  moil  confiderable  in 
itioift  clayie  Ways,  and  in  a  broad  rimm'd  Wheel. 
For  in  fuch  Ways,  the  Wheel  doth  not  only  lofe 
a  Part  of  its  Motion,  by  the  yielding  andprelling  of 
the  Clay  againft  the  fore  Parts  of  the  Wheel,  but 
by  the  cleaving  to,  and  holding  of  it  to  the  hin¬ 
der  Parts,  which  makes  all  Carriages  move  very 
fluggifhly  and  heavily  in  fuch  Ways. 

Thus  much  I  thought  neceffary  to  confider,  as 
to  the  Goodnefs  or  Eadnefs  of  the  Floor,  or  Ways 
over  which  Carriages  are  to  pafs,  whereof,  in  the 
i  general,  this  may  be  affirm'd,  that  the  harder  the 
(Ways  are,  the  lefs  Impediment  they  give  to  the 
;  Motion  of  Carriages  over  them  ;  and  the  more  e- 
ven  they  are,  the  more  equal  is  the  Motion. 

H  itherto  1  have confider’d the  Wheel  only 
as  free,  and,  of  itfelf,  burthen'd  only  by  its  own 
Weight.  1  fhall  next  confider  it  as  burthen’d  by  ano¬ 
ther  Weight.  There  are  two  Ways  then  of  burthen- 
ing  a  Wheel.  The  fir  ft  is,  by  laying  the  Weight 
atthe  Top  of  it  ;  the  fecond  is,  by  laying  it  upon 
;  the  Center,  or  Axis  of  it. 

;  M  T  u  s 


^6^  2)r.  Hook's  zT>tfcourfe 

The  firft  Way  was  poffibly  the  firft  invented, 
being  of  great  Ufe  for  tranfporting  of  very  great 
Weights  fome  fhort  W ay,  and  is  generally  praddfed 
for  removing  of  Obelisks,  Columns,  great  Stones, 
or  Great  Beams  of  Timber  3  and,  for  that  Ufe, 
the  Rollers,  or  Wheels,  are  generally  folrd  Pieces 
of  hard  T imber,  cut  or  turn'd  round  ;  and  are 
very  long  or  broad,  call’d  Rollers  ;  this,  of  all 
Ways,  is  the  eafieft  for  removing  fuch  Weights  j 
but  then  they  muff  be  continually  chang'd  by 
being  remov’d  from  behind  the  Weight,  and  plac’d 
before  3  for  as  they  roll  forwards  upon  the  Floor, 
fo  they  roll  backwards  under  the  Weight,  or  ra¬ 
ther  promote  the  fame  with  a  double  Velocity  to 
that  of  their  own  upon  the  Floor.  By  the  Way, 
it  feems  very  ftrange,  that  the  Weft -Indians ,  th</ 
in  their  Buildings  they  made  ufe  of  fuch  vaft 
Stones,  and  dragged  them  on  the  Ground  for  fo 
great  a  Diftance,  yet  that  they  fhould  not  under- 
Hand  the  Ufe  of  thefe  Wheels,  or  Rollers,  which, 
ITiftories  fay,  they  did  not,  they  performing  thofe 
Tranfportations  only,  by  the  main  Strength  of  Men 
pulling  at  the  Ends  of  a  great  Number  of  Ropes.  By 
this  W ay,  a  vaft  Weight  may  be  moved  by  a  ve¬ 
ry  fmall  Strength,  if  all  Things  be  hard  and  fmooth, 
approaching  much  to  the  moving  of  a  Bulk  upon 
the  Water  3  but  this  being  more  proper  to  be  in- 
larged  upon  under  the  Head  of  Strength,  and  not 
fo  adapted  for  Speed,  1  fhall  leave  at  prefent,  till  I 
fpeak  of  that  Part. 

T  h  e  fecond  Way  then  of  burthening  Wheels, 
is,  by  refting  fuch  Weight  upon  the  Axis,  or  Cen¬ 
ter  of  them  ;  This  may  be,  and  has  been  prac- 
tifed  alfo  two  Ways  3  that  is,  either  firft,  by 
making  the  Wheel  move  round  upon  the  Axis 
fixed  to  the  Carriage  ,  or,  fecondly,  by  fixing  the 
Axis  to  the  Wheel,  and  making  the  Axis  to  turn 
round  in  a  Socket  of  the  Carriage  ;  the  firft  of 

thefe:  l 


of  Carriages ,  8cc.  163 

thefe  Ways  is  new,  and  has  always  been  the  Way 
of  tiling  Wheels  for  Chariots,  Carts,  Waggons,  and 
fuch  other  Kinds  of  Carriages ,  the  fecond,  is  ufed 
in  Wheel-Barrows,  and  fuch  other  Carriages  and 
Ufes,  v  here  the  Wheel  runs  within  the  Frame. 
Of  thefe  two  W ays,  the  laft  (where  it  can  be  ap¬ 
plied)  is  much  the  beft ,  for  that  the  Axis  can  be 
much  better  fixed  in  the  Wheel,  fo  as  to  make  it 
run  true  in  a  Plain  ,  and  next,  for  that  the  Axis 
may  be  kept  more  firm  and  Ready  to  that  Motion, 
by  having  the  two  Ends  of  the  Axis,  by  Means  of 
its  Gudgeons,  kept  in  the  Sockets  fitted  for  it ,  and 
thirdly,  becaufe  the  Gudgeons,  halving  the 
Weight,  may  be  made  very  much  fmaller,  and  fo 
will  not  caufe  a  tenth  Part  of  the  Fridlion  which 
is  necefiary  in  the  other  Way.  This  fecond  Way, 
therefore,  is  much  better  accommodated  for  Speed 
than  the  former,  and  may  alfo  be  well  enough 
:  contriv'd,  to  be  made  applicable  to  feveral  Sorts  of 
Carriages  fit  for  that  Purpofe,  of  which  i  fhall 
hereafter  fpeak. 

The  next  Thing  to  be  confider'd,  is  the  Make 
of  the  Wheel  itfelf ,  which  has  been  feveral  Ways 
Contriv'd,  and  made  ufe  of  in  differing  Ages  of  the 
World,  and  for  differing  Occafions.  The  firfl  and 
iiioft  fimple,  was  that  which  was  made  of  a  round 
Piece  of  Timber  for  Rollers,  as  1  noted  before,  in 
which  there  feefcn'd  to  be  little  of  Art,  but  only 
fawing  it  off  with  a  Saw  ,  thefe  were  of  the 
ftnalleft  Sort,  and  are  (till  ufed  for  Truckles  and 
fmaller  Carriages.  , 

The  Second,  was  that  of  a  fomewhat  bigger 
Sort,  and  that  was  “either  cut  out  of  a  whole 
Plank,  where  it  cou’d  be  procur'd  broad  enough, 
or  elfe  was  made  of  two  or  more  Hanks  join'd  to¬ 
gether,  and  fatten'd  by  two  or  more,  crofs  Ledges, 
and  that  was  call'd  Tympanum ,  and  the  fame  is 
Hill  ufed  for  the  Carriages  of  Guns  at  Sea.  The 

M  2  third 


to 4  '  cl3r.  Hoo  iCs  cDiJcottrje 

third  Way,  was  of  bending  a  Piece  of  pliable’  ThrR 
ber,  as  we  now  do  for  Hoops,  and  thereby  making* 
the  Rim  of  the  Wheel  all  of  one  Piece,  and  fix¬ 
ing  the  Spokes  to  it,  which  were  alfo  fix’d  into1 
a  Nave  in  the  Middle,  which  Nave  was  alfo  turn’d 
and  bor’d,  as  the  Naves,  we  now  ufe,  are. 

T  h  e  lalf,  and  moft  practicable  of  all,  was  that 
we  now  ufe,  whereof  the  Rim  was  made  with  fe- 
veral  Fellows  join’d  and  yok’d  together  with  Pins, 
and  fometimes  with  joints,  and  ffrengthen’d  alfo 
by  the  Sides  with  Irons,  and,  after  all,  bound 
round  with  Iron  Streaks  and  Nails,  t  his  Way 
is  ufed  for  all  Sort  of  Carriages,  whether  heavier 
or  lighter^  and  Wheels,  thus  made,  are  differenced 
only  by  being  made  either  bigger  or  lefs  in  Com- 
pafs,  or  {Longer  and  weaker  in  Subftanceor  Bulk  ^ 
whence  they  become  alfo  thicker  or  thinner,  in 
Breadth  or  'Ihicknefs,  and  alfo  heavier  or  lighter, 
according  to  the  various  Defigns  and  Ufes  they 
are  apply ’d  unto  ^  the  Circumftances  and  Acci¬ 
dents  ,  that  concomitate  their  defign’d  Ufe,  belt 
directing;  the  Artift  in  the  Contrivance  of  their 
Form  and  Make. 

1  s  h  a  l  l  not  now  infill  upon  explaining, 
which  Sort  is  molt  proper  for  every  of  thefe  De¬ 
figns,  becaufe  I  fhall  do  that  under  each  proper 
Heads  but  fhall  only  confider  at  prefent,  which 
Kind  of  thefe  are  bell  for  Speed  and  Celerity,  that 
being  the  Head  I  am  now  explaining. 

For  making  of  Speed  then,  thofe  Sorts  of 
Wheels  are  heft  which  are  the  bigg-eft  in  Circum- 
ferenee  or  Diameter,  became  firft,  a  much  greater 
Part  of  the  Rim  doth  bear  at  once,  than  in  a? 
Wheel  of  a  lefs  Circumference:  for  the  Way  be- 
ing  always  more  or  lefs  yielding,  the  bigger  Wheel 
finks  in  fo  much  lefs  to  come  to  its  bearing,  than 
the  lefler  W  heel,  by  how  much  the  greater  Circle 
approaches  nearer  to  a  {freight  Line,  or  the  Tam 

tie  i  it 


of  Carriages ,  &c. 

•gent  of  the  Floor.  Secondly?  Recaufe  the  greate1 
the  Arch,  the  more  eafy  is  the  Rile  of  the  Wheel 
over  any  Irregularity,  or  Rub  in  the  Way,  and 
the  eafier  the  Fall,  and  thereby  approaches  nearer 
to  the  evening  and  plaining  of  the  Way,  and  makes 
lefs  Inequality  in  the  Draught.  On  the  Contrary, 
the  fmaller  the  Wheel,  the  worfe,  for  that  it  in¬ 
troduces  all  the  contrary  Inconveniences.  Third¬ 
ly,  The  larger  the  Wheel  is  In  Circumference,  the 
lefs  is  the  Impediment  of  the  rubbing  and 
wearing. 

For  Firft^  the  Leaver  of  the  Spoke  is  fo  much 
the  longer,  and  fo  the  Nave  will  turn  fo  much  the 
eafier  upon  the  End  of  the  Axle ;  the  Weight 
born,  in  both  Cafes,  being  the  fame,  and  confe- 
quently  the  Bignefs,  both  of  the  one  and  the  other, 
needing  not  to  be  differing. 

Secondly ,  The  lighter  the  Wheel  be  (provided 
it  be  made  llrong  enough  to  perform  the  Bufinefs 
it  is  defign’d  for)  the  better  it  is  ;  and  therefore 
all  Manner  of  Contrivance  that  tends  to  the  mak¬ 
ing  the  Wheel  ftrong,  and  yet  large  and  light,  is 
to  be  made  ufe  of,  for  that  thereby  a  lefs  Weight 
!  is  neceffary  to  be  moved,  and  confequently  the 
:  fame  Strength  will  have  the  greater  Effebt. 

thirdly ,  The  lefs  rubbing  there  be  of  the  Axle, 

!  the  better  it  is  for  this  Effedf  •  upon  which  Ac- 
i  count.  Steel  Axes,  and  Bell-Metal  Sockets,  are 
much  better  than  Wood,  clamped,  or  fliod  with 
:  Iron ;  and  Gudgeons  of  hardened  Steel,  running 
[  in  Bell-Metal  Sockets,  yet  much  better,  if  there  be 
Provifion  made  to  keep  out  Dull  and  Dirt,  and 
conftantly  to  fupply  and  feed  them  with  Oil,  to 
\  keep  them  from  eating  one  another  j  but  the  bell 
i  Way  of  all  is,  to  make  the  Gudgeons  run  on  large 
Truckles,  which  wholly  prevents  gnawing,  rub¬ 
bing,  and  fretting. 

M  3 


T  H  e  s  E 


s 66  5D r.  Hoo kV  * Difcourfe 

These  are  fome  of  the  good  Qualifications  of 
Wheels,  prepared  and  adapted  for  the  Defign  of 
Speed,  which  I  am  now  difcourfing  of :  1  here 

are  fome  other  Qualifications  that  yet  exceed  thefe, 
of  which  I  (hall  treat  fome  other  Time,  where  I 
fhall  have  Occafion  to  apply  them. 

Having  thus  far  confider’d  of  the  Properties 
and  Qualifications  of  Wheels,  fit  for  fuch  Carri¬ 
age,  1  (hall  next  confider  what  Kind  of  Carriage 
is  befi:  for  this  Purpofe,  and  wfhat  Number  of 
Wheels  are  fitteft  to  be  applied. 

Firft,  For  the  Properties  of  the  Carriage.  That 
which  is  of  the  final  left  Bulk,  and  of  the  lighteft 
Weight,  and  of  the  fimpleft,  plaineft,  and  yet 
ftrongeft  and  moil  durable  Structure,  is  the  beft , 
provided  Kill,  that,  in  every  Particular,  it  be  fuf- 
ficient  for  performing  what  is  required  of  it.  That 
Carriage,  which  is  only  defign’d  for  carrying  a 
fingle  Man,  fhou Id  not  be  made  either  large  enough, 
or  ftrong  enough,  or  heavy  enough,  to  carry  twoj 
that,  which  can  be  born  by  one  or  two  Wheels, 
fhould  not  be  loaden,  or  clogged,  with  two,  three, 
or  four.  So  that  upon  the  whole  Matter  of  the 
Inftrument,  fit  for  Conveyance  of  one  fingle  Per- 
fon,  I  fee  none  can  be  better  than  a  certain  Carri¬ 
age  or  Chariot,  and  for  the  convenient  Reception 
of  one  Man,  and  refting  or  moving  upon  one  fingle 
Wheel.  1  do  not  find  this  to  be  in  Practice  any 
where,  but  in  China ,  of  which  there  is  a  fhort  Ac¬ 
count  in  Martinius  his  Atlas  Sinicus.  But  this  is 
not  fo  well  adapted  for  Swiftnefs,  being  moved  by 
the  Strength  of  Men,  and,  for  the  mold  Part,  by 
one,  and  fo  is  only  a  Chair,  or  Sedan,  with  one 
Man  and  a  Wheel,  inftead  of  a  fecond  Man  ;  but 
might  be  contrived  much  better,  both  for  Eafe  and 
Speed,  if  there  were  two  Men  made  ufe  of  with 
one  fingle  Wheel,  which  I- fhall  elfewhere  defcribe ; 
i  but 


of  Carriages ,  &c.  i  ij 

but  ftill  it  will  come  fhort,  as  to  Speed,  in  Com" 
parifon  to  one,  wherein  the  Strength  of  Horfes,  or 
fome  fuch  fwift  and  powerful  Mover,  is  applied 
for  its  Acceleration. 

The  next  Thing  then  to  be  confidered,  in  an 
Engine  for  Speed,  is  the  Application  of  Strength 
for  the  moving  thereof,  which  is  the  Life  of  the 
whole  j  and  without  which,  all  the  reft  is  motion- 
lefs.  This  1  fhall  difcourfe  of  the  next'  Time. 

[/  do  not  find  any  Account ,  among  Dr.  Hook’i 
Papers ,  of  the  Matters  here  promt  fed.] 

William  Dekha  m, 


M  4 


th* 


( 


The  ¥  timber  of  Houfes  paying  Chimney-Mo¬ 
ney  in  every  County  ^England  and  Wales, 
in  the  Tear  1085. 


Bedfordshire 
Berks  ----- 
Bucks  -  -  -  -  - 
Cambridge  -  -  - 
Chefhire  -  -  -  - 
Cornwall  -  -  -  - 
Cumberland  -  -  - 
Berbyjkire  - 

Devonshire - 

DorSetShire 
Durham  -  -  -  - 
BJfex  ------ 

Gloucefterjhire  -  - 
Hampshire  -  -  - 
Hertfordshire  »  - 
Herefordshire  -  - 
Huntington  -  -  - 

Lancajhire  -  -  - 
Leicefter  -  -  — 
Lincoln  -  -  -  - 
Monmouth  -  -  - 
Northampton  -  - 
Norfolk  -  -  -  - 
Northumberland  ■ 


1 2 1 7  o  ]  Nottingham  - 
16906 1  Oxford  -  -  - 
18390!  Rutland  -  -  - 

1 7347 !  Salop  -  -  -  - 
24054 1  Somerfet  -  -  - 
25  3  74 1  Suffolk  -  -  - 
14825  i  -  -  -  * 

21 155 1  Suffex  ---- 
56310  Stafford  --- 
21944'  Warwick  - 
15984  -  -  -  - 

34819  \Worcefter  -  - 
2  6  7  64 1  m  0  Hand  - 

26851  20r& 

16569 
i<oo6 
8217 

29  242 1  Wales 


■  40202 
18702 
-40590 

-  6490 
24808 
47180 j 

-  22741!  Total 


London  -  — 
Middle fex  - 
Weft  min  ft  er  - 
Southwark  - 
Briftol  -  -  « 


£5© 


17554 

- 19007 

-  3263 
23284, 

-  44686 

-  34422 

-  h273 

21537 

23747 

-  21973 

27093 

-  20634 

-  6501 
106151 

986765 

-  42565 

-  30997 

.  54287 
- 14852 

-  19945 

-  5122 


1154533 


Experiments 


(  1 69  ) 


Experiments  and  Obfervations  for  the  Im¬ 
provement  of  the  Barometer,  by  cDr .  Hook, 
before  the  Royal  Society,  Feb.  3. 
J685-6. 

The  Experiments  I  have  now  fhewn,  are  noWays 
pompous  and  furprifing.  Such  poflibiy  may 
better  fuit  a  Stage  or  Theatre,  for  vulgar  Spectators 
to  admire  and  gaze  at,  who  are  moft  taken  with 
Shew.  But  thefe  are  plain  and  obvious,  and  only 
valuable,  as  they  difeover  fome  Truth,  that  may 
be  either  ufeful  of  itfelf  to  be  known,  or  has  a 
Tendency  to  the  making  fome  farther  Difcovery, 
or  of  being  ufeful,  as  preparatory  to  fome  other 
Experiment  or  Invention,  which  may  be  made  or 
founded  thereupon.  And  indeed  the  greateft  Part 
pf  Experiments,  if  they  be  not  made  for  fome  fuch 
Defign  5  and  the  material  Circumftances,  ufeful 
thereunto,  diligently  enquired  after,  and  ftridtly 
obferv’d,  and  brought  to  a  Calculation  for  that 
Purpofe,  do  ferve  for  little  elfe  than  to  hint  an 
,  Experiment  to  fome  other  to  try,  who  may  have 
fome  Ufe  or  Application  for  it. 

The  Experiments,  as  they  have  been  made,  do 
exhibit  the  fpecifick  W eight  of  the  fluid  Bodies  , 
together  with  their  comparative  Weight  with  Wa¬ 
ter:  That  thefe  three  Fluids  are  in  fpecifick  Gra¬ 
vity  to  one  another,  as  follows. 


Water,  5 997. 

So  Water  to  Mercury ,  as  1  to  15. 

Spirit  of  Wine,  5102. 

Oil  of  turpentine  to  Mercury  y  as  1  to  17'. 

Oil  of  turpentine ,  5209. 

Spirit  of  Wine  to  Mercury ,  as  1  to  17. 

Fuit h e  r 


1 70  Experiments  and  Ob  few  at  ions 

Furthe  r  Obfervables  are. 

Fir  ft,  Thf.  great  Lightnefs  of  Spirit  of  Wine, 
and  Oil  of  turpentine ,  they  being.  Spirit  of  Wine 
but  as  51.  Oil  of  turpentine,  52,  whereas  common 
Water  is  60  j  that  is,  almoP  a  fixth  Part  lighter 
than  Water. 

Secondly ,  The  Nearnefs  of  their  fpecifick  Gra¬ 
vity  to  one  another,  which  may  be  yet  made  as 
much  nearer,  as  (hall  be  requifite,  or  defired, 
by  the  intermingling  Water,  or  Flegm,  with  the 
Spirit  of  Wine,  for  the  Spirit  of  Wine  being 
lighter,  and  the  Oil  of  Turpentine  heavier,  fome 
Mixture  of  Water,  with  the  Spirit  of  Wine,  will 
bring  the  Spirit  of  Wine  to  be  as  near  of  the  fame 
Weight,  with  the  Oil  of  Turpentine,  as  fhall  be 
required. 

thirdly ,  The  differing  Nature  of  thefe  fo 
feemingly  fimilar  Liquors. 

Fir  ft,  1  n  that  they  will  not  mix  with  each  other, 
but  will  float  the  one  upon  the  other. 

Secondly ,  I  n  that  they  will  not  eaflly  receive 
the  fame  Tincture,  but  differing  $  the  Spirit  of 
Wine  readily  imbibing  a  Red,  from  Cocheneel, 
which  that,  and  the  Spirit  of  Turpentine,  a  Green. 

The  Ufe,  or  Application  of  thefe  Experiments, 
is  in  Order  to  the  Solution  of  this  following  me¬ 
chanical  Problem. 

How  to  make  a  Barometer ,  or  InPrument,  to 
try  and  find  the  Weight  of  the  Air,  at  ail  Times, 
which  fhall  rife  and  fall  Peadily,  and  without  jump¬ 
ing  or  Parting,  otherwife  than  as  influenced  by  the 
Air,  and  the  hitherto  unknown  Alterations  there¬ 
of  ;  whofe  Limits,  between  the  greateP  and  the  leap 
Height,  fhall  be  10,  20,  30,  40,  50,  or  more 
Feet  in  Perpendicular  5  and  the  Motion,  in  every 


concerning  the  Barometer.  171 

Inch  of  the  faid  Height,  as  plainly  vifible,  as  the 
Rifing  and  Falling  of  an  Inch  in  the  common  fingle 
Barometer . 

I  t  is  about  7  or  8  Years  fince  I  propounded 
fuch  a  Barometer  to  this  Society  3  and  I  cannot 
exped:  that  many  fuch  will  be  made  ;  however, 
poffibly  it  might  not  be  amifs,  that  this  Society, 
or  fome  curious  obferving  per  fop,  would  make 
one,  and  diligently  remark  the  Changes  and  Mo¬ 
tions  thereof.  For  it  might  poffibly  difcover  fuch 
Changes  and  Motions  of  the  Air,  as  we  have  hi¬ 
therto  no  Notion  or  Conjecture  of ,  for  I  did  once 
obferve,  that  the  Wheel -Barometer ^  a  little  before 
a  great  Storm  of  Thunder^  Lightening  and  Rain, 
j  did  appear  to  have  a  tremulous  Motion,  as  if  the 
Room,  or  Poft  it  hung  upon,  had  fhook,  when 
yet  the  Clouds  were  but  gathering,  and  were  far 
enough  off  from  this  Place,  where  I  obferved  it  j 
of  which  X  have,  long  fince,  acquainted  this  So¬ 
ciety,  and,  I  conceive,  it  may  be  found  in  the  Jour¬ 
nal.  Rut  there  are  many  other  Changes  in  the 
Air,  that  none  of  the  Xnftruments,  we  yet  have, 
will  deted: ,  and  therefore  there  may  be  Scope  e- 
1  nough  for  Inventions,  of  other  Kinds,  to  deted: 

them,  which  may  give  a  farther  Light  to  the  Dif- 
:  covery  of  that  moft  fignificant,  and  moft  ufeful, 

S  Body  of  the  Air.  And  tho5  poffibly  the  Invention 
I  of  a  mechanical  Inftrument  may  be  looked  upon 
\  as  a  trivial  Thing,  yet,  as  it  may  be  contrived  and 
I  applied,  it  may  furnifh  us  with  a  new  Senfe,  by 
which  we  may  be  able  to  know  fome  Properties  of 
Bodies,  of  which  we  have  now  no  more  Notion, 

:  than  one  born  blind  has  of  Colours,  or  one  deaf 
;  of  mufical  Sounds  ^  or  than  the  whole  World  hath 
ever  had,  of  the  differing  Gravitation  of  the  Air, 
before  the  Barometer  was  invented  and  obferved. 


T II  E 


ij-l  Experiments  and  Qbfervations 

T  h  e  Reafon  of  my  contriving  this  Inftrument, 
wa s,  that  I  might  fhew  a  Way  how  th$  Examina¬ 
tion,  or  weighing  of  the  Air’s  PreiTure,  might  be 
carried  to  the  Extreams,  or  as  far  as  could  well  be 
defired  ;  for  fo  it  may  be,  by  this  Method,  if  any 
one  will  be  at  the  Charge  of  making  it. 

A  Np  indeed  if  we  confider,  and  a  little  more 
firidtly  examine  into  the  Nature  of  Things,  we 
ihall  find,  that  moft  of  the  Operations  of  Nature 
are  out  of  the  Reach  of  our  Senfes,  and  cannot  be 
plainly,  if  at  all,  difcover’d  by  them ,  and  we  are 
left  to  guefs  at  the  Confultations  and  Befigns  of 
the  Privy  Council  of  Nature,  only  by  the  publick 
Acls  and  Effects  that  are  produced  thereby  * 
whereas,  if  we  could  by  Senfe  be  informed  of  the 
Agents,  and  of  the  Method  or  Way  of  acting, 
ufed  by  thofe  Agents,  we  ihould  be  much  better 
able  to  give  a  right  Judgment  of  the  RfFedts. 

Now  there  is  no  Method  of  Information  fo 
certain  and  infallible,  as  that  of  Senfe,  if  rightly 
and  judicioufly  made  ufe  of.  And  though  the 
Senfes  themfeivcs  are  limited  in  their  Power  and 
Extent,  when  confidered  barely  in  themfelves,  as 
naturally  conftituted,  yet  their  Power  may  be 
much  enlarged,  and  their  Limits  much  farther  ex¬ 
tended,  by  the  Helps  that  Art  may  afford,  and, 
moft  efpedally,  by  Mechanicks  j  by  Means  of 
which,  not  only  each  of  them  may  be  made  more 
Powerful  in  the  Difcovery  of  the  proper  Objedts 
of  thofe  feverai  Senfes ,  but  each  of  them  may  be 
made  a  Genus ,  as  it  were,  of  new  Sorts  of  Senfe, 
comprifed  under  them,  of  which  we  have  yet  no 
Notion,  nor  any  Senfe  or  Method  of  Difcovery  j 
at  leaft  they  are  yet  unheeded.  I.  might  inftance, 
in  the  Body  of  the  Air  itfelf,  but  I  fhali  referve  it 
to  another  Opportunity. 


In 


eoncer fling  the  Barometer. 


In  Air,  135,  if. 

In  Water,  *  5.  gr.  83. 

In  Spirit  of  Wine,  2I  ?,  28 gr. 

In  Spirit  of  turpentine  2 1,  2*,  41  gn 

Air  105  *. 

Water  5^  3  gr.  —  100*3  —  3  gr. 

Spirit  of  Wine  20,  28  gr. - -  853  4-  2gr, 

Ole.Tereb.  18*  ngr.  - — -  863  4- 4  gr. 


W  herefore  I  find  that  Spirit  of  Wine  may 
eafily  be  made  to  be  16  Times  lighter  than  Mer¬ 
cury  3  if  then  the  Spirit  of  Wine  be  made  of  this 
fpecifick  Weight,  by  intermingling  Water  with  it, 
and  the  Height  of  the  Pipes,  or  the  Cylinder  of 
Spirit  of  Wine  be  defigned  to  play  3*2  Foot  per¬ 
pendicular  3  then  muft  the  mercurial  be  2  Foot 
more  in  Height,  than  the  common  Barometer ; 
which  I  have  found  fome times  (as  particularly  on 
KlVedjiefda.y  laft)  to  be  30,63  and  confequently  the 
mercurial  Cylinder  to  eounterpoife  the  Gravity  of 
the  Air,  and  the  Gravity  of  a  Cylinder  of  3  2  Foot 
in  Height  of  Spirit  of  Wine,  of  fuch  a  Redlificati- 
ron  as  1  have  fpecified.  Now,  the  Cylinder  of  the 
[Spirit  of  Wine  being  always  the  fame,  that  is, 
[32  Foot,  the  Counterpoife  to  it  of  Mercury  will 
be  always  the  fame  2  Foot  3  and  the  Cylinder  of 
:>the  Air  only  altering  the  Cylinder  of  the  Mercury 
;  alfo,  that  counterbalances  that  alfo,  will  only  be 
'/  alter’d,  and  that  the  fame,  as  in  the  common  Ba¬ 
rometer.  Now  if  the  Oil  of  Turpentine  be  Part 

1  lighter  than  that,  then  a  Cylinder  of  Mercury 
fhorter  than  two  Foot,  will  counterpoife  it  3  which 
is  but  one  Quarter  of  an  Inch  Difference  in  the 
tounterpoifing  Cylinders. 


Although 


*74 


Bolognian  Phofphorus, 


ALthough  1  find ,  Zy  /Z><?  Minutes  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety,  that  the  learned  Dr.  Slare  had ,  long  be¬ 
fore  the  Tear  1677,  Jbewed  a  Phofphorus  3  yet  it 
being  chiefly  about  this  Time ,  that  moft  of  the  Ac¬ 
counts  of  the  Phofphori  were  fent,  1  therefore  chnfe 
to  infert  here  filch  Preparations  as  I  have  of  them. 
And  firft  of  the 


W.  Derha  m: 

*  t-  ; 

Bolognian  Pholphorus. 

^IpHis  Stone  is  found  in  three  Places  near  the  City 
it  of  Bologna 3  the  firft  is  called  Brad  albino 3  the 
fecond  is  a  {mall  Brook  near  the  Village  Roncaria  3 
the  third  is  call’d  Monte  Rater  no ,  and  is  moft  noted 
for  thefe  Stones  3  not  only  as  having  the  greateft 
Quantity,  but  a  Sort  moft  eafy  to  be  prepared. 
The  Ground  thereabouts  is  barren,  yielding  Pieces' 
of  yellow  Marc  aft  e  of  the  Bignefs  of  a  Nut. 

T  11  e  propereft  Time  to  gather  it,  is  after  Rain, 
when  the  Surface  of  the  Ground  is  a  little  walk'd, 
away.  It's  known  by  a  Glittering  flike  that  of 
burnifh’d  Silver)  which  furprizes  the  Eye. 

I  t  was  firft  found  out  by  one  of  that  City, 
call’d  Vincenzo  Cafciarolo ,  a  Coblsr,  but  ingeni¬ 
ous,  and  a  Lover  of  Chymiftry;  who,  trying  feve- 
ral  Experiments  with  thefe  Stones,  by  Chance  hap¬ 
pened  on  this  Way  of  preparing  them,  fo  as  to 
make  them  fhine  in  the  Dark,  after  they  had  been 
fome  Time  expofed  to  the  Sun. 

1  t  has  no  certain  Figure,  fome  being  cylindri¬ 
cal,  others  round  or  lenticular  3  and  thefe  laft  are 
often  the  beft,  as  being  moft  fhining  and  tranf- 
parent. 


Bolognian  Phofphoras*  175 

(  I  tss  ufually  no  bigger  than  an  Orange  3  and  tho* 
\  Licet  us  affirms,  there  never  was  any  greater  than 
that  in  Androvandus's  Mujkmi,  weighing  about 
two  Pound  and  half*  yet  the  Author  hath  had  of 
five  Pound, 

I  t’s  very  heavy,  confidering  the  Bulk,  as  being 
I  probably  compounded  of  feveral  mineral  Sub- 
iftances. 


The  Colour  is  various,  as  Affi,  Rufty,  Sky, 
■'  Yellow,  Earthy  and  White;  but  the  belt  for  Ufe 
:>  are  Sky-colour  and  White. 

When  it’s  well  prepared,  it  leaves  a  Luffre  in 
the  Superficies,  and  is  enlightened,  not  only  by 
11.  the  Sun,  but  the  A  loon,  and  a  Fire;  but  by 
thefe  not  fo  ftrongly,  as  the  Sun. 

The  Light,  tho5  it  appear  like  a  Coal,  yet  is 
not  fufficient  to  read  with,  unlefs  applied  clofe  to 
r  the  Word. 

I  t  will  not  retain  the  Light  very  long,  at  one 
Time,  nor  its  Vertue  above  five  or  fix  Years. 

T  h  e  Preparation  is  thus:  Take  a  Cylinder, 
whofe  Circumference  is  about  two  Roman  Archi- 
?  Palms,  and  A  (Af  our  Afeafure,  almoft  two 
Feet;  the  Height  about  Tf  ;  fpread  the  Infide  of 
the  Cylinder  with  ftiff  Clay,  till  the  Diameter  of 
the  Aperture  come  to  be  but  TJ  ;  on  the  Top  of 
the  Cylinder  make  four  equidiflant  Notches,  about 
12  deep,  and  broad  :  This  being  done,  take  an¬ 
other  Cylinder  of  equal  Dimenfions  with  the  for¬ 
mer,  or  fomething  taller ;  at  the  Bottom,  make 
two  Port-holes,  oppofite  to  one  another,  and  ca¬ 
pable  to  receive  a  Hand ;  make  a  Bottom  of  the 
fame  Clay,  which  may  refleft  the  Heat.  This 
!  VefTel  being  cover’d  with  a  thick  Wire  Grate,  that 
the  Air  may  eafily  pafs  through,  and  the  other 
Part  of  the  Furnace  placed  upon  it ;  lay  upon  the 
Grai.e  fome  lighted  Charcoal,  and  then  other  not 
1  lighted,  but  well  charr  d,  and  free  from  Earths 

Stones^ 


•  i  jG  Bolognian  Fhofphorus. 

\  ,  .  ""  ’  •  .  :3 

Stones,  and  other  fulphurous  Matters,  breaking  the 
Coal  into  Pieces  no  bigger  than  a  Nut ;  when  you 
have  made  your  Bed,  as  high  as  the  Notches,  put 
upon  it  your  Stones,  to  be  calcined,  fo  clofe,  that 
they  muft  touch ;  but  firft  beat  fome  of  the  S  tones 
to  Powder,  and  fearce  it  in  a  fine  Hair  Scarce, 
that  it  may  come  out  very  fine ;  when  you  have 
wet  your  Stones,  that  are  to  be  calcined,  in  good 
ftrong  Jqua  Vi  tee ,  roll  them  in  that  Pov/der,  and 
lay  them,  as  before,  on  the  Charcoal,  and  make 
another  Bed  of  Charcoal  over  them,  to  the  Top 
of  the  Furnace,  which  you  cover  with  a  round 
clofe  Head.  When  the  Coals  are  fpent,  and  the 
Stones  cool,  take  the  Cruft  away  from  them,  and 
wrap  them  in  Silk,  putting  them  in  a  clofe  Box, 
till  you  make  ufe  of  them. 

I  f  you  would  make  Figures  and  Reprefentati- 
ons  with  this  Light,  as  is  often  done,  take  the 
Cruft,  which  comes  off  the  Stones,  and  beat  it 
fmall,  fearcing  it  as  before  ;  then  when  you  have 
made  your  Figure,  or  Image,  wet  it  with  the 
White  of  an  Egg,  and  fprinkle  upon  it  your  fine 
Powder,  which  will  fhine  like  the  Hone. 

This  Sort  of  Furnace  is  not  abfolutely  necef- 
fary,  but  convenient,  as  well  in  determining  the 
Time,  as  the  Degree  of  Pleat ;  which,  if  more, 
might  diffufe  that  Luftre  which  is  in  the  Super¬ 
ficies  of  the  Stones;  if  lefs,  not  raife  it. 

T  h  e  Author,  cccafionally  fpeaking  of  fhining 
Woods,  delivers  this  Rule,  for  the  fure  finding  of 
them.  That  an  Aipple-Tree  is  the  beft  Wood  ; 
that  it  muft  be  very  dry,  or  rotten;  that  being 
fo,  and  lying  under  Ground,  that  Part  under 
Ground  will  partake  of  a  fhining  Quality,  which 
will  not  laft  above  three  Days,  nor  be  recover’d 
again,  when  loft. 


Fhofphorus 


Phofphorus  Liquidas. 


Ume  falem  alcali  v.  g.  cinerum  clavellatorum 


bene  purificatum  per  diverfas  folutiones  & 


filtrationes,  &  ab  omnibus  impuritatibus  in  unum  ; 
deinde  in  crucibulo  novo  ad  falem  albifiimum  calci- 
netur,  turn  in  mortario  polito  &calido  in  minutiffi- 
mas  partes  teratur  ,  deinde  indatur  retortae  vitrei 
cum  fpiritu  urinae  redlificatiflimo  imbibitus,  cui 
applicetur  recipiens  bene  agglutinatus ;  turn  ignis 
per  gradus  admoveatur :  hie  operatione  fadla  de¬ 
bet  pluries  cohobari?  addito  Temper  novo  fpiritu 
urinae  in  unaquaque  cohobatione,  atque  fic  tandem 
fal  alcali  cum  fpiritu  urinae  tranfit  in  recipiens  in 
forma  butyri  antimonii. 

Nullius  eft  faporis,  lucet  tamen  fcintillatione 
:  continua  inftar  luminis  ftellaris?  &  eft  ultra  modum 
I  volatile  ac  fortis  odoris,  quafi  fulphurisaccenfi-  ideo 
confervari  debet  in  vafe  vitreo  claufo5  infufa  aqua 
;  communi  defuper,  atque  turn  radios  emittit  per 
I  aquarn,  &  fulgura,  qua?  totum  occupant  vitrum 
|  quando  agitatur  ;  fi  enim  fit  extra  aquam  in  acre 
ij  libero5  evanefeit,  tantse  extenfionis  eft  capax  ut  len- 
i  tis  magnitudine  fufficiat  ad  illinendum  totum  cor- 
pus5  quod  luminofum  apparebit5  quafi  igne  &  flam- 
i  mis  circumdatum,  abfque  minima  erofione  $  nihil 
!  aliud  accendere  poteft  quantum  hucufque  feitur 
nifi  pulverem  pyrium. 


Pholphoros  Metailorum. 


Take  Lapis  Smaragdi  Miner alis  (fuch  as  is 
found  in  the  Mines  of  Saxony')  ;  beat  it  into 
a  very  fine  Powder. 


N 


If 


178  Phofphoros  Elementaris. 

I  f  you  ftrew  this,  very  fine,  on  a  Plate,  of 
any  Metal,  and  in  any  Figure,  and  fet  the  Plate 
on  hot  Coals  ;  in  a  fhort  Time  you  will  perceive, 
in  the  Dark,  a  Light  to  fhine  ;  which  will  (faith 
my  Author)  laft  as  long  as  you  continue  the  hot 
Coals :  And  if  you  beat  out  the  Fire,  it  may  do 
again,  for  once  or  twice  3  but  then  the  Yertue  will 
fade. 


Phofphoros  Elementaris,  by  2)r.  Brandt  of 

Hamburgh. 

TA  K  E  a  Quantity  of  Urine  (not  lefs  for  one 
Experiment  than  50 or  60  Pails  full);  let  it 
lie  fteeping  in  one  or  more  Tubs,  or  an  Hogfhead 
of  oaken  Wood,  till  it  putrify  and  breed  Worms, 
as  it  will  do  in  14  or  15  Days.  Then,  in  a  large 
Kettle,  fet  fome  of  it  to  boil  on  a  ftrong  Fire,  and, 
as  it  confumes  and  evaporates,  pour  in  more,  and 
fo  on,  till,  at  laft,  the  whole  Quantity  be  reduced 
to  a  Pafte,  or  rather  a  hard  Coal,  or  Cruft,  which 
it  will  refemble  ;  and  this  may  be  done  in  two  or 
three  Days,  if  the  Fire  be  well  tended,  but  elfe  it 
may  be  doing  a  Fortnight  or  more.  Then  take 
the  faid  Pafte,  or  Coal;  powder  it,  and  add  thereto 
fome  fair  Water,  about  15  Fingers  high,  or  four 
Times  as  high  as  the  Powder,  and  boil  them  toge¬ 
ther  for  \  of  an  Hour.  Then  {train  the  Liquor 
and  all  through  a  woollen  Cloth  ;  that  which 
{ticks  behind,  may  be  thrown  away,  but  the  Li¬ 
quor  that  paffes,  mult  be  taken  and  boil’d  till  it 
come  to  a  Salt,  which  it  will  be  in  a  few  Hours. 
Then  take  off  the  Caput  Mortuum  (which  you  have 
at  any  Apothecary’s,  being  the  Remainder  of  Aqua 
Fortis  from  Vitriol  and  Salt  of  Niter)  and  add 

a  Pound  thereof  to  half  a  Pound  of  the  faid  Salt, 

both 


Phofphoros  Elementaris,  179 

both  of  them  being  firP  finely  pulverized.  And 
then  for  24  Hours  Peep’d  in  the  moP  rectify ’d 
Spirit  of  Wine,  two  or  three  Fingers  high,  fo  as 
it  will  become  a  Kind  of  Pap. 

Then  evaporate  all  in  warm  Sand,  and  there 
will  remain  a  red,  or  reddifh.  Salt.  Take  this  Salt, 
put  it  into  a  Retort,  and,  for  the  firP  Hour,  be¬ 
gin  with  a  fm all  Fire  ,  more  the  next,  a  greater 
the  3d,  and  more  the  4th  ;  and  then  continue  it, 
as  high  as  you  can,  for  24  Hours.  Sometimes, 
by  the  Force  of  the  Fire,  12  Hours  proves  e~ 
nought  for  when  you  fee  the  Recipient  white,  and 
Pining  with  the  Fire,  and  that  there  are  no  more 
Flafhes,  or,  as  it  were,  BlaPs  of  Wind,  coming 
from  Time  to  Time  from  the  Retort,  then  the 
Work  is  finifhed.  And  you  may,  with  a  Feather, 
gather  the  Fire  together,  or  fcrape  it  off  with 
a  Knife,  where  it  Picks. 

The  Fire  is  beP  preferved  in  a  Veffel  of  Lead, 
clofed  up  from  the  Air  :  But  to  be  feen,  his  al fa 
put  into  a  Glafs,  in  Water,  where  it  will  Pine  in 
the  Dark,  but  muP  be  clofe  Popp’d.  Some  of  this 
Fire,  placed  in  the  Beams  of  the  Sun,  will  kindle 
Gun-powder:  I  faw  feme  of  it,  prefs’d  with  a  Quill 
that  was  cut,  and  it  fired  Gun-powrder  about  it. 
Mr.  Concle  writ  alfe  with  it  on  Paper,  and  the  Let- 
;  ters  all  fhined  in  the  Dark,  and  when  they -decay- 
»  ed,  the  rubbing  the  Paper,  with  the  Fingers j  re- 
r  vived  it  again,  and  this  after  two  Days. 

M  y  Author  fays,  he  had  once  wrapp’d  up  a 
Knob  in  Wax,  at  Hanover ,  and  it  being  in  his 
I  Pocket,  and  he  bufy  near  the  Fire,  the  very  Heat 
fet  it  in  Flame,  and  burn’d  all  his  Cloaths,  and 
his  Fingers  alfe,  for  though  he  rubbed  them  in 
the  Dirt,  nothing  would  quench  it,  unlefs  he  had 
had  Water  5  he  w?as  ill  for  15  Days,  and  the  Skin 
came  off!  You  may  write  herewith  on  Paper,  a 
Wall,  or  any  Wood,  Sc. 

N  2  N;  B. 


i8o  Phoiphoros  Baldwin!. 

N.  B .  That  to  make  this  Fire  join  in  Knobs., 
you  mull,  after  gathering  it  from  the  Reci¬ 
pient,  put  it  into  a  Glafs  (like  a  Urinal)  and 
putting  it  in  Balneo ,  or  warm  Sand,  there 
will  evaporate  fome  Humidity  that  lies  with¬ 
in  it,  and  thereupon  it  will  Hick  the  better 
together. 

N.  B.  The  Retort  muff  be  very  well  luted,  to 
refill  the  continued  Heat :  Take  therefore,  to 
50  Found  of  fat  Clay,  as  much  white  Tartar, 
as  much  fine  Sand,  wafh’d  and  dry’d,  and  1 
Pound  of  Cow’s  Hair;  all  thefe,  mix'd  and 
beat  together,  will  clofe  it  Hermetically. 

N.  B.  T  hat,  when  the  Operation  is  done,  you 
muil  take  off  the  Retort,  and  Hop  it  with 
fome  of  the  fame  Clay,  well  warmed,  imme¬ 
diately,  that  the  Air  enter  not ;  for  in  Cafe 
you  fhould  leave  all  to  cool,  with  the  Retort 
on,  the  Fire,  defired,  would  retire  thereinto. 

N.  B.  T  h  a  t  fome  do  give  a  little  Vent  to  the 
Retort,  or  Recipient,  becaufe  of  the  violent 
Heat  in  the  Operation,  but  he  never  does  it. 


Phofphoros  Baldwini. 

13  Ec.  Spiritus  nitri  optimi,  qui  quodammodo  ad 
\  flavedinem  inclinat,  q.  pi.  hunc  mitiga  cum 
dimidia  parte  Aq.  Fortis ;  poftmodum  folve  in  hoc 
ere  tam  opt  imam  albiffimam  6c  licciilimam5&  quidem 
tantum  quantum  hie  liquor  admittit:  unde  tandem 
acquirit  odorem  fuavem,  fere  inftar  olei  amygdala- 
rum.  Hoc  folutum  filtra,  filtratum  infunde  in  cu- 
curbitam,  &  igne  leniffiiiio  abftrahe  phlegma:  forti- 
ore  dein  urge,  ut  bene  float,  &  quafi  ebulliat :  hoc 
fablo,  fine  lit  ignis  extinguatur,  exime  nitri  di- 
ftilkti  caput  mortuum  &  in  aere  folve,  folu¬ 
tum  in  loco  calido  exficca,  &  habebis  p.  fe.  fplen- 

dens 


Baldwin's  Phofphori  Hermetic!.  181 

dens  quidpiam.  Vel  ft  vis  ut  fplendeat  in  quodam 
Radio  ficftili  (.*.  pfrrbus  v)  tunc  accipe  Verdig.  & 

[  hanc  materiam]  pone  fuper  fruftum  fidtilis  cujuf- 
dam  in  fornacem  probatoriam,  aut  fub  veteri  olla.  Da 
vehementiffimum  ignem,  ut  bene  Fuat;  exime  & 
verte  feu  move  fruftum.  in  omnes  partes,  ut  liquor 
fluens  ubivis  fidili  adhsereat.  Reponas  in  loco 
quodam,  ubi  ab  aere  fit  immune,  &  habebis  quod 
quseris. 

J  Shall  here  infert  the  preceding  Recipe,  as  1  met 
with  it  in  Englifh,  by  reafon  it  contains  jeveral 
remarkable  Things  that  are  not  in  the  Latin. 

W.  Derh a m. 

Baldwin's  Modus  prxpamndi  Phofphori 

Hermetic!. 

r^r^A  k  e  Spirit  us  Nitri ,  about  a  Pound  ;  put  it 
J  into  a  Glafs  Body,  and  put  into  the  fame, 
as  much  as  you  can  take  up,  with  the  Point  of  a 
Knife,  of  the  common  powder’d  Greta  Alba ,  then 
i  it  will  begin  to  ferment,  or  hifs ,  and  when  it  has 
i  done  Hilling,  put  fome  more  of  the  fame  powder’d 
Greta ,  and  continue  to  do  fo,  till  it  be  fatiated  j 
hereupon  the  faid  fermented  Spirit,  by  reafon  of 
precipitating  many  Forces ,  is  to  be  filtrated  per 
Chart  am  Bibulam ,  and  afterward  diftilled  off,  by 
a  Retort  in  Sand,  untill  it  coagulate  itfelf,  in 
Fundo ,  into  a  white  Salt  :  Which  mu  ft  be  kept 
j  carefully  from  theAir,  becaufe  otherwife  it  very  ea- 
fily  runs  into  an  Oil.  Afterwards,  when  you  would 
prepare  it  for  thePhofphoruSjthere  mull  be  a  Proof- 
Furnace,  v/ith  a  Muifel,  well  heated,  till  it  be  red- 
hot. 

N.  B.  In  the  Government  of  the  Fire  lies  the 
amain  Bufinefs  3  for  if  the  Proof-Furnace  be  not 

N  3  hot 


1&2  Baldwyn* $  Phofphori  Hcrmctici. 

hot  enough  ,  then  the  Salt  flows  ,  or  afcends, 
not  orderly  high  enough ;  but  if  it  be  too  hot, 
then  the  Sulphurous  Niter  evaporates,  then 
there  is  put,  of  the  aforefaid  Salt,  two  Lote 
( an  Ounce  )  in  Proportion  of  the  Space,  into 
a  Proof-Pot,  (or  Crucible,  wherein  they  make 
Ore  to  boil)  and  fet  it  again  into  the  Proof- 
Furnace  ,  under  the  Muffel ,  and  then  the 
Salt  doth  prefently  run  into  a  Water,  but  foon 
hardens  again,  and  then  runs  and  mounts  up  a- 
gain,  that  the  whole  Proof-Pot,  in  the  mean  Time, 
is  cover’d ,  but  foon  after  that,  the  Gold  will  more 
and  more  confume  it  felf,  that  only  in  the  Midft 
pf  the  Crucible,  the  Powder  i,  7 ,5,  19,  2,  re¬ 
mains  only  with  a  little  Moifture,  wherein  it  muft 
be  well  obferv’d,  that  as  foon  as  the  Bordet  of  the 
Crucible  is  dry,  though  in  the  Middle  there  ap¬ 
pear  fotne  Moifture,  the  fame  Crucible  be  fudden- 
ly  taken  off,  and  let  cool  of  itfelf.  If  the  Work 
fucceeds  well,  then  the  Brim  will  be  yellow  alto¬ 
gether,  which  (Firft,)  Ex  Aere  attracts  the  Fire, 
and  in  the  Bark  calls  it  off  again.  (2dly,)  In  the 
Night,  when  you  hold  it  to  your  warm  Body,  in 
your  Bed,  it  fhines.  And,  (3dly,)  When  in 
the  Evening  you  ftrike  it  with  a  Brufh,  or  Fea¬ 
ther,  or  fmall  Piece  of  Wood,  fomewhat  hard,  it 
caufes  very  bright,  fiery  Sparks.  But  the  fame 
Crucibles  will  not  laft  long,  becaufe  they  attract 
fo  much  of  Air  and  Moifture,  Magnetic  e,  and  moul¬ 
der  at  laft  :  Therefore,  at  the  Beginning,  I  fet  it 
in  a  Pewter  Box,  covered  with  Glafs,  half  the  Bo¬ 
dy  cut  off  from  the  Neck,  and  well  luted,  the 
fame  to  make  it  keep  the  longer.  But  if  you 
would  have  the  Phojpborus  in  the  Figure  of  a  Star, 
then  you  muft  not  only  have  the  Sal,  but  many 
Crucibles^  and  when  the'  fame  are  prepared,  as 
formerly,  then  only  that,  which  is  yellow  and 
filming  at  Top,  muft  be  feraped  off,  upon  white 

Paper, 


De  Germinatione  MetalliY  183 


Paper,  till  there  be  a  pretty  Quantity  of  the  faid 
Powder  together,  according  to  the  Proportion  of 
[  the  Star  intended :  Hereupon  one  takes  a  fmall 
round  Looking-Glafs,  whole  Foil  is  not  made  of 
\  Mercury ,  but  Lead,  in  which  cut  therein  a  Star , 

::  then,  after  the  Powder  is  mixed  with  a  little  white 
I  Wax,  melted  and  heated  in  a  Silver  Spoon,  over 
1  the  Coal  Fire,  well  ftirred,  with  a  little  Stick , 

I  then  this  Mixture,  while  yet  melted,  is  poured 
i  on  the  back  Side,  or  hollow  Side  of  the  Glafs, 
(which  alfo  muft  be  warm’d,  left  it  break).  Now 
as  foon  as  the  Pbofpborus  is  prepared,  in  Manner 
aforefaid,  then  it  is  to  be  put  into  a  Pewter,  or 
i  Silver  Box,  and  the  Edges  of  the  Looking-Glafs 
are  well  fecured  with  Sealing-Wax  dropp’d  upon  it, 
round  about  3  and  then  the  Wax  muft  be  made 
handfome,  and  fmoothed,  and  covered  with  Paper, 
either  blue  or  gilded. 


De  Germinatione  Metallic 


eq^uiritur  ad  germinationem  metalli.  1. 


t\  Terra  apta,  in  qua  fiat  germinatio,  quse  eft 
regulus  ftellatus,  vel  etiam  regulus  fimplex.  2, 
Color.  3.  Humor,  quo  fit  imbibitio. 

Regulus  conficitur  ex  antimonio,  nitro,  fa~ 
le  communi  &  tartaro,  sequalibus  partibus,  toties 
repetita  fufione,  donee  regulus  fiat  albilfimus,inftar 
lunae.Regulo  five  terra  philofophica  habita,itur  poft-* 
modum  ad  praxin  fequenti  modo.  1.  Fiat  amal- 
gama  teme  philofophica  &  mercurii,  qui  eft  hu¬ 
mor,  ad  germinationem  metallicam  pertinensj  in 
hac  unione  proportio  talis  eft  obfervanda.  Si  vis 
germ  inationem  folis ,  recipe  folis  *j,  terrse  phiio- 
fophicae  sx,  fundantur  fimul  &  uniantur.  Eadem 
dofis  eft  mart  is  germinandi.  Argenti  vero  dolls 


N  4 


184  De  Germinatione  Metalli 

sp  terras  philofophicae  3v5  eandemque  dofm  oh- 
tinent  / 'aturnus 5  jnpiter  &  venus. 

H  a  c  unione  fa 61  a  fequitur  cum  ea  unio  mer¬ 
curial  is  hoc  modo.  Rec.  Fruftulum  terras  philo- 
fophicas,  idque  crafliufcule  contunde5  nunquam 
enim  uniretuip  fi  redigeretur  in  pulverem.  Huic 
teme  greffo  modo  fic  contufe  adjicias  tantundem 
mercurip  mifeeafep  optime  in  mortario  aeneo  tarn- 
diu,  donee  totum  fit  unitnm.  Dehinc  accipe  vas 
vitreum  ohlongi  collided  ventre  inftar  pilas  rotun- 
do?  in  fui  parte  fuperiore  recurvunp  non  autem 
in  fui  collo  dilatatunpquia  ad  germinationem  requi- 
ritur  circulation  non  autem  fublimatio.  In  hac  pila 
tumulabis  materialia  praedidta  j  inque  pila  aperta 
humidum  mercurii  excrementitiumfive  fuperfluum 
evaporabis.  Facta  evaporations,  pila  hermetice  fi- 
gilletur ,  dein  ponatur  in  furno  claufo,  hypocau- 
fti  calore  inftructo,  inque  eo  per  menfem  relin- 
quatur  :  turn  videbis  metallum  ramufculos  furfum 
emittere  jucundos,  cavitatem  pilse  occupantes. 
Germinatione  fadta  frangatur  vas,  &  ramufeuli  e 
fua  terra  eradicentur,  inque  ignem  denuo  expo- 
nantur,  ac  denique  cum  aquis  cordialibus  ablu- 
antur,  ficcentur,  &  in  vitreo  vafe  ad  ufum  ferven- 
tor. 


Pro  regulo  etiam  fumere  potes  Eledtruirp 
quod  fit  hoc  modo.  Rec.  Solis  sip  lunae  siiij, 
martis  ?iij,  veneris  siiij,  jovis  3viij,  faturni  Bxvj. 
Prime  fundatur  b,  2  ^  35,4^5  Sed 
adverte,  chalybem  limatum  prius  eile  debere,  & 
mixtum  cum  mercurio  fublimato  &  nitro,  alias 
cum  reliquis  non  imiretur:  tandem  &  fol  funditur. 
Atque  hoc  ex  omnibus  mixtum  conficitur  eleerrum. 

Hie  pulvis  blande  admodum  purgatus,  obftru- 
dtiones  contumaces  domat,  &  vifeera  robofat, 
ideoque  in  affixo  hypochondriaco,  hydrope  &  fimi- 
libus  morbis  prodeft.  Dolls  eft  a  gr.2.  ad  4.  in  fyrupo, 
conferva,  &  aqua  appropriata.  Eadem  eft  dofis  e- 
le&ri.  £ )ge- 


(  I 8*  ) 


together  with  the  Preparation  of  BaldwynT  Phof- 
phoros,  I  find  that  of  making  what  we  call  Tin, 
or  Latten-Plates  j  which  probably  was  communi¬ 
cated  by  Baldwyn. 

* 

W.  Derham 

The  TVay  of  making  Latten-Plates. 

Take  tough  Iron,  that  will  bear  the  Hammer 
well  5  and  having  hammer'd  it  thin,  ply  it 
into  the  Size  you  would  have  cut  your  Latten  ; 
then  put  this  Iron  into  a  Mixture  of  Clay  and  Wa- 
i  ter,  of  a  pretty  Confidence,  and  let  it  Land  two 
or  three  Days  3  then  take  it  out  and  hammer  it  a- 
gain,  as  thin  as  you  will  have  it  for  your  Purpofe, 
the  aforefaid  Mixture,  that  fticketh  between  the 
i  Iron  Leaves,  keeping  them  from  being  beaten  into 
one  another  ,  then  cut  thofe  iron  Leaves  afunder, 
with  drong  Sheers,  and  throw  by  the  Cuttings,  as 
ufelefs  ,  then  put  thefe  Iron  Leaves  into  a  Mixture 

I  of  Rye-Meal,  coarfly  ground,  and  common  Wa¬ 
ter,  pretty  thick,  the  Clay  being  firft  rubbed  off, 
and  let  them  deep  therein  four  Days  ;  then  take 
them  out,  and  dip  them  into  a  Kettle  of  melted 
1  Tin,  but  draw  them  quickly  out  again  ,  then  put 
[|  thefe  turn'd  Leaves  between  the  Wires  of  an  Iron 
i  Bar,  made  with  Wires  fit  for  this  Purpofe,  that 
the  fuperfluous  Tin  may  run  off,  into  a  Pan  to  re- 
ceive  it  underneath.  And  becaufe  the  Tin  will  grow 
cold  at  the  lower  End,  and  fo  thicker,  in  an 
1  Iron,  an  Inch  deep,  filled  with  melted  Tin,  dip 
the  thicker  binds  of  your  Leaves,  one  after  ano¬ 
ther,  and  the  hot  Tin  will  melt  down  the  Excefs 
of  Thicknefs,  but  you  mud  take  them  out  again 
quickly  ,  and,  with  a  woollen  Cloath,  between 

your 


3  85  Recefit  for  making  Orvietano, 

your  two  Fingers,  wipe  them  off  beneath  ;  which 
you  will  fee  to  have  been  done,  in  all  Fatten- 
Plates ,  by  certain  Strokes  appearing  at  one  End. 
Thefe  are  made  fhining,  by  rubbing  them  all  over 
with  woollen  Rags. 

In  Dr.  Hook\y  Diary ,  Dec.  26.  1673.  I  find  this 
Remark ,  viz.  Mr.  Yarrington,  who  had  feen 
the  Latten -making  Works ,  near  Leipfick,  fiaid^ 
many  Plates  are  heat  under  the  Hammer ,  at 
once ,  like  Leaf-Gold  y  or  Pin-Foil.  The  great 
Difficulty  is ,  how  to  turn  them  under  the  Ham¬ 
mer  quick  enough . 

W.  D  ERHAM. 


The  Genuine  Recefit  for  making  Orvietano. 

REc.  Fol.  Didtamni  cretenfis  recentior.  herb. 

Cardui  benedidt.  Pulegii  regalis  Hyperici  &' 
Scordii ;  radi.  Ariftolo.  long.  6c  rotund.  Biftortse, 
Tormentillae,  Gentians.  Imperator.  Carlin.  Scorzo- 
ner.  Afclepiad,  contrayervae  Valerianae,  Angelica 
verse,  petafitidis,  bacc.  Lauri  &  feminis  Fetrofelini 
&  Dauci  cretenfis  ana  partes  aequales ,  6c  unicuique 
lib.  pulveris,  adde  theriacae  Andro  veteris  6c  mithri- 
dati  veri  an  !ij  Poflea  reducatur  in  eledhiarium  molle 
cum  Extradlo  Juniperi  baccar.  vino  albo  parat.  &  in 
mellis  codH  confillentiam  reducatur,  redadti  adden- 
do  fub  finem  pro  quaq;  librae  eledluarii  femidrach. 
vitrioli  cyprei  in  pulv.  tenuiff  triti  3  6c  carnis  vipe- 
rarum  exficcatae,  pro  quaque  libra,  ?j.  Hoc  eledhia¬ 
rium  quotidie  bis  movere  debes,  per  integrum  men- 
feniA  deinde  ad  ufum  repone. 

This  I  tranjlate  out  of  the  Paris  Mountebank' s  Pa - 
per ,  in  French  more  at  large. 

N.  Le  Febure. 

This 


The  Virtues  of  Orvietano.  187 

' 

This  is  the  Secret  of  Orvietano ,  and  it  is  made 
by  the  Heirs  of  Heronimo  Ferranti ,  who  was  the 
firft  Inventor  of  this  rare  Recipe .  It  is  now  come, 
by  the  Marriage  of  a  Daughter,  to  the  Contugij 
the  famous  Mountebank,  at  prefent,  at  Paris  j 
but  it  was  given  by  John  Vitrario ,  the  Succeflor 
of  Ferranti ,  to  the  Great  Duke  of  Tufcany ,  for 
a  Sum  of  Money  ,  by  whom  it  was  Pent, 
fairly  written,  and  put  into  a  great  Box,  un¬ 
to  the  late  Monfieur  de  Guife ,  and  by  him, 
i  as  a  great  Curiofity,  to  the  Duke  of  Bouillon  $ 
from  whofe  Phyfician,  Monfieur  la  Febnre ,  my 
1  good  Friend  and  Correfpondent,  that  had  often 
1  made  Trial  thereof,  with  great  Succefs,  I  re- 
;  ceiv’d  it  as  a  choice  Secret,  at  my  laft  being  in 
France ,  1652. 

J.  Evelyn. 

The  Virtues . 

TO  expel  Poifon :  Take  the  Quantity  of  a 
Bean,  mix'd  with  Oil  Olive,  Butter-Milk, 
or  Broth  hot  j  drink  three  or  four  Times,  till  all 
the  Venom  be  expell'd  by  Vomit. 

After  which,  let  the  Patient  fup  up  a  good 
Draught  of  Broth,  very  fat,  with  an  Ounce  of 
Mel  Rofarum.  If  any  be  bitten  with  a  mad  Dog, 
or  Serpent,  take  of  Qrvietan ,  as  before,  in  ’Wine  , 
then  fcarify  the  Bite,  and  draw  Blood,  per  cue  nr- 
bit  am ,  to  which  apply  Qrvietan ,  keeping  the  Pa¬ 
tient  waking  12  Hours. 

I  n  Agues,  Fevers,  Exanthems,  and  all  Con¬ 
tagions,  Rec.  Qrvietan  in  feme  Borage,  or  Sca¬ 
bious  Water,  the  Weight  of  a  Crown  in  Gold  ; 
but  to  a  Child,  in  a  Fever,  caufed  by  the  Small 
Pox,  not  exceeding  the  Weight  of  a  Bean,  taken 
in  White-Wine,  the  Child  well  cover'd. 


It 


1 88  Ink  for  the  Rolling-Trefs . 

I  t  preferves  from  the  Peftilence,  taking  the 
Quantity  of  a  fniall  Button.  Taken  alfo  in  Wine, 
Broth,  or  a  Pill,  in  the  Morning,  it  corroborates 
the  natural  Heat,  aids  Digeftion,  hinders  Pains  in 
the  Stomach,  Difficulty  of  Refpiration,  Pinking 
Breath  $  cures  cataradtical  Vapours  and  Diftillati- 
ons,  the  Cholick ,  windy  and  rhenal  Spleen, 
Dolores  Matricis  ( except  in  Gravidis  )  kills 
Worms  in  Children. 

For  Cattle  that  have  Swelling,  and  Pains  in 
the  Belly,  ’tis  very  excellent,  giving  them  a 
Drench  in  half  a  Pint  of  White- W  ine5  warm. 
Orvietan  will  keep  25  Years,  and  more,  in  a  cold 
Places  or  it  may  be  referved  in  Powder,  and  put 
into  a  Confiftency,  with  Mel  Rofarum  at  Pleafure. 

■  -III  I  I  1  ffl— »»  irr  m  niaineji) 

Ink  for  the  Rolling-Trefs. 

'~JT'h  e  belt  Black  is  the  German  Blaok,  and  comes 
from  Frankfort  y  it  looks  like  Velvet,  and  ea- 
fily  crumbles  betwixt  the  Fingers,  like  Chalk.  Of 
this  there  is  a  Counterfeit,  made  of  Lees  of  Wine 
burn' d,  which  is  full  of  Gravel,  and  very  pernici¬ 
ous  to  Plates. 

T  a  k  e  excellent  Mutt-Oil,  and  put  a  good 
Quantity  thereof  into  a  large  Iron  Pot  (which  has 
a  Cover  exactly  fitted  to  it)  fo  as  to  fill  it  within 
three  or  four  Fingers  Breadth  of  the  Top  ;  cover 
it,  and  hang  the  Pot,  or  fet  it  on  a  Trivet,  over 
a  good  Fire,  till  it  has  boil’d ;  but  have  a  Care 
that  at  firft  it  boil  not  over,  not  vet  when  it  boils , 
for  ’twould  indanger  the  Houle.  Therefore,  di¬ 
ligently  obferve  it,  and  frequently  ftir  it  with  an 
Iron  Spatula.  Then,  being  very  hot,  kindle  it 
with  a  Piece  of  Paper,  lighted.  Having  thus 
taken  Fire,  remove  it  from  the  Trivet,  into  the 

Chimney- 


Ink  for  the  Rolling-!* refs.  \ 

H  Chimney-Corner,  continually  flirting  it,  whilft  it 
f  burns  j  which  ought  to  be  for  the  Space  of  half  an 
I  Hour,  at  leaft.  When  you  would  extinguifti  the 
Flame,  clap  the  Cover  on  it,  and  if  it  does  exact* 
ly  cover  it,  you  will  prefently  extinguifh  it,  other- 
wife  you  muff  put  a  Linnen  Cloth  likewife,  that 
no  Air  may  enter,  then  let  it  cool  a  little,  and 
f  pour  it  intoaVeftel,  wherein  you  will  preferve 
i  it.  This  they  call  the  weaker  Oil,  in  Comparifon 
<  of  the  following,  w7hich  they  call  the  ftrong  Oil. 
And  this  is  made  by  putting  frefh  and  crude 
Oil  into  the  fame  Pot,  and  ordering  it  juft  as  you 
did  the  weak,  only  buffering  it  to  burn  a  great 
deal  longer,  and  ftirring  it  often,  till  it  become 
thick  and  glewy ;  fo  that  dropping  a  little  of  it 
upon  a  cold  Plate,  it  may,  in  a  little  Time,  be 
drawn  out  into  Threads,  like  a  Syrup.  Some 
Workmen  put  into  it  an  Onion,  or  a  Cruft  of 
Bread  whilft  it  boils,  and  hold  that  it  helps  to 
cleanfe  the  Greafinefs  of  it. 

I  f  it  hap  that  the  Fire  be  too  violently  taken, 
caft  in  a  Quarter  of  a  pint  of  crude  Oil  j  but  to 
prevent  all  Accidents,  boil  it  in  an  open  Court. 

This  done,  grind,  of  the  aforefaid  German 
Black,  on  a  very  clean  Stone  and  Mullar,  about 
half  a  Pound,  pouring  on  it,  at  feveral  Times, 
more  or  lefs,  as  you  fee  Occafion,  about  half  a 
Pint  of  the  weaker  Oil  (for  fome  Blacking  will 
take  up  more  than  other  fome)  but  be  extreamly 
careful,  not  to  pour  on  too  much.  After  you 
have  thus  grofsly  ground  it  over,  re-grind  it  over 
again,  by  a  little  and  a  little  at  a  Time,  till  it  be¬ 
come  very  fine  ;  then  put  it  altogether  on  the 
Stone,  and  add  to  it  about  the  Quantity  of  a  fmall 
Hen  Egg,  of  your  thicker,  or  ftrong  Oil,  blend 
them  well  together,  and  cover  them  very  clofe, 
in  a  well-glaz’d  earthen  Pot,  to  preferve  it  well 
from  Duft,  for  your  Ufe. 


N.  B, 


Jpo  Re  cep  Is  collected  by  Hook. 

N.  B.  For  Plates  that  are  worn,  or  not  deep-* 
ly  graven,  you  need  not  put  fo  much  ftrong 
Oil  into  the  Ink  :  Likewife  your  Black  mult 
be  good,  and  well  ground,  elfe  it  will  give 
no  good  Impreffion,  and  will  quickly  wear 
the  Plate.  And  if  the  Oils  be  not  burn’d  in¬ 
to  a  due  Confiftency,  the  Black  will  be  left 
behind,  in  the  Hatches  of  the  Plate,  and  the 
Impreffion  will  be  pale,  and  nothing  worth. 

J.  Evelyn, 


< 'Divers  curious  Recepts ,  collected  by 

*Dt\  Hook. 

5 f )  give  Iron  the  Colour  of  Copper. 

#3f"*A  ke  one  Ounce  of  Copper  Plates,  cleanfed  in 
•  in  the  Fire  5  three  Ounces  of  Aqua  Foriis  , 
diflblve  the  Copper,  and  when  ’tis  cold,  ufe  it  by 
wa thing  your  Iron  with  it,  by  the  Help  of  a  Fea¬ 
ther  ;  5tis  prefently  cleanfed  and  fmooth,  and  will 
be  of  a  Copper  Colour  3  by  much  ufing  or  rubbing, 
’twill  wear  off,  but  may  be  renew’d  the  fame  Way. 

A  Way  of  gilding  with  Gold  upon  Silver. 

Beat  a  Ducket  thin,  and  diflblve  it  in  two 
Ounces  of  Aqua  Regia  j  dip  clean  Rags  in  it,  and 
let  them  dry  3  burn  the  Rags,  and,  with  the  Tin¬ 
der  thereof,  rub  the  Silver  with  a  little  Spittle  y 
be  fure  firft,  that  the  Silver  be  cleanfed  from 
cGreafe. 


Recept s  collected  by  *Dr .  Hook*  191 

ft?  make  Copper  into  a  Metal  like  Gold . 

Rec.  Diftill’d  Verdigreafe  four  Ounces ;  *Tutm 
Alexandrine  preparate ,  two  Ounces  *  Salt  Pet  re , 
one  Ounce  ;  Borax ,  half  an  Ounce ;  mix  all  together 
with  Oil,  till  they  be  as  thick  as  Pap  ;  then  melt 
it  in  a  Crucible,  and  pour  it  into  a  Fire-Shovel, 
firft  well  warmed. 

Memorandum .  My  Author  fays.  That  this  will 
not  only  appear,  but  work  like  coarfe  Gold ,  that 
he  fold  it  as  dear  as  Silver ;  that  the  King  of  Pe>« 
land  had  a  Service  of  it,  only  mixing  15  Ounces 
of  Gold,  to  100  Ounces  of  this  Metal. 

ft 9  whiten  Copper  throughout . 

Take  thin  Plates  of  Copper,  as  thin  as  a 
Knife,  heat  them  6  or  7  Times,  and  quench  them 
in  Water;  then  melt  them,  and  to  each  Pound 
add  4  Ounces  of  Salt  Pet  re ,  and  4  Ounces  of  Arfe- 
nick ,  well  powder’d  and  mix’d,  and  firft  melted 
apart  in  another  Crucible,  by  gentle  Degrees ; 
then  take  them  out,  and  powder  them  ;  then  take 
Venetian  Borax ,  and  white  cfartar.)  of  each  an 
Ounce  and  half ;  then  melt  thefe,  with  the  former 
Powder,  in  a  Crucible,  and  pour  them  out  into 
fome  iron  Receiver ;  it  will  appear  as  clear  as 
Cryftal,  and  is  called  Cryft  alii  mini  fixum  arjenicim. 
Of  this  clear  Matter,  broken  into  little  Pieces, 
throw  into  the  melted  Copper  (by  fmall  Pieces  at 
a  Time,  Having  5  or  6  Minutes  between  each  In- 
Je&ion)  4  Ounces  ;  when  all  is  thrown  in,  in- 
creafe  the  Fire,  till  all  be  well  melted  together  for 
a  Quarter  of  an  Hour;  then  pour  it  out  into  an 
Ingot, 


K  B.  To 


ip  2  Recepts  collected  by  *Br .  Hook. 


K  B.  To  make  this  Matter  the  more  malleable, 
add  a  Quarter  of  a  Pound  of  Silver  tiiii  melted,  mid 
the  former  Metal  poured  into  it,  and  then  proceed 
ut  fupra ,  where  indeed  the  Cryftaliine  Powder 

ought  firft  to  be  prepar’d.  > 

j\r  Also  that  this  Procefs  is  not  to  be  done 

in  a  clofe  Room,  by  reafon  of  the  poifonous 
Steams  of  the  Arfenick. 

Ro  make  tram  [parent  Silver. 

Rec.  Refin’d  Silver,  one  Ounce ;  diffolve  it  in 
two  Ounces  of  Aqua  Form,  precipitate  it  with  a 
Pupil  of  Salt,  then  ftrain  it  through  a  Paper,  and 
the° Remainder  melt  in  a  Crucible,  for  about  half 
an  Hour,  and  pour  it  out,  and  ’twill  be  tram- 

parent. 

Biffolutions.  Gold  is  diffolved  in  Aqua  Regis  j 
’tis  precipitated  with  Silver,  or  fooner  with  Quick- 
filver  ;  all  other  Metals  are  diffolved  by  Aqua  lor- 
tis  j  Silver  then  is  precipitated  with  Copper ;  Cop¬ 
per  by  Iren ,  Iron  by  Read -or  x  in  ,  i  m  Bea 
or  common  Salt.  Aqua  Fortzs  is  made  by  A  iter. 
Vitriol  and  Sand.  Aqua  Regis  is  made  of  Aqua 
Fortzs  and  Sal  Armoniac.  Sal  Armoniac  is  made 
of  Camel’s  Urine,  prefs’d  out  of  the  Dung  ;  or 
out  of  Horfe  Urine,  prefs’d  out  of  the  Dung. 
Volatile  Salt  is  extradied  out  ol  Urine,  Blood, 
Soap,  and  Hartfnorn. 

N.  B.  After  the  Diffolution,  there  remains  a 
black  Sand,  the  Author  fays  ’tis  Gold  ;  it  may  be 
edulcorated  by  Water.  The  firft  Water  ot  the  Dii- 
folution  dved  the  Hair  of  my  Horfe  ol  a  Purple 
Colour,  and  Yellow  and  Black  ;  if  there  had  been 
more  Silver,  or  the  Aqua  Forth  ftronger,  it  had 
been  quite  Black  j  it  is  apt  to  burn  the  Skin,  but 
then  did  not. 


Recepts  collected  by  2)r.  Hook.  193 


The  Roman  Pomade. 

Take  Apples  of  a  good  Smell :  Pare  and  core 
them,  and  cut  each  into  fix  Pieces;  then  take  Hog’s 
Greafe  of  the  Bowels,  which  has  not  been  melted, 

!  walh  it  in  Orange  and  Citron  Flower  Water  aa  - 
|  then  add  Cloves ,  Cinnamon ,  Galinga ,  Ligni 
Sant  alt  aa  ?  j.  Ligni  Kofarum ,  Safafras 5  l/jo~ 
l  arum  Kadicum^  Benjamin ,  St  or  ay, Cal  ami  t  a  aa 
§j.  chop  all  into  fmall  Pieces,  and  mingle  them 
with  the  Apples  and  the  Lard;  pour  over  all, 
Rofe-water  a  Finger  high,  and  let  it  boil  on  a 
I  gentle  Fire,  till  all  the  MoiBure  be  gone  ;  then 
Brain  it  whilft  hot  through  a  Cloath,  and  after- 
'  wards  mix  therewith  fix  Ounces  of  white  Wax 
melted,  and  well  Birred  together ;  this  muft  be  done 
in  a  new  earthen  Pot,  arid  while  you  are  Birring  it, 
yet  hot,  pour  in  one  after  another  of  Oil  of  Cin¬ 
namon,  of  Citrons,  Oranges,  Rofes,  and  Jafinine, 

a  a  fix  Drops. 

-  • 

To  ‘perfume  Clothes . 

Take  dry’d  Red  Rofes,  and,  to  encreafe  their 
Smell,  pour  on  them  frefh  Rofe-Water,  and  Bill 
drying  between  in  the  Shade ;  then  take  Cloves, 
Cinnamon,  Spikenard  Seed,  Storax,  Calamita,  Ben¬ 
jamin,  Violet  Roots,  Nutmegs,  aa  siij.  to  a  Pound 
of  Rofes;  beat  them  all  into  fmall  Pieces,  and  mix 
them  with  the  Rofes,  and  put  them  into  per¬ 
fuming  Bags. 

Cyprefs  Powder  for  the.  Hair . 

Take  P.ed  Rofe  Leaves  in  Powder,  wet  them 
as  before,  add  Musk  12  Grains,  Civet  10  Grains, 
Ambergreafe  8  Grains,  Cinnamon,  and  Storax  Ca^ 

O  lamita 


/ 


194  Recepts  colleBed  by  SDr.  Hook. 

lamita  aa  %  j.  Cloves,  I  ij.  of  the  Mofs  of  an  Oak, 
one  Found,  well  dry’d,  and  powdered,  and  fix 
Times  wafhed  with  Rofe-water  as  before  j  then  add 
three  Ounces  of  Violet  Roots  in  Powder,  mix  all 
together,  and  pafs  them  through  a  Searce,  and 
ufe  it. 

To  marble  a  Globe  Glafs . 

Grind  well  on  a  Stone,  Minium  for  Red,  Tur* 
meric ,  or  rather  CeruJJaCitrina ,  for  Yellow,  Smalt 
for  Blue,  Verdigreafe  for  Green,  Cerufe,  or  Chalk, 
for  White.  W ork  each  in  Oil  feparate,  and  with  a 
Hog’s-Hair  Pencil,  fmgle  or  mix'd  as  you  think 
lit,  fcatter  the  fame  into  the  Glafs,  and  roll  it,  or 
difpofe  the  Colours,  as  you  like.  Then  lafl  of  all, 
Bing  a  little  Mead  amongft  them,  which  covers  all. 

For  the  magick  Lanthorn,  paint  the  Glaffes 
with  tranfparent  Colours,  tempered  with  Oil  of 
Spike. 

T i  gild  Carp ,  Crawfijb ,  &c. 

W  a  r  m  an  earthen  Pot,  till  it  receive  as  much 
white  Pitch  as  will  flick  round  it  within  ;  then 
flrew  finely  powder'd  Amber  over  the  white  Pitch; 
when  'tis  growing  cold,  pour  into  it  Oleum  Lini , 
three  Pound  ;  Oleum  Terebinth ,  one  Pound  well 
mixed  together.  Clofe  up  all,  and  boil  them  an 
Flour  on  a  gentle  Fire  :  This  is  a  Varnifh.  Grind 
fome  of  this  on  a  Painter's  Stone,  throwing  to  it 
fine  Powder  of  Pumice-Stone,  till  it  be  as  thick  as 
ordinary  Paint;  then  take  a  live  Carp,  or  Craw-fifh, 
out  of  the  Water,  and  dry  it  well  with  a  Linnen 
Cloath  ;  then  daub  it  over  with  this  Faint,  it  will 
prefently  dry,  before  which  fpread  your  Leaf 
Gold,  and  gently  prefs  it  with  a  foft  dry  Cloath, 
and  then  you  may  let  it  go  into  the  WYter.  For 
.  the  more  this  Varnifh  is  in  the  Water,  the  harder 
.|t  dries  and  grows,  and  does  the  Fiih  no  Hurt. 

.  ■  :  '  ’  Many 


3PS3 


To  Foil  Glafs.  : 

Many  fuch  gilded  Fifh  are  in  the  Prince  of  Si  la- 
caw**  Garden  in  Bohemia ,  1 8  Leagues  from  Prague ; 
he  has  200  thus  gilded. 

The  four  Elements  put  in  a  Cylindrical  Glafs 
with  a  Foot. 

Spirit  of  Wine,  Oil  of  Tartar  per  deliquium ,  Spi¬ 
rit  of  Turpentine  and  Antimony  grofsly  beaten  : 
Take  of  each  an  equal  Quantity,  and  no  two  of 
thefe  will  mix. 


To  Foil  Glafs . 

'T'a  k  e  a  Sheet  of  Mufcovy ,  or  other  Glafs,  as  big 
A  as  convenient,  and  as  thin  as  poflibly  it  can 
be  made :  Get  alfo  fome  Tin-Foil ,  and  laying  it 
upon  a  Sheet  of  very  fine  Paper,  rnoft  curioufiy 
Peeked,  that  alfo  being  laid  upon  a  Plain  that  is 
exactly  plain  and  fmooth  3  then  with  a  clean 
Cloath,  or  Piece  of  Leather,  make  your  Tin-Foil 
clean,  and  to  lie  very  fmooth,  that  there  may  be 
no  Wrinkles  in  it  3  this  done,  put  on  a  little 
Quickfilver,  and  rub  it  upon  it,  with  a  Cloath,  or 
Piece  of  Leather,  fo  long,  until  it  be  all  Black 
therewith  3  then  with  a  Cloth  rub  that  alfo  clean 
off  3  this  done,  put  on  as  much  Quickfilver  as  will 
cover  the  Tin-Foil  all  over  3  then  upon  that,  as 
clofe  to  it  as  poflibly  you  can,  Aide  on  the  Muf¬ 
covy  Glafs,  fkoving  off  as  much  of  the  Mercury 
as  you  can  :  This  done,  clap  down  the  other  half 
Sheet  upon  it,  which  muff  be  exceeding  fine,  and 
moft  exactly  poliflfd  3  upon  this  lay  a  Plane,  that 
is  very  fmooth,  left  otherwife  it  caufe  Wrinkles  3 
then  prefs  it,  fo  as  it  may  be  plain,  for  12  Hours3 
then  take  it  out,  and  let  it  ftand,  or  hang  upright, 
fo  as  it  may  fend  away  the  loofe  Quickfilver  3  af¬ 
terwards  order  it  as  you  pleafe. 

After  this  Manner  all  Sorts  of  Glafs  are  foiled, 

O  2  A  Dif 


(  ) 


A  \ Dlfcourfe  of  Mr.  John  Cafwell,  late  Sa- 
vilian  Profeflor  of  Oxford,  concerning  the 
going  back  of  the  Shadow  on  a  Sun-Dial. 
Read  at  a  Meeting  of  the  Rhilofophical 
Society ,  at  Oxford,  June  the  22 d.  1686. 

Upon  reading  the  Minutes  of  the  Dublin  So¬ 
ciety,  of  Mar.  1.  that  Mr.  'Tolet  had  dif- 
cours'd  of  the  Shadows  going  twice  Forward,  and 
twice  Backward,  in  the  fame  Day,  in  a  Place  of  the 
T or  rid  Zone  :  It  was  delired  by  our  Members,  then 
prefent,  that  I  would  take  it  upon  me,  to  explain, 
at  our  next  Meeting,  how  this  might  be.  In  an- 
fwer  thereto,  I  have  Ihewn,  in  the  following  Dif- 
courfe,  how  the  Shadow  of  a  Stile,  perpendicular 
to  the  Horizon,  does  go  Backward  in  the  'Torrid 
Zone ,  but  not  of  thofe  Stiles  that  point  to  the 
Pole,  as  it  is  in  Common  Dials ;  alfo  how,  by  di¬ 
recting  the  Stile  betwixt  the  Tropicks,  the  Sha¬ 
dow  may  go  back  on  Horizontal  Dials  in  all  La¬ 
titudes,  and  in  all  other  Plains,  if  the  Sun  does 
not  leave  them  too  foon  ^  together  with  the  Cal¬ 
culation  of  the  Time,  and  Quantity,  of  the  Sha¬ 
dow’s  RegrefRon,  according  to  any  given  Situati¬ 
on  of  the  Stile  and  Plane. 

By  a  Stile,  I  underhand  a  ftreight  Line  infill¬ 
ing  on  a  Plane,  and  calling  a  Shadow  thereon. 

A  perpendicular  Stile,  1  call  that  which  is  per¬ 
pendicular  to  the  Plane  y  an  oblique  Stile,  which 
is  oblique. 

When  I  mention  a  Stile,  without  dillinguilh- 
ing  perpendicular  or  oblique,  it  is  to  be  underllood 
of  either. 

B  y  the  Meridian  of  the  Plane,  I  mean  a  great 
Circle  drawn  thro5  the  Pole  of  the  World,  and 

Poles  of  the  plane. 


2 


Suppose 


A  T)ifcourfe ,  &c.  197 

Suppose  a  Circle defcrib'd  on  the  Plane  from 
the  Foot  of  the  Stile  (J.  e.  the  Point  where  it  cuts 
the  Plane),  as  a  Center  :  The  Way  of  the  Shadow 
I  reckon  on  the  Circumference  of  this  Circle  :  And 
Note,  when  the  Shadow  goes  one  Way  round  this 
Circle,  without  any  Change,  during  one  Day, 
I  fay,  'tis  wholly  Diredt :  But  if  it  changes  its 
Courfe,  the  firft  Motion  it  takes  before  the  Change, 
I  call  Regreflion,  or  Backward  j  and  the  fecond 
Motion  I  call  Progreilion,  or  Forward ,  for  'tis 
the  firft  Motion  that  I  conceive  contrary  to  what 
is  ufual,  and  which  I  therefore  call  Retrograde, 
rather  than  Diredt.  In  this  Senfe  the  Shadow  may 
be  twice  Retrograde,  and  once  X)iredi  in  the  fame 
Day,  as  fhall  be  demonftrated. 

Prop.  I.  T  he  Shadow  of  the  Stile,  on  the  Plane, 
is  the  common  Sedtion  of  the  Plane,  with  a  great 
Circle  drawn  thro5  the  Sun  and  Stile. 

Prop.  II.  The  Semidiameter  of  the  Earth  is 
infenfible,  in  refpedt  of  the  vaft  Diftance  of  the 
Sun  from  us  j  therefore  the  Foot  of  the  Stile, 
which  is  really  at  the  Surface  of  the  Earth,  may 
be  Suppos'd  the  Center  of  the  Earth  j  and  confe- 
quently  the  Plane  of  the  Dial  may  be  taken  for  the 
Plane  of  a  great  Circle  of  the  Sphere,  parallel 
thereto. 

Prop.  III.  The  Shadow  cannot  go  Backward 
(in  the  fame  Day,  and  fo  underftand  in  the  fol« 
lowing),  if  the  Stile  continu'd  does  cut  the  Plane 
of  the  Diurnal  Circle,  ( i.  e.  which  the  Sun  de¬ 
scribes  in  the  Heavens,  and  which  is  otherwife 
call'd  the  Sun’s  Parallel,  or  a  Parallel  to  the 
quator)  in,  or  within  its  Perimeter,  becaufe  the 
Shadow  is  always  in  a  Plane,  drawn  thro'  the  Sun 
and  Stile,  if  the  Point  of  Sedtion  is  in,  or  within 
the  Diurnal  Circle's  Perimeter,  becaufe  the  Sun 
goe  c&nftaritiy  Fbrward,  fo  will  the  Shadow. 

O  3  Cor ,  L 


198  A  T)ifcourfe  of  the  going  hack  of 

Cor.  J.  If  the  Stile  be  the  Axis  of  the  Worlds 
the  Shadow  cannot  go  back  :  For  the  Axis  cuts 
all  the  Parallels  of  the  iEquator  in  their  Centers  $ 
theref  re  in  no  Latitude  can  a  Plane  and  Stile  be 
plac'd,  that  the  Shadow,  which  Ihews  the  Hour, 
with  its  whole  Length,  may  go  backward  5  only  a 
Stile  may  be  fo  plac'd,  that  its  Shadow  may  go 
backward,  and  a  Nodus  therein  fhew  the  Hour. 

Cor.  II.  T  h  e  Shadow  cannot  be  made  to  go 
backward,  on  either  of  the  iEquinodtional  Days, 
for  then  the  Sun's  Diurnal  Circle,  being  a  great 
Circle,  is  cut  by  the  Stile,  thro'  the  Center. 

Cor.  III.  The  Shadow  cannot  go  back,  if  the 
Stile  point  without  the  Tropicks;  for  then  it  will 
pit  the  Planes  of  all  the  Diurnal  Circles  within 
their  Perimeters. 

Prop.  IV.  I  f  the  Stile  cut  the  Plane  of  the  Di¬ 
urnal  Circle,  without  its  Perimeter,  the  Shadow 
will  go  forward  and  backward  in  24  Hours  j  pro¬ 
vided  the  Sun  fhine,  a  fufficient  Part  of  the  24 
Hours,  on  the  Plane.  For  fuppofe  P,  the  Point 


P 


where  the  Stile  cuts  the  Plane  of  the  Diurnal  Cir¬ 
cle  3  from  P  draw  two  Lines  touching  this  Circle 
in  AD  5  3tis  evident  the  Shadow  goes  one  Way, 

while 


the  Shadow  on  a  SunSDial .  ipp 

while  the  Sun  pafles  the  Arc  A  B  D ,  but  the  con» 
trary  Way,  while  it  paffes  DEA, 

Cor.  I  f  the  Arc  which  the  Sun  defcribes,  while 
it  fliines  on  the  Plane,  be  Part  of  ABD,  and  Part  of 
DEA,  the  Shadow  will  go  forward  and  backward. 

Prop.  V.  I  f  from  that  Point  in  the  Surface  of 
the  Globe,  which  reprefents  the  Top  of  the  Stile, 
two  great  Circles  be  drawn,  touching  the  Sun’s 
I  Parallel  j  and  if  the  Dial-Plane  cut  off  an  Arc  of  the 
1  Parallel,  of  which  all,  or  part,  is  vifible,  (7.  e.  a- 
:  bove  the  Horizon) ;  if  alfo  either  of  the  Points  of 
1  Contadl  be  included  within  the  Extreams  of  this 
.  vifible  Arc ;  then  will  the  Shadow  go  backward, 
till  the  Sun  come  to  the  Point  of  Contact  j  after 
•  which  it  will  go  forward,  till  it  come  to  the  other 
Point  of  Contadl ,  and  then  the  Shadow7  will  go 
backward  again. 

Cor.  I.  The  Shadow,  in  one  Day’s  Time,  in 
any  Latitude,  however  the  Plane  and  Stile  be 
plac’d,  can  change  its  Courfe  but  twice,  (7.  e.') 
it  may  be  Retrograde,  Diredi  and  Retrograde,  but 
not  a  fecond  Time  Diredt. 

Cor.  II.  Tis  evident,  there  are  in  any  Latitude 
innumerable  Diverfities  of  Inclinations  of  the  Dial- 
Plane  to  the  Horizon,  and  of  the  Stile  to  the 
Plane  j  alfo  of  Declinations  of  both  Stile  and  Plane 
from  the  Meridian,  whereby  the  Shadow  may  be 
made  to  go  backward. 

Prop.  VI.  The  Shadow  cannot  go  back,  while 
the  Sun  is  nearer  the  Equator ,  than  the  Top  of 
the  Stile  to  the  JEquator.  And  this  holds  good, 
whether  the  Sun  and  Top  of  the  Stile  be  on  the 
fame,  or  different  Sides  of  the  z Equator .  For  the 
Planes  of  all  Diurnal  Circles,  which  are  nearer  to 

O  4  the 


zoo  ATJijcourfe  of  the  going  back  of 

the  JEquator ,  than  the  Top  of  the  Stile,  are  ci^ 
by  the  Stile  within  their  Perimeters,  becaiife  the 
Stile  pafTes  thro3  the  Center  of  the  Sphere. 

Cor .  The  nearer  the  Stile  points  to  the  JEqua¬ 
tor  ^  the  more  Days  in  the  Year  will  the  Shadow 
go  back  ^  but  then,  in  any  one  Day,  it  will  go 
back  the  lefs,  c ceteris  paribus. 

Prop.  VII.  The"  Shadow  of  a  Stile  pointing 
to  any  one  Place  of  the  Heavens,  betwixt  the  JE¬ 
quator  and  either  Tropick ,  will  go  back  all  thofe 
Days,  wherein  the  Sun’s  Parallel  is  farther  from 
the  JEquator ,  than  the  Top  of  the  Stile  is  from 
the  JEquator .  And  this  holds,  whether  the  Sun, 
and  the  Top  of  the  Stile,  be  on  the  fame,  or  dif¬ 
ferent  Sides  of  the  JEquator:  But  with  this  Provifo^ 
in  both  Cafes,  that  the  Point  of  Contact  lie  in  the 
vifible  Diurnal  Arc  above  the  Plane.  For  Exam¬ 
ple,  In  our  Latitude  of  Oxford ,  if  a  Stile  Point  as 
far  North,  as  is  the  Beginning  of  the  Sign  Taurus  j 
then  the  Shadow  will  be  Retrograde  every  Day, 
while  the  Sun  is  palling  thro5  Taurus ,  Gemini , 
Cancer ,  Leo.  But  while  the  Sun  pafles  through 
Virgo  and  Libra ,  the  Shadow  is  only  Direct,  or 
Forward,  then  in  palling  thro’  Scorpio^  Sagittarius^ 
Capricorn  and  Aquarius ,  ’tis  Retrograde  again  : 
But  with  this  Difference,  that  if  the  Shadow  is 
twice  Retrograde,  any  Day,  while  the  Sun  runs  a 
Northern  Parallel,  then  it  will  not  be  Retrograde 
once,  in  the  Day  of  the  Oppofite  Southern  Parallel. 
But  if  the  Shadow  is  once  Retrograde,  in  a  Day 
of  the  Northern  Parallel,  then  it  will  alfo  be  once 
Retrograde,  in  the  Day  of  the  Oppofite  Parallel. 

Prop.  VIII.  If  a  perpendicular  Stile  point  any 
where  in  the  JEquator ,  the  Shadow  cannot  go 
back  any  Day  in  the  whole  Year  7  for  all  the 

Points 


the  Shadow  on  a  Snn-cDiaL  201 

c  Points  of  Contact  lie  in  the  Dial-Plane,  to  wit, 

1  there,  where  3tis  crofs’d  by  the  Diurnal  Circles. 

Prop.  IX.  I  f  an  Oblique  Stile  point  to  the  com¬ 
il  mon  Section  of  the  2 'Equator ,  and  the  Meridian  of 
I  the  Plane  ;  the  Shadow  will  be  Retrograde,  during 
I  that  half  Year,  while  the  Sun  has  Declination  to¬ 
ward  that  Pole,  which  is  elevated  above  the  Plane. 
The  other  half  Year,  while  the  Sun  is  toward  the 
3  deprefs'd  Pole,  the  Shadow  will  be  only  Direct 
I  for  in  the  firft  half  Year,  the  Points  of  Contad 
j  are  above  the  Plane  ;  in  the  Second,  under. 

Prop.  X.  I  f  an  Oblique  Stile  point  to  any  Place 
I  of  the  jHquator  in  the  Heavens,  except  there, 
where  the  Meridian  of  the  Plane  croffes  the  JEqua- 
tor ;  if  withal,  a  great  Circle  defcrib’d  from  the 
Top  of  the  Stile  on  the  Globe,  as  a  Pole,  does 
crofs  the  long  Diurnal  Arcs  ^  (J.  e.)  of  thofe  Pa¬ 
rallels  which  are  toward  that  Pole  of  the  World, 
which  is  elevated  above  the  Plane  $  I  fay,  if  the 
faid  Circle  crofs  the  long  Arcs  any  where  above 
the  Plane,  then  will  the  Shadow  be  Retrograde, 
thofe  Days,  in  which  the  Sun  defcribes  thofe 
Arcs,  and  on  no  other  Days  ^  for  where  the  faid 
Circle  crofles  the  Arcs,  are  the  Points  of  Contad, 
For  Example ;  In  all  Dited  South-reclining  Planes, 
above  which  the  North  Pole  is  elevated,  the  Sha¬ 
dow  goes  back  all  ouf  Summer  half  Year  3  but  it 
is  only  Dired  all  the  Winter  half  Year.  But  in 
other  Planes,  the  too  great  Declination,  or  Incli¬ 
nation  of  the  Plane,  may  caufe  the  Points  of  Con- 
tad  to  fall  under  the  Plane  ,  fo  as  only  in  a  fmall 
Part  of  Summer,  and  in  no  Part  of  Winter,  the 
Shadow  may  go  back. 


PROS. 


zoz  A  'Difcourfe  of  the  going  back  of 

PROBLEM. 

Any  Bay  being  given ,  together  with  the  Latitude  of 
the  Place,  and  the  Situation  of  the  Stile  and 
Plane ,  to  calculate  the  Time  and  Quantity  of  the 
Shadow's  Regrejfion  on  that  Bay . 

Suppos  e  the  Dial-Plane  were  Horizontal,  and 
the  Stije  perpendicular  thereto  ,  becaufe  the  Stile 
in  up  point  within  the  Tropicks,  then  this  Cafe 
can  happen  only  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  yet  not  in  the 
iEquator  (by  Prop.  8.)  ^  nor  can  the  Shadow  go 
back,  when  the  Sun  is  on  one  Side  of  the  Adquator , 
and  the  Stile  on  the  other,  tho’  at  lefs  Diftance, 
becaufe  the.  Points  of  Contadt  are  both  under 
the  Horizon  j  but  then,  to  recompence  this,  the 
Shadow  is  twice  Retrograde  every  Day ,  which  to 
calculate,  fuppofe  Z  the  Zenith  of  the  Place  io 
Degrees  North  of  the  iEquator,  which  is  now  fup- 
pos'd  the  Pole  of  the  Plane,  and  the  Top  of  the 
Stile  in  the  Heavens.  Suppofe  the  Sun  in  the  Tro- 
pick  of  Cancer,  and  P  the  Pole  of  the  World,  T 
the  Point  pf  Contact  ( i .  el)  where  the  great  Circle, 
ZT,  drawn  from  the  Top  of  the  Stile,  touches 
the  Tropick.  Then  in  the  right-angled  Triangle 
ZPT,  befide  the  Right-angle  T,  there  is  given  PT, 
The  Sun’s  Co-declination,  and  P  Z  the  Colatitude 
of  the  Place  j  thence  may  be  found  the  Angle  ZPT, 
(as  in  Fig.  3.)  the  Sun’s  Diftance  from  the  Me¬ 
ridian,  when  the  Shadow  begins  to  change  its 
Courfe ,  alfo  the  Angle  P  Z  T,  from  which,  if 
you  take  the  Sun’s  Azimuth  from  the  North,  at 
Riling,  the  Refidue  is  the  Quantity  of  the  Shadow’s 
Regrellion  on  the  Circle  of  the  Dial-Plane. 

What  has  been  laid  of  an  Horizontal  Plane,  in 
th ^Torrid  Zone,  holds  true  for  any  Latitude  out  of 
the  Torrid  Zone,  if  you  incline  the  former  Plane, 

till 


the  Shadow  on  a  SunSDiaL  zo 3 

f  fill  its  perpendicular  Stile  point  in  the  Meridian 
i  10  Degrees  above  the  JEquator ,  (J.  el)  where  it 
i  did  in  the  Torrid  Zone. 

At  s  Hours  42  Minutes  in  the  Morning,  the 
f;  Sun  rifes  pn  this  Plane  ;  at  7  Hours  36  Minutes, 

i  the  Shadow  changes  its  Courfe  ;  fo  the  Durati- 

ii  on  of  Regreffion  is  1  Hour  54  Minutes ;  the  Quan- 
i  tity  of  Regreffion  is  4  Degrees  26  Minutes.  And 
I  fo  much,  and  at  the  fame  Diftance  from  the  Me- 
i  ridian,  is  the  Retrogradation  in  the  Afternoon. 
1  Thus  it  is  at  the  Summer  Solftice  on  this  Plane, 
<  but  the  Regreffion  will  grow  every  Day  lefs,  as 

the  Sun,  in  his  Diurnal  Courfe,  comes  nearer  the 
I  Top  of  the  Stile  ;  fo  as  when  the  Sun  runs  over 
the  Stile,  then  the  Regreffion  ceafes. 

EXAMPLE  II. 

‘ 

Suppose  an  Horizontal  Plane ,  in  the  Latitude 
of  Oxford ,  and  the  Sun  in  Cancer ^  the  Stile  pointing 
to  G,  (in  Fig. 2.)  1  o  Degrees  in  the  Meridian,  above 
the  Equator:  From  G  draw  a  great  Circle,  touch¬ 
ing  the  Tropick  of  Cancer  in  T ;  fuppofe  this  Circle, 
(continu’d)  to  cut  the  Horizon  in  E  P,  to  be  the 
Pole  of  the  World,  and  that  the  Circle  GP  (conti¬ 
nued)  cuts  the  Horizon  in  zz,  and  that  the  T ropick 
cuts  the  Horizon  in  A.  In  the  right-angled  Triangle 
GTP,  GP  and  FT  are  known;  thence  maybe  found 
the  Angle  TPG,  the  Sun’s  Diftance  from  the  Meri¬ 
dian,  when  the  Shadow  changes  its  Way,  and  the 
Angle  P  G  T  ;  then  in  the  right-angled  Triangle, 
P  n  A,  P  n  the  Height  of  the  Pole,  and  P  A,  the 
Sun’s  Co-declination,  are  given ;  thence  n  A  may  be 
found,  and  in  the  right-angled  Triangle  Gn  E, 
G  n ,  and  the  Angle  £  G  n  =  P  G  T,  are  known, 
thence  E  n  may  be  found  ;  but  n  E —  n  A  =  A  E, 
which  is  the  Quantity  of  the  Shadow’s  Regreffion ; 
viz.  The  Shadow,  in  this  Example,  begins  to 

change 


a04  A  ^Difcourfe  of  the  going  back  of 

change  at  7  Hours  36  Minutes,  in  the  Morning, 
and  the  Sun  rifes  at  3  Hours  46  Minutes ,  therefore 
the  Duration  ofRegreflion  is  3  Hours  50  Minutes, 
and  the  Quantity  of  Regreflion  12  Degrees,  25 
Minutes.  And  fo  much,  and  at  the  fame  Diftance 
from  the  Meridian,  "tis  again  in  the  Afternoon. 

EXAMPLE  HI. 

A  Plane  having  any  given Pofition,  fuppofe  14 
Degrees  Declination,  or  Azimuth,  Weft  ward,  and 
71  Degrees  Reclination,  ( j.e.' )  its  Pole^  (in Fig.  3.) 
19  Degrees  from  the  Zenith  Z,  fuppofe  of  Oxford , 
which  is  Diftant  from  P,  the  Pole  of  the  World, 
38  Degrees  14  Minutes  $  alfo  a  Stile  being  any 
Ways  inclin’d  to  this  Plane,  yet  fo  as  to  point  be¬ 
twixt  the  Tropicks  $  as  fuppofe  G  the  Top  of  the 
Stile,  or  Gnomon  of  the  Globe,  has  23  Degrees 
Azimuth,  Eaftward,  and  42  Degrees  Diftance 
from  the  Zenith,  on  any  Day  propos’d  j  fuppofe 
at  the  Summer  Solftice,  when  the  Sun  is  farther 
from  the  ^Equator,  than  G  from  the  Equator  j  to 
find  when  the  Sun  fhall  begin,  and  ceafe  to  fhirie  on 
the  Plane,  and  whether  the  Shadow  fhall  at  all  be 
Retrograde  in  the  Morning ;  and  if  fd,  how  much, 
and  when  it  fhall  be  ?  (Like  to  which  is  the  Cal¬ 
culation  for  the  Evening). 

From  G  draw  a  great  Circle,  touching  the 
Tropick  in  T,  and  cutting  the  Dial-Circle  in  E ; 
produce  the  great  Circles  Tff  P,  G,  till  they  cut  the 
Dial-Circle  in  N,  M.  Suppofe  A  the  Point,  where 
the  Tropick  cuts  the  Dial-Circle.  Firft  inth^  Tri¬ 
angle  GZP,  we  have  GZ,  ZP  and  the  Angle  GZP, 
thence  we  may  find  the  Angle  G  P  Z,  and  Z  G  P, 
and  PG;  then  in  the  right-angled  Triangle  PTG, 
we  have  PG,  and  PT,  the  Sun’s  Co-declination  $ 
thence  we  may  have  the  Angle  G  P  T,  and  the  An¬ 
gle  PGT.  Then  the  Angle  ZPG  -h  GPT  ==  ZPT, 

the 


the  Shadow  of  a  SunSDial.  205 

die  Diftance  of  the  Sun  from  the  Meridian,  when 

Ihe  Shadow  ceafes  to  be  Retrograde,  or  firft 
:hanges  its  Way.  In  the  Triangle  ®ZG,  we 
lave  Z,  Z  G,  and  the  Angle  ^  Z  G  ;  thence  we 
may  find  7?  G,  the  Angle  ^  G  Z,  and  the  Angle 
3  zr  Z.  In  the  Triangle  P  ^  Z,  we  have  Z  P,  Z  <wy 
)ind  the  Angle  Z  P  ,  thence  we  may  have  P  sr, 
*the  Angle  p  Z,  and  ^PZ,  then  the  Quadrant 
n  —  ^  P  —  P  n  ^  and  the  Quadrant  **  m  —  G 
f=  G  rn  ;  and  the  Angle  P^ZH-G®Z“P^G 
Irr  #  m.  Then  the  two  Right-angles  —  Z  G  — 
,Z  G  P  —  P  G  T  =  E  Gm.  Then  in  the  right- 
wangled  Triangle  E  G  m  ,  we  have  the  Angle 
EG  and  G  m  ;  thence  we  may  find  m  E.  Then 
1  in  the  right-angled  Triangle  P  n  A,  we  know  P  n , 
r  and  PA,  the  Sun's  Co-declination  j  thence  we  may 
1  get  N  A,  and  the  Angle  n  P  A.  Then  the  two 
right  Angles,  —  PZ  —  n  PA  ~~  ZPA,  which  is 
the  Time  before  Noon,  at  which  the  Sun  begins 
to  fhine  on  the  Plane.  Then  Z  P  A  —  Z  P  T  — 
APT,  is  the  Duration  of  the  Shadow's  Regref- 
1  fion.  If  ZPA  is  not  bigger  than  Z  P  T,  the 
I  the  Shadow  will  not  be  Retrograde  at  all  Laftly, 
\m  n  —  m  E  —  n  A  zrz,  A  E,  the  Quantity  of  Re- 
greffiom 


Dr, 


(  2.0 5  ) 

.  f 

?Dr.  H  o  o  k \f  Way  to  find  expeditioufy , 
certainly Meridian  ;  being  fome- 
what  different  from  the  Method  in  his 
CP oft  humous  Works ,  pag,  361. 

Provide  a  fhort  Telefcope  of  1  Foot,  or  18 
Inches  in  Length,  fitted  with  a  Glafs-Plate 
in  the  Focus  ,  upon  which  proper  Circles  muft  be 
drawn,  with  the  Point  of  a  Diamond,  for  the  Pole 
Star,  and  two  other  Stars  not  far  diftant  from  the 
Pole,  which  is  fuppofed  to  be  in  the  Center  of 
this  Glafs.  This  Telefcope  muft  be  fitted  with 
two  Plumb-Lines.  Now  by  this  Inftrument,  in 
any  fair  Night,  tho5  the  Moon  fhine,  it  will  be  very 
eafy  to  difcover  the  proper  Stars,  thro5  this  Tele¬ 
fcope,  and  to  fee  that  each  of  them  be  in  its  pro¬ 
per  Circle,  about  the  Polar  Point:  At  which  Time, 
the  Axis  of  the  Glafs  will  be  in  the  true  Meridian, 
and,  if  fitted  with  the  Quadrant,  give  the  Altitude  j 
and  the  Plumb-Lines  being  in  the  Meridian,  there 
may  be  a  Compafs  fufpended  by  them,  which  will 
alfo  fhew  the  Variation  eafily.  and  certainly.  This 
Inftrument  is  fufficiently  intelligible,  without  any 
Scheme,  which  is  therefore  omitted. 

Another  Way  is  wholly  new,  and  the  Ob- 
fervations  are  made  without  an  Inftrument,  and  the 
Refractions  of  the  Air  do  no  ways  influence  either 
the  Obfervations  or  Deductions.  And  that  is,  by 
obferving,  with  Plumb-Lines,  or  other  proper 
Inftruments,  either  both  at  the  fame  Time,  if  it 
may  be,  or  one  at  one  Time,  and  the  other  at  an¬ 
other,  with  a  true  Account  of  the  interpofed 
Time,  two  Azimuth  Lines,  in  each  of  which  are 
found  two  confiderable  Stars.  By  the  Help  of 
which  two  Obfervations,  and  a  true  Projection  of 

the 


c Dimen fion  in  the  Mixture ,  &c  .  aoy 

the  Sphere  of  the  Stars,  It  will  be  eafy  and  obvi¬ 
ous,  to  any  Navigator,  to  find  the  Latitude  of 
ithe  Place,  the  Meridian  Line,  and  the  Azimuths 
of  the  Stars. 


Thefe  two  Ways  were  propofed  to  the  Royal 
Society,  April  27.  1687, 

W.  Derham. 


\An  Experiment  Jfhewn  before  the  Royal  So¬ 
ciety,  Jan.  2 ,6.  1689.  by  Dr,  Hook,  of 
the  ^Penetration  ofDimenfons  in  the  Mix - 
ture  of  Vitriol  and  fair  Water . 

Th  o  feveral  Experiments  have  been  made  of 
the  diffolving  of  feveral  differing  Sorts  of 
Salts,  fucceffively  in  the  fame  Water,  after  it  has 
been  fatiated  with  one  particular  Salt,  fo  as  to  dif- 
folve,  or  take  into  it  no  more  of  that  Salt  3  yet,  in 
all  thefe  Experiments,  there  feems  not  to  be  any 
real  Penetration  of  Dimenfions  ^  nor  do  I  know  of 
ii  any  other  Experiment  of  the  like  Nature,  that  has 
been  made  by  any  Perfon.  But,  I  conceive,  it  is 
:  very  confiderable  in  this,  that  Water,  which  has 
not  (by  the  greateft  Force  which  has  been  yet  ap¬ 
plied  to  it)  been  comprefs5d  into  leffer  Dimenfi¬ 
ons,  fhould  yet  admit  a  thicker,  clofer,  and  more 
\\  ponderous  Liquor  to  penetrate  its  Dimenfions, 
j)  without  any  Prefture  or  Force  put  to  aflift  the  O- 
peration  j  and  that  two  Liquors,  fo  differing  in 
other  Qualities,  fhould  fo  readily,  and  harmoni- 
oufly  join  and  incorporate  together.  They  differ 
firft  in  Weight  j  for  I  find  that  the  Oil  of  Vitriol, 
to  the  Water,  is  very  near  as  9  to  5  •  they  differ 
in  the  Tafte,  the  one  being  the  greateft  Acid,  we 

know. 


208  T>  men /Ions  in  the  Mixture  of 

know,  and  the  other  perfectly  infipid ;  the  one 
very  (lnggifh5  and  not  riling  in  Fumes,  but  with 
violent  Heats  the  other  evaporating  very  eafily. 
It  were  too  long  to  mention  many  other  differing 
Qualifications  and  Bffeds  s  but  this  is  worthy 
noting,  that  the  Mixture  of  thofe  two  Liquors, 
both  a&ually  cold,  produces  a  very  ftrong  aftual 
Heat,  and  thereby  caufes  a  Rifing  of  many  fmall 
Bubbles  out  of  the  Water,  and  alfo  an  Expanfion 
of  both,  for  a  Time,  as  plainly  appears  s  for  that  as 
the  Mixture  grows  cold,  fo  it  retires  and  fhrinks 
into  leffer  Dimenfions,  as  is  vifible  to  the  Eye. 

Now  that  I  might  give  a  more  exaht  Ac¬ 
count  of  the  Succefs  1  had,  and  what  was  likely 
to  be  expected  upon  another  Trial  s  here  I  tried 
the  Experiment  with  all  the  Care  1  could.  Firfl 
then  we  weighed  the  Bolt-head,  and  found  its 
Weight,  empty,  20854-  Grains.  Then  we  filled 
it  almoft  to  the  Top  of  the  Neck,  with  common 
Water,  and  found  its  Weight  to  be  8775  Grains ; 
from  which,  taking  the  Weight  of  the  Bolt-head, 
we  found  the  Water  to  weigh  6689!  Grains  s  then 
making  a  Mark  on  the  Neck,  at  the  Top  of  the 
Water,  v/e  poured  out  fo  much  as  filled  a  fmall 
Glafs  Cane,  and  fet  a  Mark  at  the  Top  of  the  re¬ 
maining  Water,  and  found  it  1 8  Inches  and^a  half 
below  the  firfl  Mark  s  the  Bolt-head,  and  Water, 
now  weighed  82 55  Grains ;  whence  the  Weight 
of  the  Water,  taken  out,  was  520  Grains.  Then 
pouring  off  the  Water,  in  the  Cane,  we  filled  it 
with  Oil  of  Vitriol,  and  pouring  it  into  the  Bolt- 
head,  we  found  it  not  to  fill  the  former  Space,  and 
to  make  a  confiderable  Heat  in  the  Water,  and 
many  fmall  Bubbles  to  rife:  We  then  weighed  it  a- 
gain,  and  found  the  Bolt- head,  and  Mixture,  to 
weigh  9210  Grains  5  whence  we  found  the  Weight 
of  the  Oil  of  Vitriol  to  be  945  Grains :  We  let  the 

Mixture  Band  about  Half  an  Hour,  by  which 

Time 


Oil  of  Vitriol  and  fair  JFater.  209 

Millie  we  found  they  were  fo  condenfed,  that  5 
Inches  and  half,  of  the  1 8  Inches  and  half,  of  the 
Neck,  were  left  empty,  which  is  near  a  third  Part 
of  the  Dimenfions  of  the  Oil  of  Vitriol,  that  was 
poured  therein  3  then  we  filled  up  the  Vacuity, 
and  found  it  to  contain  138  Grains ;  which  com¬ 
pared  to  the  whole  Bulk  of  Water,  that  fill’d  the 
Bolt-head,  is  between  a  48th  and  a  49th  Part  9 
for  as  138  to  668 9^,  fo  1,  to  484 1|. 

From  which  Obfervations  I  deduce,  that  in 
this  Experiment  there  is  fomewhat  more  than  a 
bare  Mixture  of  Fluid  with  Fluid,  as  of  Water 
with  Water ;  where  tho’  they  may  intimately  mix, 
and  temper  together,  and  become  one  uniform 
Fluid,  yet  each  of  them,  and  every  Part  of  each, 
keeps  its  former  Dimenfions  and  fpecifick  Gravi¬ 
ties  ;  or  of  W ater  with  Wine,  Ale,  or  the  like  in- 
fpiffated  Liquors ;  or  with  faline  Solutions,  as  of 
Salt,  Niter,  Ahum,  Vitriol,  In  all  which, 

I  conceive,  that  there  is  nothing  but  a  mixing, 

>  tempering,  or  dilating,  as  in  the  Mixture  of  two 
Liquors  of  the  fame  Kind.  Now,  as  I  formerly 
I  hinted,  I  do  not  at  all  doubt,  but  that  there  may 
i  be  found  many  other  Liquors  which  may  have 
!  the  like  Effedts,  one  upon  the  other,  upon  Mixture; 
i  fo  that  there  may  be  alfo  found  Inftances  of  a  dif™ 

)  fering  Nature,  where  the  Mixture  fhall  increafe 
the  Dimenfions  of  the  Particulars,  and  diminifh 
the  fpecifick  Gravity,  either  of  one,  or  both.  But 
I  think  there  have  not  yet  been  produced  any  In¬ 
ftances  of  thefe,  or  the  other  Kind,  at  lead,  I 
i  think,  they  have  not  yet  been  proved  fuch. 

Mr.  Waller  recommended  the  Trial  of  this  Expe¬ 
riment  to  Mr .  Hawkesbee,  and  if  the  Reader 
hath  a  Mind  to  fee  the  Succefs  thereof  he  may 
find  it  in  the  Philof,  Tranf.  0/1711.  N  0  3.3 1, 

W  ILLIAM  DERHAM. 


P 


An 


(  MO  ) 


An  Account  of  the  Tlant^  call'd  Bangue,  be¬ 
fore  the  Royal  Society,  Dec.  18.  1689. 

It  is  a  certain  Plant  which  grows  very  common 
■*-  in  India ,  and  the  Vertues,  or  Quality  thereof, 
are  there  very  well  known  5  and  the  Lfe  thereof 
(tho’the  Effects  are  very  ftrange,  and,  at  firft  hear¬ 
ing,  frightful  enough)  is  very  general  and  fre¬ 
quent  3  and  the  Perfon,  from  whom  I  receiv’d  it, 
hath  made  very  many  Trials  of  it,  on  himfelf, 
with  very  good  EffedE  ’Tis  call’d,  by  the  Moors , 
Gauge  ,  by  the  Chingalefe ,  Com  fa ,  and  by  the  Por - 
tugals ,  Bangue.  The  Dofe  of  it  is  about  as  much 
as  may  fill  a  common  Tobacco-Pipe,  the  Leaves 
and  Seeds  being  dried  firft,  and  pretty  finely  pow¬ 
dered.  This  powder  being  chewed  and  fwallow- 
ed,  or  walked  down,  by  a  fmall  Cup  of  Water, 
doth,  in  a  fhort  Time,  quite  take  away  the  Me¬ 
mory  and  Underftanding  ,  fo  that  the  Patient  un- 
derftands  not,  nor  remembereth  any  Thing  that 
he  feeth,  heareth,  or  doth,  in  that  Extafie,  but 
becomes,  as  it  were,  a  mere  Natural,  being  un¬ 
able  to  fpeak  a  Word  of  Senfe ,  yet  is  he  very 
merry,  and  laughs,  and  fings,  and  fpeaks  Words 
without  any  Coherence,  not  knowing  what  he 
faith  or  doth ;  yet  is  he  not  giddy,  or  drunk, 
but  walks  and  dances,  and  fheweth  many  odd 
Tricks  j  after  a  little  Time  he  falls  afleep,  and 
lleepeth  very  foundiy  and  quietly  ;  and  wEen  he 
wakes,  he  finds  himfelf  mightily  refrefh’d,  and  ex¬ 
ceeding  hungry.  And  that  which  troubled  his; 
Stomach,  or  Mead,  before  he  took  it,  is  perfectly 
carried  off  without  leaving  any  ill  Symptom,  asi 
Giddinefs,  Pain  in  the  Head  or  Stomach,  or  De- 
fed:  of  Memory  of  any  Thing  (bcfides  of  what; 
happened)  during  the  Time  of  its  Operation.  And! 


( 


An  Account  of  the  ^Plant  call' «/Bangue.  211 

he  allures  me,  that  he  hath  often  taken  it,  when  he 
has  found  himfelf  out  of  Order,  either  by  drinking 
bad  Water,  or  eating  of  fome  Things  which  have 
not  agreed  with  him.  He  faith,  moreover,  that 
3tis  commonly  made  Ufe  of,  by  the  Heathen 
Priefts,  or  rambling  Mendicant  Heathen  Friars, 
who  will  many  of  them  meet  together,  and  every 
of  them  dofe  themfelves  with  this  Medicine,  and 
then  ramble  feveral  Ways,  talking  they  know  not 
what,  pretending  after  that,  they  were  infpired. 
The  Plant  is  fo  like  to  Hemp,  in  all  its  Parts,  both 
$Seed,  Leaves,  Stalk,  and  Flower,  that  it  may  be 
[faid  to  be  only  Indian  Hemp.  Here  are  divers  of 
jthe  Seeds,  which  I  intend  to  try  this  Spring,  to 
Tee  if  the  Plant  can  be  here  produced,  and  to  ex¬ 
amine,  if  it  can  be  raifed,  whether  it  will  have  the 
ifame  Vertues.  Several  Trials  have  been  lately 
^riade  with  fome  of  this,  which  I  here  produce, 
ibut  it  hath  loft  its  Vertue,  producing  none  of  the 
PEffecfts  before-mentioned  ;  nor  had  it  any  other 
jOperation,  good  or  bad,  ftnce  I  receiv’d  it  with 
ifthis  Account  I  have  related ,  imagining  I  had  met 
jwith  fomewhat  like  it  in  Lin fcott ends  Voyages, 
Which  the  Reader  may  perufe  at  his  I_eifure. 

1  have  formerly  given  an  Account  of  the  Eff- 
e<fts  of  the  Roots  of  Hemlock ,  accidentally  eaten 
y  fome  young  Children,  which,  at  firft,  had  an 
jOperation  on  them  much  of  the  like  Nature  with 
[this  Vegetable  ,  and  poffibly  the  laft  Effects  might 
not  have  been  much  differing,  if  they  had  not 
1  made  Ufe  of  Medicines,  to  recover  them  out  of  the 
Trance,  before  the  Period  of  its  Operation,  tho* 
fthat  be  uncertain,  and  wants  Experiences  to  afcer- 
tain  it.  Whereas  this  1  have  here  produced,  is  fo 
well  known  and  experimented  by  1  houfands;  and 
the  Perfon  that  brought  it  has  fo  often  experiment¬ 
ed  it  himfelf,  that  there  is  no  Caufe  of  Fear,  tho" 
ilpoffibly  there  may  be  of  Laughter.  It  may  there- 

P  z  fore. 


XI  z 


Obfervations  upon  Gems,  &c. 


fore,  if  it  can  be  here  produced,  poflibly  prove  as 
confiderable  a  Medicine  in  Drugs,  as  any  that  is 
brought  from  the  Indies  ■  and  may  poffibiy  be  of 
confiderable  Ufe  for  Lunaticks,  or  for  other  Di- 
ftempers  of  the  Head  and  Stomach,  for  that  it 
feemeth  to  put  a  Man  into  a  Dream,  or  make  him 
afieep,  whilft  yet  he  feems  to  be  awake,  but  at 
laft  ends  in  a  profound  Sleep,  which  rectifies  all  ^ 
whereas  Lunaticks  are  much  in  the  fame  Eftate, 
bnt  cannot  obtain  that,  which  fhould,  and  in  all 
Probability  would,  cure  them,  and  that  is  a  pro¬ 
found  and  quiet  Sleep. 


Obfervations  about  Gems,  and  other  valu- 
ble  Commodities,  extracted  by  "Dr.  Hook, 
Dec.  ly.  1690.  from  Captain  KnoxV 
Journal ;  which  I  think  worth  pub  lifting. , 
by  reajon  they  are  Rules  obferved  at  this 


k  e  Monky  Bezoars ,  which  are  long,  are  the 


I  beftj  thofe,  that  are  rough,  prove  commonly 
faulty,  breaking  with  Stones  in  the  Middle ,  others 
in  Form  of  Tuns,  fomewhat  flat,  which  break  in 
Smaller  Stones  in  the  Middle,  are  better  than  the 
rough  ones.  Bezoar  is  tried  Sundry  Ways,  as  thet 
rubbing  Chalk  upon  a  Paper,  then  rubbing  the: 
Stone  upon  the  Chalk  3  if  it  leave  an  Olive  Colour,  u 
it  is  good  ,  alfo  touch  any  with  a  red-hot  Iron,,, 
w  hich  you  fulpeft,  becaufe  their  Colour  is  lighter1' 
than  ordinarily  they  Life  to  be, and  if  they  fry,  like:: 
Rofin  or  Wax,  they  are  naught.  Sometimes  they1 


are  tried  by  putting  them  into  clear  Water 5  and  ifl 


there  i 


Obfervations  upon  Gems,  2x3 

there  arife  upon  them  fmall  white  Bubbles,  they 
are  good,  if  none,  they  are  doubtful  3  the  Ufe  of 
i  the  hot  iron  is  efteemed  infallible. 

I  t  is  beft  to  buy  Musk  in  the  Cod,  for  fo  it 
5  will  be  preferred  j  that  which  openeth  with  a 
I  bright  Musk  Colour,  is  the  beft.  When  taken  out 
i  of  the  Cod,  if  a  little  chewed,  and  rubbed  with  a 
i!  Knife  on  thin  Paper,  it  look  fmooth,  bright,  or 
1  yellowifh,  5  tis  probably  good ,  but  if  of  a  Colour, 

;  as  ftwere  mixed  with  Gravel,  tis  bad  ,  the  Good- 
nefs  is  beft  difeovered  by  the  Scent. 

Ambergriece ,  the  beft  is  Grey.  For  Trial,  if  a  little 
be  chewed,  and  yield  an  odoriferous  Flavour,  feel¬ 
ing,  in  Subftance,  like  Bees- W ax,  ?tis  good,  elfe  not, 

£he  Names  of  Precious  Stones . 

Diamond ,  Ruby ,  Saphir ,  Emerald ,  Topas ,  Hy¬ 
acinth  ^  Amethyftj  Gamut ,  Chryfolite ,  ZurcoiSj 
Agate ,  Spleiij  Jafper ,  Lapis  Lazuli ,  Op^/,  Vermi¬ 
lion^  Clyftropic ,  Cornelian ,  Onyx?  Bezcar. 

The  Diamond  is  the  hardeft,  and,  when  cut, 
the  moft  beautiful  of  all  Stones :  In  Knowledge 
whereof,  there  is  great  Difficulty,  having  a  Cruft 
on  them  before  they  are  cut ,  therefore  Caution 
to  be  ufed  in  buying  them  is  before-hand,  to  make 
a  Pattern  in  Lead ;  their  Waters  are  White,  Brown, 
Yellow,  Blue,  Green,  and  Reddifh;  whereof  take 
Notice,  rating  them  according  to  their  Waters ;  in 
ourClimate,the  perfect  white W ater  is  moft  efteerrfd. 
Brut-Stone ,  or  rough  and  un-cut  Stones,  are  in  Va¬ 
lue  half  the  Price  of  cut,  or  polifh’d  Stones  3  nei¬ 
ther  too  thick,  nor  too  thin  in  Subftance,  is  beft.  A 
thick  Stone,  which  is  high  and  narrow,  fable,  not 
making  a  Shew  anfwerable  to  its  Weight,  muft  be 
valued  at  lefs  than  that  which  is  well  fpread,  hath 
its  Corners  perfect,  and  a  pure  white  Water,  with¬ 
out  Spots  or  Foulnefs,  is  called  a  Paragou-St one, 

P  3  and 


214  Obfervations  upon  Gems,  &c. 

and  in  full  Perfection.  Un-cut  Stones  are  diftin- 
guifhed  into  two  Sorts,  thick  or  pointed,  which 
are  called  Naif-Stones,  and  flat  Stones  3  the  flat 
Stones  are  to  be  cut  into  Rofes,  or  thin  Stones 3 
the  Naif  into  thick  Stones  3  and  thofe  rough 
Stones,  which  will  bear  a  good  Shape,  with  ieafl 
diminifhing  in  cutting,  are  in  belt  Efteem. 

The  Names  of  rough  Stones,  according  to  their 
Form  and  Subftance  :  The  rough  Diamonds,  that 
feem  greeneft,  prove  of  a  good  Water,  when  cut 3  thofe 
that  feem  white,  when  rough,  grow  bluifh  often, 

when  cut.  0  A  Point.  A  A  half  Point. 

A  thick  Stone.  A  half  ground  Stone. 

A  thin  Stone,  A  Rofe  Stone,  if  round  3  if 

long,  a  Fofeel.  A  Naif  Care  is  alfo  to  be 
taken  in  Choice  of  rough  Diamond,  to  avoid  thofe 
that  have  Veins  3  for  they  will  never  cut  well,  but 
feem  as  filed  with  a  rough  File.  For  vending. 
Stones  of  fix  Grains,  or  under,  to  one  Grain  and 
half,  are  beft.  For  trial  of  a  Diamond 3  Take  a 
pointed  Diamond,  fuch  as  Glaziers  ufe,  try  it  on 
any  Stone  but  a  Diamond,  and  it  will  cut  it.  The 
Diamond  that  is  of  a  fandy,  or  hath  any  Foulnefs  in 
it,  or  is  of  a  blue,  brown,  or  yellow  Water,  is  not 
worth  half  the  Price  of  a  perfect  Stone,  of  a  white 
Water. 

For  cutting  of  Diamonds  :  You  muft  never 
mould  any  of  them  in  Sand,  or  Cuttle  Bone,  but 
you  muft  ufe  the  fecond  Lead  to  make  a  Pattern 
of,  becaufe  the  firft  will  come  fomewhat  lefs  than 
the  other 3  never  caft  it  off,  but  of  the  perfeCi 
Lead  3  then  make  a  Pattern  of  it  3  but  firft  weigh 
the  Lead,  and  fet  down  the  Weight  3  after,  form 
the  Lead  to  the  beft  and  moft  advantageous  Shape, 
for  the  Stone,  then  re-weigh  the  Lead  again,  and 
fet  down  the  Weight  3  by  which  you  may  fee 
what  the  Stone  will  lofe,  by  cutting  to  that  Shape  3 


Ohfervations  upon  Gems,  &c.  2  if 

I  the  Lead  is  three  times  the  Weight  of  the  Stone  : 
I  This  is  a  fure  Rule,  commonly  it  lofeth  about  1 
\  Part  in  cutting. 

To  make  Diamonds  clean  :  If  you  fee  a  thick  Ta- 
:  ble-Diamond  in  a  Ring,  a  Jewel,  or  in  a  Locket  for 
I  a  Jewel,  you  muft  firff  make  it  clean,  either  with  a 
i  little  Pumice-Stone,  or  with  a  few  hot  Afhes,  or  with 
I  a  little  Oil,  and  boil  it,  ’twill  make  it  very  clean. 

Valuation  of  Diamonds  :  There  is  a  Rule 
1  accurately  to  be  obferv’d  j  which  is,  a  Stone  of 
i  one  Carack  is  worth  10/.  One  of  two  Caracks  is 
|  worth  2  x  2  x  1  o  /.  =  40  /.  One  of  three  Caracks 
:  is  3  *  3  x  10/.  rrr  90/.  This,  for  even  Caracks, 
ij  comes  neareft  the  true  Value  5  but  for  or  ~  of  a 
j  Carack,  tho3  a  Stone  of  two  Caracks  be  worth 
j  40  L  yet,  in  this  Rule  of  Reckoning  (meaning  I 
i  a  Carack  fo  valued)  it  is  valued  but  at  ~  of  a  Ca¬ 
rack,  which  is  50 s.  and  one  of  —  of  a  Carack  but 
J  at  \  of  50  j.  tho3  a  fingle  Stone,  one  Quarter  of  a 
Grain,  or  worth  30  s.  as  for  Example.  You 
would  know  what  a  Stone  of  fix  Grains  is  worth  , 
fix  Grains  is  3-*-  Caracks $  3  times  3  is  9,  and  9 
times  5 os.  is  22/.  10 s.  which  is  the  Value  of  the 
Stone.  So  of  five  Grains,  5  times  5  is  25,  and 
25  times  125.  6  d.  is  15/.  125.  6  d. 

To  make  a  Foil  for  a  Diamond .  A  Foil,  to  be 
fet  under  a  thick  Table-Diamond,  is  made  with 
black  Ivory  and  Maffick,  picked,  and  made  very 
clear,  with  a  little  Oil  of  Maffick,  to  incorporate 
them.  Black  Ivory  and  Turpentine,  heated  on 
the  Fire,  is  good,  but  the  former  is  better.  For 
a  thin  Table,  black  Ivory,  fcraped  very  fine,  is 
good  y  or  take  a  Coal  of  the  faid  Ivory,  with  a 
little  Oil  of  Maffick,  and  dry  the  fame  5  or  Ivory, 
with  a  little  Gum  ;  fair  Water,  is  alfo  good. 

I  f  you  fell  a  Diamond,  that  hath  high  Biffals, 
then  you  may  fet  it  upon  full-fcraped  Ivory,  which 
graceth  the  Play  of  them. 

P  4  A 


%i6  Obfervations  upon  Gems, 

A  Rose  Diamond,  that  is  very  thick  5  it’s  good 
to  fet  it  clofe  upon  the  Ivory,  and  it  will  play  very 
well  j  or  black  Velvet  is  good,  under  a  thin  Table 
Diamond,  fcraped  as  you  do  Lint. 

There  are  four  Sorts  of  Oriental  Rubies , 
that  which  is  hardeft,  the  belt  and  faireft  Colour, 
if  it  be  very  fair,  and  cut  Diamond-cut,  is  no  lefs 
efteem’d  than  a  Diamond,  for  the  Weight ;  but  ’tis 
rare  to  fee  fuch  an  one.  The  fecond  Sort  of  Ru¬ 
bies  is  white,  oriental,  and  hard,  which  alfo  is  of 
good  Efteem,  if  cut  of  a  Diamond-cut,  but  not  of 
fo  high  a  Price,  as  the  perfed:  red  Ruby  ;  but  yet 
if  it  be  in  Perfection,  ’tis  very  rare,  there  being 
few  of  this  Sort.  The  third  Sort  is  called  a  Spinell^ 
which  is  fofter  than  the  former,  and  of  lefs  Efteem, 
being  not  fo  hard,  nor  hath  it  the  Life  of  the 
other,  nor  fo  perfed:  a  Colour :  ’Tis  naturally 
fomewhat  greafy  in  cutting  becaufe  of  its  Softnefs. 
The  fourth  is  called  a  BaUace  Ruby ,  not  fo  much 
efteem’d  as  the  Spine  Jl,  being  not  fo  well  colour’d  j 
’tis  alfo  greafy,  and  will  fcarce  take  a  Polifh,  and 
looks  like  a  Garnet. 

There  are  three  Sorts  of  Saphirs  ;  one  per¬ 
fect  blue,  and  very  hard,  which  if  cut  of  a  Dia¬ 
mond-cut,  and  without  Calcedonie ,  is  of  very  good 
Efteem.  The  fecond  is  perfed:  white,  and  very 
hard,  which  if  of  a  Diamond-cut,  and  without 
Blemifh,  is  likewife  efteem’d.  The  third,  call’d 
Water  Saphirs ,  are  of  {mail  Efteem,  being  not  fo 
hard  as  the  other,  and  commonly  of  a  dead  water- 
ifn  Colour. 


A  Copy 


(  «7  ) 


A  Copy  of  the  Account ,  which  Dr.  Wallis 
gave  to  Dr.  Bernard,  one  of  the  Dele¬ 
gates  for  Printing ,  by  a  Mejfenger  font 
from  Oxford  for  that  Purpofe,  the  Dele¬ 
gates  having  agreed  to  be  determined  by 
his  Opinion  in  the  Cafe ,  at  Serjeant’s-Inn, 
in  fleet-ftreet.  Jan.  23.  1691, 

Reverend  S  I 

Tn  Anfwer  to  yours,  of  June  20.  concerning  the 
1  Bufinefs  of . Printing. ,  the  brief  Hillary  is  this : 

As  to  the  University's  Right  of  Printing  all 
S  Manner  of  Books  vendible,  before  our  Charter  of 
[  King  Charles  1.  it  is  not  needful  to  trouble  you  at 
;j  prefent ;  but  the  Ufe  of  Printing  was  firft  brought 
i  into  England  by  the  Univerfity,  and  at  their 
t  Charges,  and  here  pradtifed  many  Years,  before 
1  there  was  any  Printing  i n  London  $  and  we  have 
been  in  the  continual  Poileffion  of  it  ever  fmce, 
j  and  long  before  there  was  any  Reilraint  put  upon 
Printing,  which  was  not  at  all,  till  Queen  Eliza - 
\  bet  Vs  Time. 

About  8  Car.  I.  ( and  by  feveral  Charters 
fmce)  our  ancient  Right  is  recognized,  and  fur¬ 
ther  granted  to  us ;  befides  which  Charter,  Arch- 
Bifhop  Laud  did  procure,  from  the  Stationers  of 
London  (by  Indenture  under  their  Seal)  a  Grant 
from  them  of  one  Copy,  for  the  Bodleian  Library, 
of  all  Books  thenceforth  to  be  printed  in  their 
Company,  in  Confideration  of  a  Leafe,  to  them 
granted,  of  tranfcribing  Copies  (in  that  Library) 
of  Manufcripts  there,  for  them  to  print.  And 
Sir  Thomas  Bodley  gave  to  the  Company  a  Piece 
of  Plate  of  60  /.  But  this,  tho3,  for  fome  Time, 

whilft 


a 1 8  *Dr.  Walli §V  Account  of 

whilfl:  Arch-Bifhop  lived,  ’twas,  in  Part,  ob» 
ferved,  hath  fmce  been  wholly  negledied,  and 
they  give  us  none  upon  that  Account. 

There  was,  at  the  fame  Time,  an  Agree¬ 
ment  between  the  Univerfity,  and  that  Company, 
(for  three  Years)  in  behalf  of  the  Company,  the 
King’s  Printers,  and  Mr.  Norton ,  (with  a  Cove¬ 
nant  to  renew  at  the  End  of  that  three  Years) 
whereby  the  Univerfity  agreed  to  forbear  the  Print¬ 
ing  of  certain  Books,  and  the  Company  to  pay 
200 1.  a  Year  for  fuch  Forbearance,  which  200/. 
was,  by  Agreement  among  themfelves,  to  be  raif- 
ed  in  a  certain  Proportion  $  viz.  So  much  by  the 
Company,  fo  much  by  the  King’s  Printers,  and 
fo  much  by  Mr.  Norton.  But  as  to  this  Partition 
between  themfelves,  the  Univerfity  was  not  con¬ 
cerned.  J  his  200  /.  was  paid  for  the  firft  three 
Years,  and  the  Agreement  renewed,  with  like  Co¬ 
ven  ants,  for  another  three  Years,  and  obferved  by 
them  for  fome  Time  3  but,  the  Wars  coming  on, 
the  Univerfity  did  ftill  forbear  Printing,  but  the 
Stationers  gave  us  no  Money  5  and  thus  it  conti¬ 
nued  till  about  the  Year  1653.  nor  would  the 
Company  be  prevail’d  with,  either  to  renew  their 
old  Agreement,  or  enter  into  any  new  one,  to 
that  purpofe ,  but  did  enjoy  the  Benefit  of  our 
Forbearance,  without  giving  us  any  Confideration 
for  it. 

The  Univerfity  thereupon  gave  Leave  to  their 
Printers  ( Litchfield  and  Half)  to  comprint  with 
them  divers  beneficial  Books ,  which  prefently 
brought  them  to  fuch  Terms  of  Agreement,  (that 
being  the  only  Means  to  bring  them  to  Reafon) 
tho’  it  was  then  agreed  to  forbear,  they  paying  the 
Rent  of  120  /.  which  Fall  of  Rent  was  agreed  to, 
upon  their  Complaint  of  Poverty  and  I)ecay  of 
Trade. 


After 


i V rinting  in  Oxford.  11$ 

After  the  Return  of  King  Charles  II,  Dr. 
i,  Bailey ,  when  he  was  Vice-Chancellor,  brought  it 
1  up  to  the  old  Rent  of  200  /.  and  fo  it  continued 
I  for  fome  While. 

When  the  Univerfity  devolved  their  Power  on 
Dr.  FeU^  (fince  Bifhop  of  Oxford')  and  fome  others, 
they  continued  the  like  Agreement,  with  the  Com- 
|  pany,  in  behalf  of  themfelves,  and  fome  others  con- 
1  cerned  with  them,  which  continued  for  fome  Time 
j  longer. 

But  after  a  While,  the  King’s  Printers  of  Bi¬ 
bles,  prefuming  that  we  had  not  Stock  enough  to 
comprint  Bibles  with  them,  broke  off  their  Agree¬ 
ment,  and  would  pay  their  Proportion  no  longer ^ 
bidding  us  print  Bibles,  if  we  pleafed,  they  would 
give  us  nothing  to  forbear. 

Mean  while  the  Company  and  Mr.  Norton , 
being  well  aware  that  we  might,  with  a  little 
Stock,  be  able  to  do  them  a  Prejudice,  by  print¬ 
ing  Grammars,  Almanacks,  and  School-Books,  were 
willing  to  continue  the  Agreement,  as  to  their 
Proportions. 

Whereupon  the  Bifhop  and  Dr.  Tates ,  con¬ 
tinuing  to  pay  us  200/.  as  before,  did  agree  with 
the  Company  and  Mr.  Norton ,  for  fo  much  as  their 
Proportion  came  to,  but  did  bear  the  Lofs,  out  of 
their  own  Purfes,  of  that  which  the  King’s  Print¬ 
ers  were  to  pay  ;  and  this  for  divers  Years,  before 
they  could  put  themfelves  into  a  Capacity  of  print¬ 
ing  Bibles. 

After  fome  Years,  Dr.  Tates  brought  into  the 
Stock,  for  Printing  (as  I  have  been  told)  a  Stock 
of  4  or  5000  /.  which  did  inable  them  to  fet  upon 
the  printing  of  Bibles. 

Thereupon  the  Bifhop  and  he  printed  a 
Bible  in  ^ 'narto ,  which  the  King’s  Printers,  being 
aware  of,  did  print  another,  juft  in  the  fame  Vo¬ 
lume,  and  fold  it  to  Lofs  j  and  ditf  lofe  by  it,  as 

themfelves 


2  2  0  cDr.  W  alli s’s  Account  of 

themfelves  did  acknowledge,  above  500/.  defign* 
ing,  thereby,  to  break  our  Defign  in  Printing,  by 
forcing  us  to  fell  fo  cheap,  as  to  lofe  by  it,  or 
elfe  to  have  the  Bibles  lie  upon  their  Plands  un¬ 
fold  ;  whilft  themfelves  would  make  themfelves 
whole,  by  fetting  a  higher  Price  on  Bibles  in  other 
Volumes :  And  thus  they  threatened  to  do,  with 
whatever  Volumes  we  fhould  print,  prefuming  that 
we  were  not  in  a  Capacity  to  print  in  all  Volumes. 

The  Bifhop  and  Dr.  Tates,  finding  themfelves 
thus  over-reached,  found  it  neceffary  to  take  in  with 
them  fome  London  Booksellers ,  as  well  for  the  bet¬ 
ter  vending  of  Books,  which  did  already  lie  upon 
their  Hands,  as  for  the  Increafe  of  their  Stock, 
that  they  might  be  in  a  Capacity  to  print  in  other 
Volumes  alfo,  which  did  effectually  counterwork 
that  Defign. 

Hereupon  they  firft  took  in  Mofes  Pitt, 
and  one  other ;  but  finding  thefe  not  enough  to  do 
the  Work,  they  further  took  in  Air.  Parker  and 
Air.  Guy  y  thpfe  took  off  all  the  Books  which  the 
Bifhop  and  Dr.  Tates  had  lying  upon  their  Hands, 
and  did  effectually  fet  upon  printing  of  the  Bible 
in  feveral  Volumes  :  With  fo  much  Struggling  it 
was,  and  with  fo  great  Charges,  before  we  could 
get  into  a  Capacity  to  print  Bibles,  without  great 
Lofs. 

This  Difficulty  being  thus  mafter’d,  their  next 
Attempt  upon  us  was  by  a  Suit  at  the  Council-Ta¬ 
ble,  about  the  Year,  as  I  remember,  1679,  which 
put  us  to  2  or  300  /.  Charges 3  which  was  born  part¬ 
ly  by  the  Uni verfity, partly  by  the  Bifhop,  and  partly 
by  our  Printers,  endeavouring,  thereby,  to  get  us 
reftrained  from  printing  Bibles  at  all,  or,  at  leaih, 
confined  only  to  fome  few  Sorts  ^  in  which  Suit, 
Air.  Pitt,  Air.  Parker ,  and  Air.  Guy,  were  very  indu- 
flrious,  and  diligent  in  folliciting  the  Bufinefs, 
retaining  and  yiiimcting  the  Council,  and  giving 

us 


Printing  in  Oxford. 


ii  t 


I  iis  other  A  Alliance,  which  we  could  very  iii  have 
fpared  3  the  prefent  Bilhop  of  St.  Afaph ,  and  other 
Friends,  were  likewife  affiftant  to  us. 

The  Iffue  of  this  Suit  going  for  us,  their  next 
I  Attempt  was,  the  fetting  a  Multitude  of  Frefles 
i  to  Work,  to  print  vaft  Numbers  off,  and  by  fel- 
I  ling  them  cheap,  to  break  our  Printers 3  fo  that 
now  the  Contefl  was,  whether  fhould  print  moil, 
and  fell  cheapeft 3  whereby  the  Price  of  Bibles, 
for  the  Advantage  of  the  Publick,  was  brought 
|  down  to  lefs  than  Half  of  what  they  were  before 
fold  at ,  and  many  hundred  Thoufands  of  Bibles, 
printed  and  fold,  more  than  otherwife  would  have 
been  3  and  our  own  People  at  home,  and  abroad  in 
our  Plantations,  furnifhed  from  hence,  which  before 
were  wront  to  be  furnifhed  in  vaft  Numbers  from 
Holland ,  where  Bibles  were  printed,  far  more  than 
in  England ,  becaufe  cheaper  3  for  the  K  ing's  Printers 
did  not,  now,  print  and  fell  fewer  Bibles,  by  reafon 
ofourComprinting,butonly  they  fold  them  cheaper. 

Their  next  Attempt  on  us,  w'as  a  long  Suit 
in  Chancery,  for  two  or  three  Years,  to  the  Charges 
of  a  great  many  hundred  Pounds,  born  as  before, 
partly  by  the  Bniverfity,  partly  by  the  Bifhop, 
and  partly  by  our  Printers  3  wBerein  we  thought, 
the  Lord-Keeper  North  bore  very  hardly  upon  us 
(and  was  afterwards  convinced  that  he  had  done  fo) 
but  did  at  length  difmifs  us,  to  a  Trial  at  Common 
Law:  After  which,  if  there  were  Occafion,  it  was 
to  return  again  to  Chancery. 

A  ftEr  this,  they  vexed  us  with  two  Suits  at 
Common  Law,  v/hich  are  yet  depending  3  one  in 
the  Name  of  the  King’s  Printers  3  the  other  in  the 
Name  of  the  Company  3  to  which  we  were  fain, 
at  great  Charges,  to  put  in  Pleas,  and  to  have  it 
agreed  at  the  Barr  divers  Times  3  but  finding  the 
Court  inclinable  to  do  us  Right,  they  have,  by 
delaying  Proceedings,  kept  it  off  from  Judgment, 
and  the  Suits  are  ftill  depending.  ‘  T  hey 


2  2  2  2>  .  W  a  l  l  i  sT  Account  of 

They  then  prevailed  with  the  Bifhop  of  Ox¬ 
ford  to  fepafate  the  Interefts  j  and  whereas  before, 
while  Dr.  Tates  was  alive,  they  had  let  the  whole 
to  our  Printers,  at  200  /.  and  left  it  to  them  to  a- 
gree  with  the  Company,  upon  the  Point  of  For¬ 
bearance,  who  knew,  better  than  we  did,  how  to 
hold  the  Company  to  their  Agreement :  The  Bi¬ 
fhop  would  let,  to  our  Printers,  the  Buflnefs  of 
printing  Bibles  and  Common-Prayer  Books  at  Part 
of  that  Sum,  and  agreed  with  the  Stationers  for 
another  Part  of  that  Sum,  to  forbear  printing  their 
Copies  3  and  this  by  Agreement  between  the  Uni- 
verlity  and  the  Stationers,  for  three  Years,  with  a 
Claufe  of  Renewal  after  that  Time. 

The  Stationers  now  being  got  free  of  our 
Printers,  who  knew  how  to  keep  them  to  Terms, 
(better  than  we)  they  broke  with  us :  They  paid 
their  Rent  for  about  one  Year,  but  then  firil  de¬ 
lay'd,  and  then  refus'd  to  pay  their  Rent,  till 
there  was  five  Quarters  behind,  and  told  us  we 
Jhould  be  paid  all  the  next  Term,  upon  the  Quo 
Warranto . 

For  in  the  Interim  of  this  their  Delay,  to  pay 
their  Rent,  they  had  caufed  a  Quo  Warranto  to  be 
brought  againft  the  Univerfity,  of  which  they 
hoped  the  like  IfTue,  as  of  the  other  Quo  Warran¬ 
tors  ;  towards  the  obtaining  of  which,  we  are  told 
of  a  Plate  of  500  Guineas  went  one  Way,  and  a 
Tun  of  Wine  another  Way ,  and  300  /.  allowed 
to  Henry  Hill  upon  his  Account,  for  fecret  Service ; 
and  of  a  Bible  to  be  prefented  to  fomebody  (with 
fiver  Clafps  and  Bodes,  Sc.')  which  coft  60  /.  the 
Binding  ;  but  thefe  being  Works  of  Darknefs,  I 
cannot  tell  what  to  fay  to  them ,  but  this  we  are 
lure  of,  that  the  Quo  Warranto  was  brought,  and 
that  14  of  the  chief  Men  of  the  Company  did,  at 
once,  attend  at  the  Attorney-General's  Chamber, 
when  it  was  there  to  be  argued  ^  though  they 

would 


^ "Printing  in  Oxford.  Tt 3 

would  now  perfuade  us,  that  it  was  only  Henry 
Hill's  Doing. 

For  this  Arrear  of  Rent  we  did  commence  a 
Suit,  (which  is,  I  think,  yet  depending)  but  the 
Quo  Warranto  being  then  actually  brought  (which 
they  hoped  fhould  pay  all  their  Debts)  we  were 
advifed,  as  a  quicker  W ay  (they  having  broken 
their  Articles,  by  Non-Payment  of  Rent)  to  for¬ 
bear  no  longer,  but  comprint  upon  them,  which 
prefently  brought  them  to  Order,  and,  (notwith- 
ftanding  the  Quo  Warranto  depending)  brought 
down  their  Money,  and  would  have  paid,  not 
only  the  five  Quarter’s  Arrears  (for  which  we  had 
commenced  the  Adiion)  but  another  Quarter’s  Rent 
too,  which  we  could  not  fafely  receive,  becaufe 
we  had  comprinted  upon  them  ;  but  would  not 
pay  thofe  Arrears,  unlefs  we  would  take  that  fur- 
[  ther  Rent ;  and  fo  that  Arrear,  and  all  the  Rent, 
ever  fince  remains  unpaid  by  them  to  this  Day. 

5Ti  s  true,  that  Parker  and  Guy  did  then  de- 
:  pofit,  with  the  Vice-Chancellor,  Dr.  Ironfide ,  that 
|  Arrear  of  240  L  or  rather  fo  much  Money  inftead 
thereof,  and  all  the  growing  Rent  ever  fince ,  and 
alfo,  at  their  own  Charge,  of  200  /.  at  leaf,  main¬ 
tain  that  Suit  of  the  Quo  Warranto ,  which  Kind 
of  Law-Suits  were  wont  to  be  partly  born  by  the 
Univerfity,  and  by  the  Bifhop,  hoping,  in  Time, 
to  make  themfelves  whole  again  from  the  Com¬ 
pany,  but  (for  feme  Reafons)  cannot  do  it  yet  5 
and  never  meant,  if  they  continue  our  Printers, 
to  trouble  the  Univerfity  to  get  in  thofe  Arrears,  or 
Charges,  becaufe  they  think  they  can  get  it  in, 
eafier  than  we  can,  if  we  do  not  di fable  them. 
But  if  we  take  our  Power  out  of  our  own 
j  Printers  Plands,  whofe  Interefi:  it  is,  as  well  as 
ours,  to  preferve  it,  and  put  it  into  the  Hands  of 
thofe,  whofe  Intereft  it  is  to  defiroy  it,  we  (hall 
difable  both  them  and  ourfelves  for  recovering 

thofe 


x^ 


224  T)r.  Walli sT  Account ,  &c. 

thofe  Arrears  or  Charges  j  and  whatever  Agree¬ 
ment  we  make  with  them,  we  may  expedf  (upon 
the  firft  Opportunity)  to  have  them  broken,  as 
hitherto  they  have  been  5  and  if  we  once  let  fall 
our  Printing,  we  can  never  hope  to  recover  it  a- 
gain  ;  for  where  fhall  we  find  another  Dr.  Tates , 
to  furnifh  us  with  fuch  another  Stock,  and  run 
through  the  many  Difficulties  to  re-eftablifh  what 
we  now  have,  and  may  continue,  without  Trou¬ 
ble,  if  we  pleafe. 

O  n  the  other  Hand,  I  do  not  know  that  Parker 
and  Guy ,  who  are  now  your  Printers,  have  ever 
failed  in  paying  you,  to  a  Penny,  whatever  they 
promifed ;  nor  do  I  find  that  the  Company  do 
charge  them  to  have  ever  failed  in  any  Agreement 
made  with  them,  tho5  but  verbal. 

This  is  the  Account,  which,  as  to  Matter  of 
Fadt,  I  can  on  the  fudden  give  you,  from 


x^ 


.S’  I  R , 


lours  to  jerve  ybu , 

John  Wallis. 


Dr * 


(  11  S'  ) 

I  gy  ^  '  $ 

\*f}r.  Hoo \\s  <Defcriftion  of  fome  Inflru - 
ments  for  Sounding  the  great  4 Depths  of 
the  Sea ,  and  bringing  Accounts  of  fever  a  l 
Kinds  from  the  Bottom  of  it.  Being  the 

Su  bf  since  of  fo?ne  of  his  Lectures ,  in  De¬ 
cember,  1 691. 

. 

'T  n  the  Philof.  tfranfabi.  N.  9.  and  24.  we  have  a 
j“*“  Defcription  of  an  Inftrument,  to  found  the 
1  great  eft  Depths  of  the  Sea:  But  there  were  two 
!  great  Difficulties  that  attended  it :  The  fir  ft  was, 
"That  it  was  neceffary  to  make  the  Weight,  that 
[was  to  fink  the  Ball,  of  a  certain  Size  and  Figure, 
cfo  proportioned  to  the  Ball,  as  that  the  Velocity 
I  of  them,  downwards,  when  united,  ffiould  be  e- 
ij  qual  to  the  Velocity  of  the  Ball  alone,  when  it 
]  afcended  in  its  Return  ;  in  Order  to  which,  it  re¬ 
s’  duired  to  be  prepared  with  Care,  and  required  alfo 
:  fome  Charge,  it  being  almoft  neceffary  to  make  it 
of  Lead,  of  a  certain  Weight  and  Figure.  The 
j  6ther  was,  the  Difficulty  of  difcovering  the  Ball 
|  at  the  fifft  Moment  of  its  Return,  which  was  like- 
!  wife  of  abfolute  NecelTity ;  and  it  was  likewife  ne~ 
teffary  to  keep  the  Time  moft  exadtly  of  its  Stay, 
or  Continuance,  under  the  Surface  of  the  Water, 
by  the  Vibrations  of  a  Pendulum,  held  in  one's 
Hand  3  for  I  was  inform'd,  that,  upon  Trial,  they 
have,  after  fome  Time,  perhaps  difcover’d  the 
Ball  floating  in  a  Place,  where  they  did  not  at  firft 
expebb  it  ;  and  fo  that  Experiment  became  infig- 
nificant,  tho'  they  were  at  the  Charge  oflofingthe 
leaden  W eight,  and  had  ufed  all  Diligence  to  keep 
the  Tfme,  and  to  watch  for  the  firft  Appearance 
of  the  Baft; 


This 


22  6  InJIruments  for  founding  the 

This  Way,  which  I  fhall  now  explain,  is  freed 
from  all  thefe,  fave  only  of  finding  and  recovering 
the  Ball,  after  it  is  returned  from  the  Bottom  $ 
for  I  have  no  Need  of  proportioning  my  Weight, 
provided  it  be  heavy  enough  to  fink,  nor  of  making 
it  of  this,  or  that  Figure,  or  of  Lead,  or  any  o- 
ther  Metal,  fince  a  Stone,  if  big  enough,  of  any 
Shape,  will  do  3  nor  have  I  any  Need  of  counting 
the  Time  of  its  being  under  Water,  fince  it  will 
do  as  well,  if  1  procure  the  Ball  an  Hour  after  it 
floats ;  fo  that  all  the  Trouble  is,  the  fetching 
in  the  Ball,  when  5tis  difcovered,  and  the  letting 
it  into  the  W ater,  when  it  begins  to  fink. 

1  x  remains  therefore  only  to  defcribe  the  Means 
and  Way,  how  this  Matter  is  to  be  effected,  and  'tis, 
in  fhort,  no  other  than  what  I  then  experimented, 
and  gave  an  Account  of,  in  Writing,  to  this 
Society  3  as,  I  believe,  will  appear  by  the  F  egifler 
of  that  Time,  which  was,  as  well  as  I  can  remem¬ 
ber,  in  the  Year  1661,  or  1662,  but  becaufe  few 
here,  now  prefent,  may  remember  it,  1  fhall  now 
again  defcribe  it. 

I  t  confifts  then  of  three  Parts ,  the  firft  is  a 
Stone,  of  a  fufficient  Bignefs,  to  fink  it  to  the  Bot¬ 
tom,  how  deep  hoover,. and  the  bigger  the  Stone  be, 
-  the  more  Expedition  doth  this  Meffenger  make  to 
its  Stage.  Secondly,  of  a  wooden  Ball,  well  pitched, 
which  is  carried  down,  by  the  Stone,  to  the  Bot¬ 
tom,  which  then  leaving  it,  it  returns,  with  Speed, 
to  the  Top,  and  there  floats  upon  the  Water, 
from  whence  it  is  to  be  fetched  aboard.  Thirdly, 
of  a  Cylinder,  Cone,  or  Hyperbolick  Trumpet, 
that  is  to  bring  back  the  Information  to  what 
Depth  it  hath  defeended  ;  this  is  fattened  to  the 
Ball,  in  the  Manner  deferibed  in  the  Figure ;  and 
at  the  Bottom  of  this  is  fattened  the  Cock,  or 
Crook,  by  which  they  are  both  pulled  down  to 
the  Bottom,  and  then  let  loofe,  as  was  pra&ifed 

on 


% 


r 

w 


great  Depths  of  the  Sea.  227 

on  the  former  3  defcribed  in  the  Philosophical 
Tranfahlions. 

The  Cylinder 3  Hyperboiick  Trumpet,  or 
Cone,  ftcth.  III.  Fig.  1.)  ABC  is  to  be  hollow, 
made  of  Tin,  or  thin  Brafs,  and  fo  contrived, 
as,  by  a  finall  Hole,  to  receive  the  Water  in¬ 
to  it,  lefs  or  more,  according  to  the  external 
Preffure  at  the  Apex  A,  of  the  Fluid  it  de- 
fcends  in  $  fo  that  it  will  always  ,  by  the 
Quantity  of  W ater  contain’d  in  it,  give  a  true 
Account  of  the  Preffure  of  the  Water,  at  the  Bot¬ 
tom,  which  is  always  proportionate  to  the  Depth 
of  it,  below  the  Surface,  this  is  fhewn  by  the  Com- 
i  preffion  of  the  Air  included,  whofe  Dimenfions 
are  always  in  reciprocal  Proportion  to  the  Preffure. 
This  is  to  be  found  after  the  Bail  is  returned  from 
the  Bottom,  by  weighing  the  Quantity  of  Water, 
contain’d  in  the  Cone,  or  other  Receiver,  and 
comparing  it  with  as  much  Water,  as  will  exactly 
fill  it,  or  by  a  Meafure  of  Capacity  •  or  thirdly, 
if  the  Receptacle  be  perfectly  regular,  by  a  gaug¬ 
ing  Rod  fet  in  its  Axis  ,  but  the  beft,  and  moft 
l  fure  Way,  I  take,  to  be  by  Weight.  DD  is  the 
;  Ball,  made  of  light  Wood,  and  well  pitch’d,  and 
of  fufficient  Bignefs,  to  raife  up  the  Cone,  with 
its  contained  Water,  as  foon  as  it  is  difcharged 
from  the  Stone  or  Weight.  K  K,  which  is  to  be 
of  a  Weight  fufficient  to  fink  it,  and  then  flip  from 
it,  at  the  Bottom,  by  Means  of  the  Spring-Hook  j 
E  F  G  the  Ring  to  be  hung  upon  the  Hook ;  FHI 
the  Cord.  There  is  nothing  in  the  Contrivance, 
but  what  is  eafy  to  be  made,  and  the  Charge  wi]^ 
knot  amount  to  a  Farthing  a  'Trial. 


q2 


I:  miff 


2.28  Inflruments  for  founding  the 

Emiflarius  fecundus  ad  fundum  Abyffi,  five 
Explorator  Diflant ix  Inanimatus. 

The  Opinions,  concerning  the  Abyfs,  feem  to 
Have  been  received,  and  conveyed  to  us,  from  the 
firft  and  moft  ancient  l  imes  of  the  World.  And 
we  find  that  Ovid,  tho5  he  feems  to  have  under- 
ftood  the  Earth  to  be  Spherical,  yet  he,  fpeaking 
of  the  Creation,  and  firft  Produdtion  of  1  hings, 
(of  which,  no  doubt,  he  received  his  Information 
from  the  Waitings  of  Mofes ,  or  fome  other  that 
had  feen  them)  makes  the  Water  to  be  the  lowed 
of  all  the  Elements  - — ~ Circumfluus  humor  ultima 
poffedit  folidumque  coercuit  Orbem.  I  had  no  fur¬ 
ther  Intention,  but  to  fhew,  that  the  Sea  was  call’d 
the  Abyfs,  and  by  the  Abyfs  was  meant  a  Depth, 
not  pofiible  to  be  founded,  or  meafured,  by  the 
Power  of  Art :  But  it  is  more  properly  rendered, 
by  our  Englijh  Tranfiation  of  the  Bible,  the  Deep , 
or  the  great  Deep ,  (when  the  Depth  of  the  Sea  is 
meant)  than  by  the  Abyfs  in  the  Vulgar  ,  yet  there 
are  feveral  Exprefiions  that  do  fhew,  it  was  under- 
ftood  tofignify  a  Depth,  that  was  beyond  the  Pow¬ 
er  of  Alan  to  meafure  3  and  fo  it  feems  to  be  meant 
in  the  firft  Chapter  of  Ecclefiafticus ,  where  5tis  faid? 
Who  hath  meafured  the  Height  of  Heaven ,  the 
Breadth  of  the  Earth ,  or  the  Deep  ;  that  is,  the 
Profundity  of  the  Sea  And  fo  the  Exprefiion  in 
the  37th  Chapter  of  Job  feems  to  intimate:  The 
Exprefiions  in  the  Scripture,  relating  to  Phyfical 
Matters,  being  accommodated  generally  to  the 
moft  common  and  believ’d  Opinions  of  Men,  con¬ 
cerning  them.  Certain  it  is,  that  no  one,  yet, 
hath  experimentally  found  what  the  greateft 
Depth  of  it  is,  except  only  in  fuch  Places  as  are: 
meafurable  by  Lines  and  a  Plumbet,  and  that,  for' 
the  moft  Part,  near  fome  Land.  The  greateft: 

that:: 


great  ^Depths  of  the  Sea.  229 

t  that  1  have  met  with,  of  that  Kind,  which  I  can 
rely  upon,  is,  what  Mr.  John  Greaves  relates,  that 
he  tried  in  the  Sea.  The  Paftage  is  in  the  10 2d 
I  Page  of  his  Pyramidographia .  In  the  Longitude  of 
t  1 1  Degrees  (fays  he)  and  in  the  Latitude  of  41 
Degrees ,  having  borrowed  the  ^Tackling  of  fix  Ships  3 
*  and ,  in  a  calm  Day ,  founded ,  with  a  Plumbet  of  aL 
j  moft  -20  Pound  Weighty  carefully  fleering  the  Boat3 
and  keeping  the  Plumbet  in  a  juft  Perpendicular ,  at 
t  1045  Englifh  Fathoms  $  that  is3  at  about  an  En- 

Iglifh  Mile  and  a  Quarter ,  in  Depths  I  could  find 
no  Land  or  Bottom.  Thefe  are  his  Words ,  but 
where  this  Place  was,  I  cannot  define,  becaufe  he 
does  not  declare  from  what  Meridian  he  computes 
his  Longitude:  Whether  it  were  in  the  Ocean,  to 
the  Weftward  of  Portugal ,  or  in  the  Streights3  a- 
bout  MerfeiUes  3  where-ever  it  were,  it  was  an  ex¬ 
cellent  Place,  to  have  tried  many  curious  and  in- 
ftrudtive  Experiments,  that  might  be  there  tried, 
by  fuch  as  have  Opportunity  to  go  that  Way  a- 
gain,  if  it  were  certainly  known.  But  this  Depth 
is  nothing,  in  Comparifon  to  what  Hefiod  fup- 
pofes  it,  or  Tartarus ,  which  is  the  fame  Abyfs  j 
namely,  as  deep  downwards,  as  the  Heaven  is 
high  upwards  j  and  that  he  afferts  to  be  fo  high, 
that  an  iron  Axe  would  be  10  Days  in  falling,  be¬ 
fore  it  would  touch  the  Earth  ;  and  juft  fo  long 
would  the  Axe  be  falling,  before  it  would  arrive 
at  Tartarus.  But  to  leave  thefe  Poetical  FiCtions, 
certain  it  is,  that  the  Sea  is,  in  fome  Parts  of  it, 
very  deep,  and  it  would  afford  many  ufeful  In¬ 
formations,  if  Inquiries  were  carefully  made,  by 
Means  of  my  Explorators ,  or  Nuntii  Inani7nati  $ 
for  by  fome,  or  other  of  them,  one  might  be  after- 
taiffd  of  divers  Things,  yet,  never  known  to  Man¬ 
kind.  That  which  I  defcribed,  the  laft  Day,  was, 
for  meafuring  the  Diftance,  which  it  would  effe¬ 
ctually  do,  were  it  not  for  one  Objection  or  two, 

Gf  3  which 


g,  30  Injlruments  for  founding  the 

which  may  poflibly  render  its  Account  difputable. 
The  Power  of  the  Spring  of  the  Air,  is  mod:  cer¬ 
tainly  in  reciprocal  Proportion  to  its  Dimenfions, 
to  whatever  Bulk  the  fame  Air  be  reduced  to,  by 
Compreflion ;  ’tis  certain  alfo,  that  the  Compref- 
fion,  or  Trulion,  of  a  fluid  Body,  is  always  in  Pro¬ 
portion  to  the  Length  of  the  Cylinder  compref- 
fing  ;  fo  that  the  Power  of  comprefling  of  any  one 
Cylinder,  of  a  certain  Height,  being  known,  the 
Power  of  any  other  Cylinder,  whofe  Length  is 
given,  is  eafily  found.  The  like  is  to  be  eftimated 
concerning  the  Powers  of  the  Reflftence  of  the 
Air,  if  its  Power  of  Expanfion,  or  Reflftence  to 
Condenfation,  be  known,  for  any  one  Expanfion, 
or  Dimenfion  of  it  3  the  Power  of  Expanfion  is 
known,  for  any  other  Dimenfion  of  it  given.  So 
that  both  the  Principles,  upon  which  the  laft 
Day’s  Experiment  was  founded,  are  undoubtedly 
true  and  genuine,  and  confequently  the  Invention, 
thereupon  founded,  would  fucceed  ;  and  then,  the 
firft  Niintius  In  animat  us  would  be  a  true  Explo - 
rat  or  Di ft  ant  ice.  But  there  are  two  Things  that 
may  make  its  Information ‘dubious  3  the  firft  is, 
the  Uncertainty  of  the  Temper,  as  to  Heat  and 
Cold,  in  thofe  very  deep,  fub-marine  Regions. 
For  we  know  that  Heat  does  augment  the  Power 
of  Expanfion  in  the  Air,  and  Cold  doth  diminifh 
it;  and  therefore  it  will  be  uncertain,  whe 
ther  all  the  Contrufion  of  the  Air,  at  the  Bottom, 
be  to  be  afcribed  to  the  Gravity  of  the  incumbent 
Cylinder  of  Water,  or  to  the  Coldnefs  of  the  Wa¬ 
ter  of  thofe  Regions,  in  Part ;  till  therefore  the 
Temperature  of  thofe  Regions  be  known,  we  can¬ 
not  pofitively  affirm,  what  Part  of  its  Condenfation 
was  to  be  afcribed  to  the  incumbent  cylindrick 
Weight  of  the  Water. 


Explorator 


great  Depths  of  the  Sea.  231 

Explorator  Temperament!. 

To  know  this,  I  have  another  Meflenger,  call’d 
Explorator  Temperament} ,  which  fhall  fetch 
a  true  Account  thereof;  and  fo  that  Objection,  or 
[  Impediment,  would  be  eafily  enough  removed,  if 
i1  Need  were. 

But  there  is  another  Objection  (which  is  alfo 
very  material)  againft  the  aforefaid  Method,  and 
!  that  is  this,  That,  as  5tis  true,  that  if  the  Water, 
s  at  the  Top  and  the  Bottom  of  the  Sea,  were  all 
\  of  an  uniform  Nature,  then  the  Rule  for  its  Gravi¬ 
tation,  or  Prefling,  would  hold  exaftly  according 
to  the  Rules  of  Proportion,  I  have  before  premifed, 

[j  and  the  Deductions  therefrom  would  be  indifpu- 
table  ;  but  if  there  be  differing  Sorts  of  W ater,  in 
differing  Depths,  as  no  one  has  yet  afcertain’d  us 
j  of  the  Contrary,  then  differing  Sorts  of  Water 
I  will  give  differing  Degrees  of  Gravitation,  or  Pref- 
:  fure ;  and  the  Proportion  I  have  affign’d,  for  an  uni- 
'  form  Cylinder  of  Water,  will  no  longer  be  of  Ufe; 

I  for  if  the  Water  in  Specie  be  heavier,  (as  moft 
:  probably  it  is)  then  a  fhorter  Cylinder  of  it  will 
have  the  fame  Power  to  prefs,  that  a  longer  Cy¬ 
linder  hath,  of  a  Water  lighter  in  Specie  ;  fo  that  if 
the  Water  be  twice  as  heavy,  half  the  Weight  will 
produce  the  fame  EffeCt ;  and  if  thrice  the  Weight, 
then  a  third  Part  of  the  cylindrick  Weight  will  be 
only  neceflary  ;  and  if  it  fhould  be  as  heavy  as 
Quickfilver,  or  indeed  as  heavy  as  the  Stone,  or 
Weight,  that  finks  the  Ball ;  then  the  Explorator 
will  not  dive  into  it  at  all,  but  ftay  at  the  Top  of  it. 
It  is  neceffary  therefore,  that  we  be  afcertain’d  of 
the  Nature  and  Condition  of  the  Water,  or  Li¬ 
quor,  whatever  it  be,  at  the  Bottom,  or  in  thofe 
lower  Regions,  at  any  afTignable  Depths. 

4  Explorator 


2-3?  Infiruments  for  founding  the 


Explorator  Subflantiaj. 

N  d  for  thefe  Purpofes  I  have  other  Explora- 


r \  tors ,  that  (hall  bring  me  a  certain  Account, 
what  Kind  of  Water,  or  other  Liquor,  it  is  that 
poffeffes  fuch,  or  fuch  a  Depth,  be  it  500,  or 
iooo,  or  1500,  or  2000  Fathom  deep,  or  any  o- 
ther  greater,  or  lefs,  affignable  Depth,  thefe  1  call 
Explcratores  Subfiantire ,  and  of  thefe  1  have  feve- 
ral  Kinds,  according  to  their  feveral  Employments 
and  Bufinefs.  There  is  yet  another  Scruple  that 
mu  ft  be  removed  alfo,  and  that  is,  Whether  the 
Gravitation,  towards  the  Center  of  the  Earth,  do 
continue  the  fame,  at  any  Depth ;  or  whether  it 
do  increafe  or  diminifh,  according  as  the  Body  is 
pofited  lower  and  lower,  beneath  the  Surface  of 
the  Sea;  for  if  Gravity  do  increafe,  then  the  Body 
will  move  downwards,  or  fink  falter,  than  at  the 
Top;  and  if  it  decreafe,  it  will  do  the  Contrary. 
Now  there  have  been  many,  and,  among  the  relt, 
the  incomparable  Verulam ,  that  have  affirmed,  that 
Stones,  &c.  in  the  Bottoms  pf  deep  Alines,  do 
weigh  much  lighter,  than  at  the  Top  ;  if  fo,  why 
may  not  that  be  true  alfo,  of  the  Depths  in  the 
Sea:  However  it  be,  it  is  defirable,  in  Philofophy, 
to  be  ascertained,  whether  it  be  fo  or  not;  and  if  it 
be  fo,  what  the  Differences  really  are  ;  for  which 
Purpofes  I  have  other  Nuntii  or  Explorators ,  that 
fhall  certainly  inform  me,  concerning  thofe  Parti¬ 
culars  alfo.  There  are  many  other  particular  In¬ 
quiries,  which  one  would  defire  to  be  afcertain3d 
of,  which  I  ihall  afterwards  mention,  and  alfo  fur- 
nifh  or  fupply  Meflengers,  fufficiently  accoutred, 
to  bring  back  Informations,  certain  and  inllrudfive. 
But  I  fhall  not  trouble  you  with  them  at  prefent; 
but  if  there  be  an  Opportunity  of  trying  thefe  I 
have  named ,  and  many  other  1  could  enumerate, 


I  fhall 


great  'Depths  of  the  Sea .  233 

i  1  fhall  be  ready  to  give  my  Afliftance :  They  are 
I  Experiments  indeed.,  not  to  be  tried  in  the  Pre- 
I  fence,  or  at  the  Meeting  of  this  Society,  but  yet 
r  they  are  fuch,  as  it  were,  very  defirable,  that  the 
\  Society  had  a  true  Account  of  them  ;  as  there  are 
alfo  Thoufands  of  others,  wRich,  it  were  to  be 

I-' 

wifhed,  this  Society  would  procure  Informations 
ofj  w  hich,  I  conceive,  is  in  their  Power  to  effedb, 
if  due  Means  and  Methods  were  made  ufe  of,  for 
efFedding  thofe  Ends.  The  Harveft  is  great,  but 
the  Labourers  are  few ;  and  without  Hands  and 
Heads  too,  little  can  be  expected  j  and  to  rely 
only  upon  Time  and  Chance,  is,  probably  the  moft 
likely  Way  to  have  all  our  Hopes  fruftrated. 

- - - - T - — — - / - - 

s  ' 

Explorator  Profunditatis. 

Bu  t  to  leave  this  Digreffion,  I  fhall,  at  prefent, 
only  defcribe  another  Meflenger,  who  is  to 
be  Explorator  Profunditatis ,  or  a  true  Surveyor  of 
the  Diftance,  which  is  not  at  all  liable  to  the  Un¬ 
certainties  of  the  Laft,  or  any  other,  as  I  conceive^ 
for  be  the  Pleat  or  Cold,  of  that  Climate,  what 
it  will,  or  whatever  the  D entity  or  Rarity,  what¬ 
ever  the  Gravity  or  Levity  of  the  Water,  what¬ 
ever  the  gravitating  Power,  whether  the  fame, 
greater,  or  lefs,  whatever  the  Spring  of  the  Air  be, 
Hr.  none  of  thefe,  or  any  other,  that  1  can  think 
of,  will  be  material,  but  the  Meffenger  wall  re¬ 
turn,  with  a  true  Account  of  what  he  was  fent  to 
inquire. 

This  Explorator  has  divers  Parts,  much  the  fame 
with  the  former  {  as  firft,  a  large  Ball  of  Wood,  or 
(Tab.  III.  Fig.  2.)  fome  other  convenient  Material, 
which  may  be  able  to  rife  from  the  Bottom,  after 
the  Weight,  that  funk  it,  is  feparated  from  it  •  this 

1  Ball 


23  4  Inflruments  for  founding,  &c 

Ball  is  marked  in  the  Figure  by  A  A  j  this  has  a 
cylindrick  Hole,  BBBB,  open  quite  through  the 
Middle  of  it,  that  the  Water  may  pafs  freely  thro5 
it,  as  it  defcends  to  the  Bottom  j  in  this  I  place 
two  Plates,  C  C,  C  C,  edge-wife,  to  the  Paflage  of 
the  Water,  which  have  each  a  Center-Hole  to  re¬ 
ceive  ,  and  hold  the  Pivots  of  an  Axis  F  F,  fo  as 
to  move  freely  therein :  Upon  this  Axis  are  fatten¬ 
ed  4  Vanes,  in  the  Manner  as  I  have  formerly 
defcrib'd,  for  Meafuring  the  Way  of  a  Ship 
thro*  the  Sea  ;  thefe  are  marked  with  E  E  E  ,  this 
Axis  has  a  Screw  Pinion  on  it  at  G,  which  every 
Revolution  turneth  one  Tooth  of  a  Wheel  of  Ac¬ 
count  ,  H,  whofe  Pinion  turneth  I,  whofe  Pinion 
turneth  K,  &c.  thefe  keep  a  certain  Account,  how 
many  Revolutions  the  Vanes  do  make,  in  their 
Paffage  to  the  Bottom  j  and  the  Revolutions  do 
meafure  the  Body  of  Water,  they  have  palled 
thro5,  in  their  whole  Defcent ;  but  that  the  Riling 
of  the  Ball  may  not  caufe  the  Vanes  to  return 
backwards,  I  have  feveral  Inventions ;  that  I  fhall 
mention,  at  prefent,  is  very  eafy,  namely,  a  Lid, 
or  Cover  to  the  cylindrick  Paffage,  which  is  fhut 
fo  foon  as  ever  the  Weight  leaves  the  Ball,  which 
I  effedf  by  the  Spring  M,  which  is  kept  down 
clofe  to  the  Ball,  whilft  it  is  defcending,  but 
fprings  up  fo  foon  as  theWeight  is  left,  it  fhutteth 
the  Cover  N,  which  ftops  the  cylindrick  Hole. 


Dr. 


great  'Depths  of  the  Sea. 


23f 


Dr.  H  o  o  k'j*  Le&iire ,  read  Dec.  i 6.  i6()i. 

In  my  preceding  Lediures,  I  have  defcribed  two 
of  my  Nuntii  Inanimat i ,  or  Exploratores  AbyJJt , 
whofe  Bufinefs  it  is  to  bring  back  a  certain  Ac¬ 
count  of  the  Diftance,  or  Space,  between  the 
Top  and  the  Bottom  of  the  Sea,  which  I  made 
Choice  of,  in  the  firft  Place,  to  equip,  they  being 
:  previous,  and  the  Forerunners  of  all  the  reft.  The 
firft  of  thefe,  tho’  it  would  do  well  enough  in  mo¬ 
derate  Depths,  where  there  is  no  great  Difference 
in  the  Temperature  of  the  Water,  as  to  Heat  and 
Cold,  and  other  Qualities;  yet  in  greater,  efpeci- 
ally  in  very  profound  Depths,  I  conceive,  it  may 
be  liable  to  Uncertainty,  for  the  Caufes  1  did  the 
laft  Day  mention  ;  which  to  prevent,  and  obvi¬ 
ate  any  other  Caufe  of  Doubt,  which  I  could,  or 
can  yet  think  of,  I  did  contrive  the  fecond  Explo - 
rat  or  Diftantice ,  which  I  defcribed  the  laft  Day ; 
the  Contrivance  of  which  is  fuch,  as,  I  conceive, 
v  will  moft  exactly  meafure  the  faid  Diftance,  and 
:  bring  back  the  true  Account  thereof.  The  W ay  I 
I  mention’d,  the  laft  Day,  was  contrived  only  to 
i  meafure  the  Length  of  its  Defcent ;  which,  I  con- 
»  ceive,  will  be  fufficient  Afturance  of  the  Extent,  or 
Depth,  thereof.  However,  if  any  (hall  defire  to  be 
more  afcertain’d  of  the  Truth  and  Exaftnefs  there¬ 
of,  I  have  contrived  a  Variation  of,  or  Addition 
1  to,  the  fame,  which  is  only  another  Prifmatick 
it  Box,  or  Hole,  with  the  fame  Kind  of  Helical 
Vanes  and  Wheels  of  Account,  as  the  former 
i  had,  which  is  fo  adapted  to  the  Float,  and  con¬ 
trived,  that,  all  the  while  the  Weight  is  defcend- 
ing,  this  additional  Way-wifer  fhall  ftand  ftill ; 
and  fo  foon  as  ever  the  Float  is  freed  from  the 
!  Weight  that  fankit,  and  it  begins  to  afcend,  this 

doth 


2  3  6  Inftrument  s  for  founding  the 

doth  then  begin  to  move,  and  fo  continues,  tiJI  it 
arrive  at  the  Top  of  the  Water ;  So  that  as  the 
former  did  meafure  the  Length  defcended,  fo  this 
doth  meafure  the  fame  afcended  3  which  if  they 
be  found  to  agree,  "twill  be  a  double  Confirmation 
of  the  Certainty  of  the  Experiment.  I  know  it 
will  be  objected,  that  this  will  make  the  Appara¬ 
tus  very  chargeable  and  difficult  3  and  (as  feem- 
ing  complicate)  to  be  apt  to  be  out  of  Order,  and 
few  will  ufe  the  Caution  and  Circumfpeftion,  that 
fuch  an  Inftrument  will  neceftarily  require:  To 
which  I  anfwer,  that  I  can  make  the  whole  fo  eafy, 
and  obvious,  that  the  whole  Inftrument  need  not 
coft  above  a  Crown ;  and  that  any  one,  almoft, 
fhall  be  able  to  make,  or  to  mend  it ,  and  any  one, 
that  can  but  write  and  read,  can  be  able  to  make 
Trial  therewith,  and  keep  Account  thereof ,  nor 
will  it  eafily  be  fo  out  of  Order,  but  that  it  may 
eafily  be  mended,  and  fet  to  Rights  again.  This, 
I  conceive,  will  do ;  all  that  needs  to  be  done,  to 
perfect  this  Enquiry,  which  being  the  firft,  and 
principal,  I  have  been  the  more  curious,  to  obvi¬ 
ate  all  Objeftions,  and  to  reduce  it  to  as  eafy  and 
plain  a  Way,  as  can  well  be  defired,  confidering 
the  many  Difficulties  which  are  to  be  provided  a- 
gainft.  I  have  not  made  a  Module  of  this  third, 
and  moft  compieat  Contrivance  of  all  the  three  ; 
but  1  have  prepared  a  Draught,  fo  that  thofe, 
who  underftood,  and  remember  the  Contrivances 
of  the  firft  and  fecond,  will  eafily  comprehend  the 
Fabrick  of  this. 


the 


great  cDephs  of  the  Sea.  337 

The  Third  Explorator  Biftantto, 

A  A  reprefents  the  Ball,  or  Float  of  Wood, 
through  which  is  put  BB,  a  Stick  fixed  on  the 
Top  of  it,  for  the  more  notable  Sign,  or  Signal, 
(by  which  to  find  it,  in  the  Sea,  after  its  Return) 
but  bigger,  and  more  fubftantial  downwards,  that 
it  may  be  the  more  fit  to  hold  the  Staple,  and 
Hook  at  the  Bottom  G  C,  and  likewife  the  Crofs- 
Piece  EE,  which  paffes  through  a  Mortice  made  in 
it,  and  is  thereby  kept  at  Right-angles  with  it ; 
upon  the  Ends  of  this  Crofs-piece,  E  E,  are  fixed 
two  prifmatick  Boxes,  F  F,  and  GG  j  F  F  is  the 
!  Box  that  holds  the  Vanes  and  Way-wifer,  made 
after  the  fame  Manner,  as  was  that  of  the  fecond 
Module,  which  I  fhew'd  the  laft  Day,  with  no  o« 
ther  Difference,  but  that  in  this  Contrivance,  the 
Box  is  fhut  by  the  Water,  fo  foon  as  ever  it  begins 
|  to  afcend,  without  any  Need  of  the  Spring  which 
1  had  made  in  the  fecond ,  and  that  the  Box  is 
made  to  open  one  Side,  the  better  to  fix  the  Vane 
;  and  Way-wifer  ,  and  likewife  the  infide  of  it  is 
fquare,  the  better  to  be  kept  Ready  in  the  Water, 
fo  that  it  fhall  not  be  winded,  or  twilled  by  the 
Helical  Vanes  ;  which  it  would  be  more  apt  to  be 
a  little,  if  the  Hollow  of  it  were  truly  cylindrick. 
(Table  IV.  Fig.  1.)  G  G  is  exactly  the  fame 
Kind  of  prifmatick  Box,  with  Vanes,  and  Way- 
wifer,  as  the  former,  but  it  is  perfectly  inverted, 
with  refpedl  to  the  former ;  for  in  the  former,  the 
Valve,  or  Lid  to  cover  it,  is  placed,  or  fixed  by 
Hinges,  to  the  Top,  fo  that  the  Water  fhuts  it, 
and  keeps  it  fo,  ail  the  while  it  afcends.  In  this, 
G  G  the  Valve,  or  Lid,  is  placed  at  the  Bottom, 
and  remains  fhut  all  the  Way  it  defcends ;  but  fo 
foon  as  it  begins  to  afcend,  Vis  opened,  and  the 
Vanes  are  turned  by  the  Boxes  paffing  through  the 

Water, 


8  Injlruments  for  founding  the 

Water.  The  Contrivance,  for  the  opening  and 
fhutting  thefe  Lids,  is  by  an  equal  Flat,  fixed  on 
the  Axis  of  each,  at  Right-angles  with  them,  that 
of  the  afcending  Way-ivifer,  G  G,  is  drawn,  and 
marked  with  H  H  in  the  Figure.  Thus,  I  con¬ 
ceive,  I  have  fufficiently  accoutred  my  firft  Explo¬ 
ratory  who  is  to  inform  me  of  the  Depth ;  and  is, 
indeed,  to  be  the  General  Poll:  that  muft  fetch  me 
all  the  other  Informations  I  defire. 


The  Thermometer ,  or  Explorator  Tempe¬ 
rature. 

T n  the  next  Place,  I  defire  to  be  informed  of  the 
Temperature  of  thofe  lower  Regions,  as  to 
Heat  and  Cold  :  And  for  this  Purpofe  1  have  con¬ 
triv’d  a  Thermometer,  that  fhall  certainly  inform 
me  ^  this  is  nothing  but  a  fmall  Bolt-head,  filled 
up  with  Spirit  of  Wine,  to  a  convenient  Height 
of  the  Stem,  with  a  fmall  Embolus  and  Valve  ,  the 
Embolus  is  made  fo,  as  to  be  thruft  down  the 
Neck,  as  the  Spirit  of  Wine  fhall  be  contrafted 
by  Cold ;  and  the  Valve  is  to  let  out  the  Spirit  of 
Wine,  when  it  is  again  expanded  with  Heat,  in 
its  Afcent  $  ’tis  very  plain,  and  eafy  to  be  appre¬ 
hended,  efpecially  when  that  is  viewed,  which  I 
have  here  provided  :  It  may,  poflibly,  be  thought 
that  the  great  PrefTure,  of  the  incumbent  Body  of 
Water,  may  contribute  fomewhat  to  the  Contra¬ 
ction,  or  Shrinking,  of  the  Spirit  3  but  tho’  I  am 
inclin’d  to  think,  that  That  will  not  caufe  any  fen- 
fible  Variation,  yet,  to  try  that,  I  fhall  Ihew  a 
Means  how  it  may  be  difeovered  3  which  Difco- 
very,  of  it  felf,  will  be  a  Difcovery  very  conflde- 
rable,  (Tab.  becaufenone  of  the  Ways, 

that  have  hitherto  been  attempted,  have  proved 

effectual, 


great  depths  of  the  Sea .  23^ 

effectual,  for  the  Condenfation  of  any  Fluid,  by 
PrefTure  only,  though  there  have  been  made  many 
Experiments,  by  this  Society,  on  Purpofe  for 
fuch  a  Difcovery, 


Explorator  Gravitationis/ 


Next  I  defire  to  be  informed,  whether  the 
Prefifure  of  the  W ater  do  exactly  keep  the 
1  Proportion  which  I  have  affign’d  it :  And  for  this 
(  Purpofe,  the  perforated  Cone,  defcribed  in  the 
firit  Exploratory  fent  down,  and  brought  back  with 
]  the  : Thermometer,  will  give  an  Account  thereof  9 
;  for  by  the  thermometer ,  (Table  III.  Fig.  1.)  we 
j  fhall  be  informed,  what  is  the  Degree  of  Cold,  and 
)  confequently  we  fhall  know,  what  Part  of  the  Con- 
>:  denfation  of  the  Air,  in  the  Cone,  is  due  to  that, 
r  and  confequently  what  Part  is  to  be  afcribed  to 
I  the  PrefTure 9  and  by  the  Way-wifer,  or  third  Ex¬ 
ploratory  we  are  aflured  of  the  Depth,  and  confe¬ 
quently  we  may  know,  whether  thofe  do  anfwer  to 
\  each  other,  according  to  the  Theory,  or  Propo- 
fition  affigned. 

This  I  mention,  to  fhew  that  no  one  of  the 
Inftruments,  1  have  already  defcribed,  or  fhall,  for 
the  future,  explain,  are  ufelefs,  or  fuperabundant; 
for  that,  before  I  leave  this  Subject,  I  fhall  fhew 
for  what  peculiar  Ufe  each  of  them  is  principally 
defigned,  tho5  many  of  them  will  not  only  ferve 
for  that  one,  but  for  the  Affiftance  of  many  others; 
where  they  will  be  of  as  neceffary  a  Ufe,  in  Con¬ 
comitance  with  others,  as  they  are  fingly  necef¬ 
fary  for  that  End,  for  which  they  were  principal¬ 
ly  defigned. 


/ 


240  Inftruments  for  founding  the 

I  t  '  may  poflibly  be  queried,  why  I  make  ufe  of 
Spirit  of  Wine  to  fill  my  Thermometer,  and  not 
of  Water,  or  other  Liquor:  To  tvhich  I  anfwer. 
That  firft  I  found  fo  many  Trials,  which  I  pur-' 
pofely  made,  to  perfedt  that  Kind  of  Thermome¬ 
ters,  (of  which,  I  believe,  I  made  the  firft  that 
were  made  in  England \  from  the  Sight  of  a  very 
fmall  one,  brought  out  of  Italy^  about  30  Years 
ftnce,  by  the  Prefident)  that  this  Spirit  was  the 
moft  fenfible  of  any  Liquor,  I  could  then  meet 
with,  of  the  Degrees  of  Heat  and  Cold.  And  fe- 
condlv,  becaufe  this  Liquor  was  capable  of  endu¬ 
ring  the  greateft  Degree  of  Cold,  I  could  give  it, 
by  the  Means  of  Salt  and  Ice,  and  yet  remain'd 
fluid,  without  Congelation,  but  did  continue  to 
{brink  to  the  laft.  Now  what  the  Temper  of  the 
Sea  may  be,  at  thofe  valf  Depths,  whither  this  is 
defign'd  to  be  fent,  no  Man  now  living,  or  ever 
did  live  upon  the  Earth  ,  hath  experimentally 
known,  (as  I  am,  with  good  Reafon,  perfuaded). 
But,  by  Conjectures,  one  may  be  induced  to  ex¬ 
pect,  that  the  Cold  fhould  be  there  very  predo¬ 
minant,  and,  in  Probability,  fuch  as  would  coiK 
geal,  and  turn  to  Ice,  a  Body  of  frefh  Water. 
And  tis,  in  Probability,  one  of  the  Caufes  that? 
the  Sea  was  made  to  abound  with  Salts,  by  the 
Divine  Providence,  who  adapted  every  Thing  to 
its  proper  Ufe  and  End ;  for  tis  very  hard  to  fup- 
pofe,  that  the  Heat  of  the  Sun  fhould  communi¬ 
cate  fo  powerful  an  Influence  from  the  Top, 
or  Surface  of  the  Sea,  downwards ,  for  the  Parts  of 
any  uniform  Fluid,  that  are  warmer  than  the  reft, , 
are  alfo  lighter,  and  confequently  will  afcend  up¬ 
wards  3  but  that  the  heated  Particles,  at  the  Top, 
fhould  fink,  or  defcend,  tis  not  to  be  fuppofed., 
Again,  that  the  Light,  and,  poflibly,  fomewhat: 
of  the  Heat  of  the  Sun,  may  be  communicated  to*  ' 
the  Bottom,  if  the  Water  be  clear,  Tis  not  to  be:  I 

denied^,  \ 


great  'Depths  of  the  Sea9  241 

denied,  but  then  it  muft  be  fo  fmail  a  Part,  of 
j  what  we  fee  necefiary,  to  keep  frefh  Water  from 
i  freezing  here  above  ,  firft,  by  reafon  of  the  Quan¬ 
tity  refleded  by  the  Superficies  of  the  Water  3  and 
|  fecondly,  by  the  Opacities,  that  muft  neeeflarily 
:  obftrud  their  Paffage,  thro5  fo  vaft  a  Thicknefs, 
that  no  Part,  near  the  Poles  of  the  Earth,  can  re« 

",  ceive  fo  little  Benefit  of  thefe  two  Qualifications 
of  the  Sun,  as  thefe  Parts  muft  needs  do.  It 
feems  therefore  reafonable  to  me  to  fuppofe, 

I  that  where  there  is  fuch  a  Defed  of  Heat,  Nature 
does  fupply  a  more  copious  Quantity  of  Salt,  or 
fome  other  fuch  Body,  as  is  able  to  refift  Congela- 
:  tion^  whether  Saline  or  Metallick  j  as  Quickfilver, 

:  or  fuch  like.  Time  and  Experiments  may  inform 
us :  Which  Experiments,  how  they  may  be  made, 

I  I  fhall,  the  next  Day,  inform  you,  and  furnifh 
I  you  with  fuch  Emiflaries,  as  fhall  bring  back  a 
true  Account  of  what  Kind  of  Subftance  the  Mafs 
of  the  Sea  is  compofed,  at  any  affignable  Depth, 
not  only  at  the  Bottom,  but  of  any  interjacent 
I  Part  affigned,  between  the  Top  and  Bottom, 


Lecture  read  Dec.  23.  1691, 

T  have,  in  my  preceding  Ledures,  endeavoured 
■**  to  fhew  by  what  Methods,  and  by  what  Kind 
of  Inftruments,  we  may  be  experimentally  after- 
taiffd  of  feveral  defirable  Informations,  about  the 
lower  Regions  of  the  Abyfs,  or  Great  Deep,  As 
firft,  and  principally,  what  the  Depth  of  the  Sea 
may  be,  in  any  Place  we  defire  to  meafure  it  5  and 
this  by  feveral  Inftruments  of  differing  Conftru- 
dion,  and  upon  different  Principles  ,  the  laft  of 
which,  I  conceive,  to  be  fo  compleat,  and  per* 
fed,  as  to  obviate  any  Objection  that  can  be  made 

Xi  .  againft 


Injtruments  for  founding  the 

againft  it ,  as  particularly  that  which  was  objected 
the  laft  Bay,  that  if  the  Water  fhould  move  up¬ 
wards  or  downwards,  (tho5  fuch  Kind  of  Motions 
cannot,  with  any  Ground,  or  Probability,  be  ima¬ 
gin'd,  or  fuppofed,  fmce  the  Bottom,  or  Grounds 
is  a  Bound  to  the  Water  below,  and  the  Superfi¬ 
cies,  or  Air,  is  a  Bound  to  the  Water  above  ;  fo 
that  unlefs  there  be  a  Vent  one  Way,  that  is  down¬ 
wards  into,  or  out  of  the  Earth,  or  upwards,  into 
the  Air,  there  can  be  no  Reafon  given  why  there 
fhould  be  fuch  a  Motion)  but  it  may  be  faid,  that 
there  may  be,  in  fome  Places,  fame  fuch  Voragoesy 
as  Father  Kircher  imagines,  in  his  Mimdus  Subter- 
raneus ;  that  is,  fuch  fubterraneous  Paffages,  as  con¬ 
vey  the  Water  of  the  Sea  from  one  Place  to  another: 
of  which  Kind  he  tells  us  of  many,  tho’,  1  doubt, 
it  will  be  difficult  to  prove  any  one  of  them.  I 
know,  indeed,  that  Mr.  Hacluit  hath  taken  a  Paf- 
fage  out  of  Gerrardus  Mercator  $  General  Map, 
which  doth  hint  at  fome  fuch  Extravagancies  ^  his 
Words  are  thefe: 

c  Touching  the  Defcription  of  the  North  Parts, 
€  I  have  taken  the  fame  out  of  the  Voyage  of 
c  James  Crogeny  of  Hartzeron  Bus  he ,  which  al- 
€  ledgeth  certain  Conquefts,  of  Arthur ,  King  of 
£  Britain  •  and  the  moll  Part,  and  chiefeft  Things 
€  among  the  reft,  he  learned  from  a  certain  Prieft, 
c  in  the  King  of  Norway's  Court,  in  the  Year 
£  1364.  this  Prieft  *was  defcended  from  them, 
c  which  King  Arthur  had  fent  to  inhabit  thefe 
£  Elands,  and  he  reported,  that  in  the  Year  1360, 
c  a  certain  EngUJh  Friar,  a  Francifcany  and  a 
€  Mathematician  of  Oxford  (poflibly  he  meant 
c  Roger  Bacon ,  or  fome  of  his  Difciples)  who 
€  leaving  them,  and  paffing  further,  by  his  Magi- 
c  cal  Art,  defcribed  all  thofe  Places  that  he  faw, 
c  and  took  the  Height  of  them  with  his  Aftrolobe, 
g  according  to  the  Form  that  I  ( Gerrard  Merca~ 

%  tor)  \ 


great  'Depths  of  the  Sea .  245 

e  tor)  have  fet  down  in  my  Map,  and  as  1  have 
c  taken  it  out  of  the  Account  of  the  aforefaid 
c  James  Crogen .  He  faid,  that  thofe  four  In- 
c  draughts  were  drawn  into  an  inward  Gulf,  or 
c  Whirlpool,  with  fo  great  a  Force,  that  the  Ships, 
c  which  once  entered  therein,  could,  by  no  Means, 
c  be  driven  back  again,  and  that  there  is  never  fo 
c  much  Wind,  in  thofe  Parts,  as  to  drive  a  Corn- 
e  Mill. 

Geraldus  Camhrenfis  (who  flourifhed  in  the  Year 
1210.  under  King  'John)  in  his  Book  of  the  Mi¬ 
racles  of  Ireland ,  hath  certain  Words  altogether 
alike  with  thefe  ,  viz.  c  Not  far  from  thefe  Iflands 
c  (namely  the  Hebrides ,  &c.)  towards  the  North, 
c  there  is  a  certain  wonderful  Whirlpool  of  the 
c  Sea,  where  unto  all  the  Waves  of  the  Sea,  from 
c  far,  have  their  Courfe  and  Recourfe,  as  it  were, 
c  without  a  Stop  ,  which  (thefe  conveying  them- 
£  into  the  fecret  Receptacles  of  Nature)  are  fwa-1- 
c  lowed  up,  as  it  were,  into  a  Bottomlefs  Pit ; 
c  and  if  it  chance  that  any  Ship  do  pafs  this  Way, 
c  it  is  pufhed,  and  drawn  with  fueh  Violence  of 
c  the  Waves,  that  eftfoones,  without  Remedy,  the 
c  Force  of  the  Whirlpool  devoureth  the  fame. 

c  The  Philofophers  defcrihe  four  In-draughts  of 
c  this  Ocean  Sea,  in  four  oppofite  Quarters  of  the 
c  Wforld  ,  from  whence  many  do  conjecture,  that 
c  as  well  the  Flowing  of  the  Sea,  as  the  Blafts  of 
!  c  the  Wind,  have  their  firft  Original.3  Thus  far  is 
1  Mr.  Hacluifs  Quotation  of  Mercator .  Mr,  Hac - 
;  luit  adds,  in  the  Margin  \jfhere  is  a  notable 
:  Whir  fool  on  the  Co  ad  of  Norway,  call'd  Male- 
I  ftrome,  about  the  Latitude  68.  The  belt  Ac- 
'  count  of  this  Malefirome ,  that  1  can  learn,  is,  that 
1  it  is  a  Circulation  of  the  Water  of  the  Sea,  caufed 
t  by  fome  fubmarine  Rocks.  But  Father  Kircher , 
j  tvho  is  good  at  Fidlion,  has  found  a  fubterraneous 
:  Paflage  for  it,  into  the  End  of  the  Both  nick  Gulf 

R.  2  and 


244  Inftruments  for  founding  the 

and  from  thence  another.,  into  the  White  Sea ,  not 
far  from  Archangel .  I  grant  fuch  a  PafTage  may 
be  poflible,  but  I  fhould  be  glad  to  have  it  proved  ^ 
or  indeed,  any  one  of  thofe  many,  which  Kircher 
has  aflerted,  in  his  Mundus  Suhterraneus.  So  that 
if  there  be  any  fuch  Place  in  the  World,  it  is  not 
yet  found  out,  or  proved  :  And  therefore  there  is 
no  great  Caufe  of  fuppofing  many,  or  making  that 
an  Objedion  againft  my  third  Exploratory  who  will 
perform  his  Bufinefs,  tho3  that  were  adually  fo^ 
that  is,  tho3  the  Motion  of  the  Water  were  dire- 
dly  upwards,  or  diredly  downwards  j  and  not 
only  that,  but  it  will  alfo,  over  and  above,  tell 
you,  what  that  Motion  is.  This  is  evident,  by 
comparing  the  Afcent  with  the  Defcent,  for  half 
the  Sum  will  be  the  true  Depth,  and  half  the  Dif¬ 
ference  will  be  the  Motion  of  the  Water,  whether 
upwards  or  downwards,  which  the  W'ay-wifers  will 
certainly  inform  you  of.  But  this,  I  fuppofe  will: 
be  needlefs;  however,  I  was  willing  to  remove  the: 
Stumbling-Block,  tho3  it  was  but  a  Straw'. 


Exglorator  fHialitatnm. 

TO  proceed  then,  1  fhall  next  fhew  how  to: 

fetch  a  Quantity  of  Water  from  the  Bottom,, 
or  from  any  intermediate  Space,  or  Diftance  from 
the  Top. 

This  I  perform,  by  means  of  a  Bucket,  the 
fame  I  have  formerly  here  defcrib'd,  and  verified 
by  Trials  3  or  by  another  Contrivance  not  much: 
unlike  it,  which  I  ihall  by  and  by  defcribe.  The 
former  Contrivance  will  ferve  indifferently,  both! 
for  fetching  the  Water  from  the  Bottom,  or  from 
any  intermediate  Part  j  but  for  the  intermediate 
Parts,  there  is  an  additional  Contrivance,  or  1m 

vention?i 


great  ^Depths  of  the  Sea.  245- 

mention,  for  freeing  the  Float  from  the  defcending 
Weight,  or  Stone,  after  it  hath  been  carried  down 
a  certain  Number  of  Fathoms,  which  the  follow^ 
ing  plain  Contrivance  will  effectually  perform,  at 
any  determined  Diftance,  let  it  be  100,  500,  1000, 
i2oo,  1500,  2000,  or  more  Fathoms  required, 
where  there  is  firft  found  to  be  Depth,  fuffici- 
ent  for  to  make  fuch  Experiments,  which  is  ne« 
ceffary  to  be  firft  well  affured  of  by  the  third  Ex~ 
plorator  Diftantice  becaufe,  if  the  Depth  be  not 
Sufficient,  that  is,  if  the  Stone,  or  defcending 
Weight,  do  touch  the  Bottom,  before  it  hath  de¬ 
scended  the  defigned  Number  of  Fathoms,  it  will 
detain  the  Float,  and  not  difmifs  the  Exploratory 
to  return  with  its  Meftage.  The  Reafon  of  which, 
you  will  prefently  apprehend,  when  I  have  de¬ 
fer  ib5d  the  Invention  for  the  Performance  thereof  * 
tho'  yet,  with  a  fmall  additional  Spring,  it  will 
ferve  for  both  Purpofes.  I  make  ufe  of  the  third 
and  laft  Explorator  for  this  Purpofe.  I  fit  to  it 
two  Buckets  of  Wood,  made,  according  to  the 
Contrivance  I  have  formerly  deferib'd*  j  thefe  are 
faften'd  to  the  lower  End  of  the  Stick,  which  paf- 
feth  thro5  the  Ball,  or  Float,  as  I  fhew'd  the  laft 
Meeting,  and  the  Buckets  are  fet  at  Right-an¬ 
gles,  to  the  Bar  that  carries  the  Way-wiSers,  or 
Menfurators,  as  appears  in  the  Figure  which  I 
have  here  defign’d,  where  A  A  represents  the  Ball, 
or  Float  •  BB  the  Stick  thruft  thro5  it  3  CCCC 
the  Crofs-Bar,  for  carrying  the  Way-wifers 
DD,  the  two  Buckets,  plac'd  or  fix'd  by  their 
Arms  EE.  EE,  to  the  faid  Stick,  at  Right-an¬ 
gles  to  the  Bar  3  C  C.  C  C.  F  F.  F  F  reprefent  the 
Covers  at  the  Top  of  each  3  and  GG.  GG,  the 
Valves,  or  Shutters  for  the  Bottom ;  {fab.  IL 


"*  See  the  Befcription  of  thefe  Buckets  in  Philofophical  Tranfaft. 
N  9  9  and  24. 

R  3  Fig.  2.) 


%jf6  Jn  ft  rum  cuts  for  founding  the 

pjg%  2,)'  Thefe  being  within  the  Box,  or  Bucket, 
cannot  be  well  expreffed  by  Delineation,  but  are 
faintly  deiign  d  by  prick  d  Lines ;  and  the  Defcrip- 
tion  and  Modules,  I  formerly  made,  do  make  the 
Defign  Efficiently  plain.  Thefe  Valves,  or  Shut¬ 
ters  do  ftand  open  and  upright,  all  the  Time  that 
the  Float  defcends,  and  the  W ater  paffeth  freely 
through  them,  changing  every  Bucket's  Length 
that  the  Explorator  defcends ;  but  fo  loon  as  ever  it 
begins  to  re-afcend,  they  are  prefentiy  clofed,  and 
Shut  into  them  their  whole  Capacity,  fill'd  with  the 
Water  in  which  they  then  are.  This  being  then  un- 
derfeood,  for  fetching  up  the  Water  at  the  Bot¬ 
tom,  how  deep  foever,  there  needs  no  other  Con¬ 
trivance  than  what  I  formerly  defcrib'd  ;  for  fo 
foon  as  the  Weight  doth  touch  the  Bottom,  the 
float,  and  all  its  Furniture,  is  freed  from  it,  and 
fo  is  at  Liberty  to  re-afcend,  and  carry  back  with 
it.  what  it  was  defign'd  to  fetch.  But  for  fetch¬ 
ing  up  the  W ater  from  any  intermediate  Depth, 
(as  at  100,2,00,  5005  t000?  Mo03  Fathoms  be¬ 
low  the  Surface) '  I  have  invented  an  eafy  Expedi¬ 
ent,  which  is  to  let  go  the  Weight,  that  fmks  the 
Exploratory  at  any  Station  of  Depth  defign’d. 

1  have  already  explained  the  IVay-wtfer ,  or  Men- 
fur  at  or  of  the  Depth  defcended ,  one  of  the  W  heels 
of  which  doth  keep  Account  of  every  hundred 
Fathom  defcended  :  Upon  this  Wheel  I  put  on  a 
Springing  round  Plate,  with  a  Hoop  about  the; 
Edge  of  it,  which  hath  one  Notch  in  the  Circum¬ 
ference,  or  Hoop;  tins  Notch  I  can  let  againft. 
any  Number  of  the  Plate,  in  the  fame  Nature  as.: 
Vis  common  for  letting  the  Alarm  of  a  Clock,  to? 
go  off  at  a  certain  Time  defigned  ;  which,  to  ef- 
left,  I  have  contrived  a  very  eaiy  Expedient,, 
which  the  third  Figure  cloth  repreient.  (ftable\ 
11.  Pig.  3.)  Suppofe  then  B  B,  to  reprefent  the; 
lower  End  of  the  Stick  that  hath  the  Way-wifersj 

.  ■  '  *  min 


great  Depths  of  the  Sea .  247 

and  Buckets,  in  the  End  of  which  is  fixed  C  c, 
which  is  a  Staple  made  of  a  flat  Iron  Plate  ;  between 
the  Sides  of  this  is  fattened,  by  a  Pin  c,  the  Hook 
de  by  the  Paid  d  of  which,  doth  hang  the  Wire 
of  the  Weight  •  this  Hook  is  kept  in  this  Pofture, 
by  a  fmall  Piece  of  Wood  or  Iron/g  ;  the  End/ 
is  cut  doping,  to  anfwer  the  Slope  of  the  End  ey 
of  the  Hook  d.  Now  fo  long  as  the  End  g3  of 
the  Trigger  (as  I  may  call  it)  is  detain’d  within 
the  Hoop  of  the  Wheel  of  Account  h  P,  of  the 
W ay-wifer,  fo  long  is  the  Hook,  d  c,  kept  firm  in 
the  Pofture  it  is  here  deflgned,  and  fo  retains,  or 
holds  the  Float  and  Furniture  faft  to  the  defend¬ 
ing  Weight;  but  fo  foon  as  the  Way-wifer  has 
meafured  the  Number  of  Fathoms  deflgned,  and 
the  Notch  in  the  Hoop  be  brought  to  th<^  Place, 
where  the  End  of  the  T rigger  g  may  flip  out,  the 
Hook  has  no  longer  any  Power  to  hold  faft  to  the 
defending  Weight,  but  prefently  lets  it  go,  and 
the  Float  returns,  and  the  Buckets  clofe,  and  bring 
back  their  Bellies  full  of  the  Water  of  that  Part  $ 
or  the  Temperature,  if  the  5 thermometer  be  hanged 
to  the  Stick  ;  or  the  Preflure,  if  the  Cone,  together 
alfo  with  the  Degree  of  Gravitation. 

I  shall  only  add  one  more  Enquiry  to  be  re- 
folved  of  at  prefent,  and  that  is  to  know,  what  Al¬ 
teration  fo  great  a  Condensation,  or  Compreffion, 
as  mutt  neceflarily  be  caufed  at  fo  great  a  Depth, 
will  be  produced  in  the  Body  of  the  Air,  fo  con- 
denfed  ;  that  is,  fmce  the  Air  is  but  about  7  or  800 
Times,  at  moft,  lighter  than  Water,  and  that 
2200  Fathoms  Preflure  will,  according  to  our 
Theory,  reduce  it  to  as  denfe  a  Body ;  whether, 

I  fay,  this  Condenfation  will  not  a&ually  reduce 
the  whole  Body  of  the  Air,  fo  condenfed,  into 
perfed:  Water.  This  may  be  eafily  tried,  by  let¬ 
ting  down,  with  the  Exploratory  a  fmall  Glafs 
Bolt-head,  filled  with  Air,  with  the  Mouth  of  the 

31  4  Stem* 


148  Obfervations  on  the 

Stem,  or  Neck,  turned  downwards,  and  contra¬ 
cting  the  End  of  the  fame,  by  a  Lamp,  into  a  fmall 
Perforation,  to  let  in  the  Water  thereby  under  the 
Air,  as  it  defcends,  and  to  let  out  the  Water,  if  the 
Air  do  again  expand,  as  it  re-afcends.  This  is  fo 
eafy  to  be  apprehended,  that  1  thought  it  needlefs 
to  add  any  Delineation,  for  the  further  Explica¬ 
tion  thereof 


Obfervations  of  the  Lake-Wetter  in  Swede- 
land,  made  in  the  Tear  1688“ 


HPHERE  being  fome  Congruity  between  the  foU 
^  lowing  Obfervations ,  and  that  which  Dr.  Hook 
had  faid  in  his  Lectures ,  about  founding  the  Sea , 
I  find  that  he  took  the  Opportunity  to  entertain  the 
Society  with  the  following  curious  Relations ,  by 
concluding  his  l aft  Letture  with  them.  But  who 

the  Author  of  them  was ,  I  have  not  found. 

»  * 

W.  D  ERHAM. 


-  TIThereas  Glaus  Magnus ,  and  divers  9- 
V  W  *■  ther  Authors  have  related  wonderful 
s  and  unufual  Matters  concerning  the  Lake-Wetter 

*  in  Swedeland ,  I  thought  it  worth  while,  for  en- 

*  quiring,  more  particularly,  concerning  the  Na- 

*  tureofit,  and  the  Truth  of  the  Relations,  to» 
vifit  the  Place  my  felf,  one  Summer,  whilft  I 

c  went  to  the  Medivian  Acidulce  ;  thereby  to  be  in— 
c  formed,  from  the  neighbouring  Inhabitants,  of 
c  good  Repute,  of  what  I  fhould  enquire,  and  of: 
e  what  I  could  not  be  able  to  obferve  my  felf 
£  The  Sum  of  which  I  have  here  comprifed,  that  ! 
v  it  may  appear,  both  whatever  is  there  more: 

*  ftrange,  and  alfo  that  the  Truth  of  Hiftoncsi.j 


Lake-Wet  ter  in  Swedeland.  249 

c  may  be  diftinguifh’d  from  FidPions.  Geogra- 
c  phers  have  fo  well  defcribed  the  Lake,  that  "twill 
c  be  loft  Labour  to  add  to  it.  It  extendeth  from 
f  Asker fund)  on  the  North,  to  Jonekopen  towards 
5  the  South,  14  Swedijh  Miles,  each  of  which  is 
x  fix  EngUJb ,  and  ten  of  them  make  a  Degree  ; 
c  its  greateft  Breadth  three,  in  feme  Places  only 
*  two  fuch  Miles.  It  divides  Gothland  in  two 
c  Parts  ;  that  on  the  Eaft  is  call’d  Oftrogothia , 
c  that  on  the  Weft,  IVefirogothia  *  near  the  Bound 
c  of  it  is  a  celebrated  Mountain,  Ahme ,  or  Ohme , 
c  and  near  it  the  City  Wadftein ,  and  its  Caftle  on 
c  the  Eaft  Side ,  and  oppofite  to  it,  on  the  Weft 
c  Side,  is  the  old  Town  Hio  the  Lake,  by  Rea- 
c  fon  of  Mountains  and  Hills  that  encompafs  it, 
c  fome  with  their  Cliffs,  others  at  fome  Diftance, 
c  to  theSpedlators  always  appears  deprefs’d,  or  funk 
c  into  the  Earth.  The  Depth  of  it  is  very  differ- 
c  ing,  but  yet  great,  in  fome  Places  but  fourfeore 
e  Fathoms  ;  but  on  the  Side  of  Ojirogothia ,  and  in 
c  fome  of  IVefirogothia ,  no  Bottom  can  be  found, 
c  at  300  Fathom  deep.  Of  this  I  was  allured,  by 
c  an  Experiment  which  Mr.  Eric  us  Simonius ,  the 
€  Minifter  and  Prxpofitus  of  Wadfiein ,  a  Perfon 
c  worthy  of  Honour  and  Credit,  communicated 
c  to  me  (he,  being  by  long  Experience  well  in- 
c  formed  concerning  this  Place,  was  highly  aftift- 
c  ant  to  me  by  his  Information)  he  told  me  that 
c  not  long  lince,  one  Benedittus  Amherri ,  a  Citi- 
c  zen  of  Wadfiein ,  who  founding  the  Wetter ,  near 
c  the  Shoar  of  the  City  Grennen ,  with  fome  hun- 
c  dred  Fathoms  of  Line,  hanging  an  Axe  inftead 
£  of  a  Weight  to  it ;  and  upon  pulling  it  up,  he 
c  found  his  Axe  loft,  and,  inftead  thereof,  a  Horfe 
f  Head  faft  to  the  End  of  his  Line,  but  could  find 
c  no  Bottom.  Such  another  Abyfs  is  near  the 

*  Cliffs  of  the  Mountain  Ohme ,  call’d  the  Weft- 

#  Wall)  which  has  eluded  the  Induftry  of  all 

/  c  that 


2,5*0  Ohfervations  of  the 

4  that  have  founded  it ;  whence  none  will  approach 
4  that  Part;,  for  fear  of  a  Weft  Wind,  which,  ri- 
4  fing  fuddenly,  would  dafh  them  againft  the 
4  Cliff,  there  being  no  Anchoring  to  hinder  it. 
4  So  alfo  on  the  IVeftrogothian  Side,  the  Gover- 
4  nor.  Count  John  Oxenfterne ,  defiring  to  found 
c  the  Depth  with  300  Fathom  of  Line,  could  find 
4  no  Bottom  3  as  the  Fifhermen,  who  made  the 
4  Trials,  and  are  yet  alive,  do  teftify.  The  Wa- 
4  ter  is  very  clear,  as  well  as  deep,  fo  that  a  fmall 
4  Piece  of  Money  may  be  feen  to  a  great  Depth. 
c  Mr.  Eric  us  Simonius  has  feen  a  fmall  Piece  of 
4  Silver,  in  a  calm  Day,  60  Cubits  deep  ;  but  the 
4  Water,  at  a  greater  Depth  from  the  Superficies, 
4  feems  tinged  with  a  Kind  of  Green.  And  won- 
c  derful  ftis,that  notwithftanding  fuch  Abundance 
4  of  Filth  is  wafh’d  into  it  from  the  circumjacent 
c  Hills  and  Woods,  yet  the  Water  fnould  not  be 
4  fullied.  Tho’  this  Lake  exceeds  moft  for  Am- 
4  piitude,  yet  'tis  free  from  Rocks,  and  has  few 
4  Iflands ;  the  chief  of  which  is  Vifingfoe ,  the  Seat 
4  formerly  of  the  Counts  of  Brahe  :  It  lies  in  the 
4  Middle  of  the  Water,  between  Grennam  of  Smo- 
4  land^  and  IVeftrogothia  *  and  on  the  North,  op- 
4  polite  to  the  Ac  id  nice  Medivienfes ,  lies  the  Ifland 
4  Rocknens.  Some  few  other  Iflands,  and  thofe 
4  very  fmall,  lie  near  the  Shores  3  but  the  Wetter 
c  lying  expofcd  to  the  Winds,  and  being  encom- 
4  pa(Ted  with  Mountains,  5tis  no  Wonder  that  it 
L  lies  feldom  quiet,  but  is  continually  ruffied  with 
4  Storms  and  copling  Seas,  which  does  fufficiently 
4  tofs  the  Ye  fie  Is  on  it;  and  this  oftentimes  hap- 
4  pens  fo  fuddenly,  and  unexpected,  that  its  Sur- 
4  face,  being  as  ftnooth  as  a  Looking-glafs,  becomes 
4  to  be  fecretly  moved,  before  any  the  leaft  Breath 
4  of  Air  can  be  felt;  which  feems  to  be  caufed  by 
4  a  Storm  in  forne  other  Part  of  it,  that  communi- 
4  cates  it  under  Water,  before  it  can  arrive  above 

4  by 


*■ 


Lake-Wetter  in  Swedeland.  iyi 

c  by  the  Air  ;  for  it  often  happens,  in  the  Wetter, 
c  that  Ships  are  ruffled,  and  driven  with  Storms 
£  in  one  Part,  whilft  others,  hard  by,  are  rowing 
c  and  becalm’d  ,  which  is  a  plain  Sign  that  thefe 
c  are  caufed  by  the  Eruption  of  fubterraneous 
c  Winds,  as  Varenius  explains  them,  in  his  Gene- 
c  ral  Geography.  Divers  Phenomena  confirm  this 
c  Sufpicion  :  For,  upon  the  approaching  of  a 
c  Storm,  and  Tempeft  of  Rain,  there  is  perceiv'd 
c  a  Rumbling,  or  thundring  Noife,  of  the  Water, 
c  whilft  the  Air  is  yet  ferene  and  calm ,  which 
c  happen’d  to  me  aifo  going  to  the  Additive ,  for 
c  1  heard  that  Thundring,  whilft  the  Air  was  moft 
c  calm;  but  always  a  whirling  Storm  prefently  fol- 
c  lowed.  This  the  Inhabitants  of  P/ifingjoe  do 
c  more  plainly  know ,  who,  lying  oppofite  to  thefe 
c  lflands  whence  the  Storm  comes  the  next  Day, 
c  do  hear  this  thundring  Noife,  like  the  Difcharge 
c  of  Cannon.  And  when  this  Roaring  is  heard 
c  from  the  Eaft,  the  Eaft  Wind  rageth,  with  Hail 
c  and  Rain.  The  hidden  Huffing  of  Vapours,  and 
c  Riling  and  Gathering  of  them  together,  which 
c  fome  have  remarked  in  this  Lake,  are  worthy 
c  Notice.  Some  fuch  thing  the  Architect  Abraham 
c  P/inandz  (palling  thefe  Coafts  with  his  Compa- 
c  ny)  obferved,  not  without  Admiration,  that  the 
c  Water  being  yet  calm,  there  were  darted  out, 
c  as  ’twere  from  the  Bottom,  certain  fmall  Clouds, 
c  which,  coalefcing  together  in  the  Air,  infefted 
£  the  Travellers  all  Day  with  fmall  Rain  3  all 
c  which  do  confpire  to  prove  thefe  fubterraneous 
c  Winds. 

c  T  o  the  fame  Caufe,  without  doubt,  ’tis,  that 
c  the  Ice  in  the  Spring  is  one  Hour  fo  thick  and 
c  ftrong,  as  to  bear  Horfes  and  Trahys,  upon  the 
c  Coming  of  a  Storm  9  the  next  Flour,  thofc,  that 
£  were  fecurely  carry ’d  in  thefe  Tra’ys  on  the  Ice, 
£  may  as  fafely  navigate  the  Lake  in  Boats,  the 

6  Ice 


Obfervations  of  the 

4  Ice  fo  fuddenly  breaking  and  difappearing.  But 
£  before  fuch  Kind  of  Ruptures  happen,  there 
c  is  heard  a  Roaring  of  the  Water,  which, 

€  with  Terror,  warns  the  Travellers  to  fly  offj 
c  though  oftentimes  fuch,  as  are  far  from  the 
c  Shore,  are  either  drowned  prefently,  or,  with 
c  great  Difficulty,  at  laft  efcape  on  Pieces  of  Ice. 
c  Sometimes  alfo  the  Ice  fuddenly  finks,  when  the 
£  Air  is  not  in  the  leaft  moved.  Now,  whether 
£  metallick  Halztus’s  may  contribute  to  the  Rah 
c  fing  thefe  fubterraneous  Winds,  for  the  prefent, 

£  I  fhall  not  difpute  :  But  that  fuch  are  not  there 
G  wanting,  the  divers  Mountains  that  encompafs 
£  the  Wetter  on  the  North,  and  the  Weft  ro got  hi  an 
Shores,  richly  furniflPd  with  Iron  Ore,  and  alfo 
&  with  otfiers  more  rich  lately  difcover’d,  and 
c  others  alfo,  as  Antimony ,  Magnefia ,  Mica  Sterill  I 
£  but  fnining,  the  Species  of  Galana ,  Ochre ,  Py- 
£  rites.  See.  whence  have  been  extrafted  Sulphur , 

£  Vitriol ,  Alum ,  and  other  mineral  Juices,  do 
£  plainly  prove.  Nay,  the  Water  affords  great 
c  Quantity  of  Pyrites  ,  and  a  Kind  of  Iron 
c  Ochre ;  divers  Pieces  of  which  I  my  felf,  for 
c  Curiofity,  collected.  To  thefe  alfo  are  to  be 
£  aferibed  the  Ignes  fatui ,  frequently  obferved  not 
£  only  upon  the  Shores 3  but,  in  the  Night,  up- 
£  on  the  Middle  of  the  Lake,  they  fly  to  and  fro, 
c  and  confound  the  Fifhermen  ;  which  are  gene- 
&  rally  aferibed  to  an  Increafe  of  metallick  and 
€  fulphureous  Vapours  :  Nor  are  the  Granates , 
e  Porphyries ,  Jajpers ,  Chryftals ,  and  divers  other 
£  choice  Stones,  fuch  as  were  heretofore  collected 
c  by  the  Count  Peter  Brahe ,  and  by  Art  reduced 
€  to  fuch  Luftre  as  to  be  ufed  for  Marriage  Jewels 
£  at  Wifingburg ,  to  be  believed  to  be  generated 
£  without  mineral  Steams :  For,  all  thefe  are  the 
£  Ofi-fpring  of  Minerals,  as  are  alfo  the  Acidula' 
£  Medivienfes 3  of  which  more  another  Time. 

B 


u  ?' 


Lake- Wetter  in  Swedeland.  257 

c  But  among  many  other  ftrange  Qualifications 
£  of  our  Lake,  we  muft  not  pafs  over  the  won- 
6  drous  fubmarine  Vortices ,  and  pertinacious  Tor- 
c  rents,  which  caufe  great  Trouble  to  the  Filher- 
c  men,  when  the  Wind  fets  againft  the  only  Exit 
c  of  this  Lake  ,  from  which  venting  of  Rivers 
!  c  and  Winds  from  below,  and  its  unfathomable 
£  Depth,  ’tis  believ’d  that  the  Wetter  has  Com- 
c  munication,  by  fubterraneous  Paflages,  with 
£  another  Swedijh  Lake,  called  the  Wenner ,  about 
c  ten  Swedijh  Miles  diftant  :  And  the  feveral  Vo- 
e  ragoes ,  that  are  between  thefe  two,  do  feem  to 
c  confirm  the  Conjecture  ,  two  of  which  lying  in 
c  the  Parifh  of  Fagren ,  and  called,  the  one  the 
c  blacky  and  the  other  the  white  For  ago,  Mr.  Had- 
6  dorphius ,  a  celebrated  Antiquary  of  Sweden ,  has 
c  endeavoured  to  found,  but  found  them  of  un- 
c  meafurable  Depth  ;  he  obferv’d  alfo  an  inteftine 
c  Motion  in  them,  as  if  they  were  in  a  Fermenta- 
£  tion.  This  Opinion  alfo  is  augmented,  by  rea- 
£  fon  the  Water  of  the  Wetter  is  fome  Years  aug- 
Q  mented,  and  the  next  Years  confiderahly  dimi- 
c  nifh’d.  Mr.  Daniel  Ki  deli  us,  the  Pallor  of  Mo- 
c  talen,  has  noted,  that  thefe  laft  feven  Years  the 
c  Water  of  fome  Parts  of  the  Wetter  has  fomuch 
£  walled,  that  many  Places  were  left  bare  which 
c  ufed  to  be  cover’d  with  Water  to  carry  Boats  ; 
c  whereas  the  Rains  have  been  very  plentiful  all 
c  about  in  the  Years  1680,  1682,  1684,  1685^ 
c  but,  in  the  Year  1686,  towards  Autumn,  the 
c  Water  began  again  to  increafe,  and  has  conti - 
£  nued  fo  to  this  prefent  Year  1688;  but  whether 
c  our  Lake  does  obferve  fuch  Periods  of  feven 
c  Years  in  Increafing,  and  feven  in  Decreafmg,  as 
c  the  Wenner  is  aftertd  to  do,  by  thofe  that  have 
£  enquired,  I  cannot  now  pofitively  aflert.  It  is 
£  alfo  wonderful,  that  in  a  calm  Air  the  Guns  of 
*  Stockholm,  and  other  Places  30  Miles  diftant. 


^5*4  Obfervations  of  the 

c  are  plainly  heard  here :  As,  when  in  the  Year 
c  1685,  the  Princes  were  buried  at  Stockholm , 
£  every  Shot  was  diftindily  heard  here  at  Five  of 
c  the  Clock  :  So  alfo,  the  Broad-fides  at  the  Sea- 
£  Fight  in  the  Year  1676,  at  about  30  Miles  Bi- 
c  ftance,  were  diftinctly  remarked.  But  what 
Q  Qians  Magnus ,  Meffenius ,  and  other  Hiftorians, 
c  relate  of  the  Cave  of  Gilbert ,  in  the  Bland  of 
c  IVifingfoe ,  I  leave  to  their  Credit :  Only,  this 
€  is  true,  there  Is  a  Cave,  at  prefent,  that  is  filFd 
£  with  a  Stench  of  Sulphur  very  odious,  w'hich, 
c  with  the  Confent  of  the  Inhabitants,  has  been 
€  collected  into  a  Cave  near  the  Water  of  the 
£  La;ke  ,  which,  by  being  long  pent  up,  it  emulates 
c  noxious  and  fulphureous  Vapours,  which  others 
c  have  afcribed  to  other  Caufes,  which  I  cannot 
£  approve :  And  Antiquity  has  diicovehd  its 
c  Weaknefs,  in  fo  eafily  giving  Credit  to  fuch 
c  Fables  ;  tho"  they  relate  flupendious  Things  of 
£  the  faid  Gilbert ,  and  his  Preceptor  Catillus  Ru- 
€  nes.  But  that  there  do  appear  divers  Speblra 
£  and  Phantoms  in  the  neighbouring  Parts  in  the 
£  Shape  of  Women,  Horfes,  or  other  Animals, 
c  none  that  are  intent  about  thefe  Matters  do 
c  gainfay.  Thefe  might  be  evinced  by  Relations 
c  of  modern,  as  well  as  antient  Times  j  but,  for 
6  the  prefent,  I  omit  them.  But  I  mufc  not  omit 
c  the  celebrated  River  Mot  a  la  (the  only  Mouth  of 
6  this  Lake)  which  at  certain  Times  feems  at  a 
c  Stay,  and  dried,  fo  that  one  may  go  and  take 
c  up  the  Fiih  that  are  left  at  the  Bottom,  writh- 
c  out  Impediment,  as  it  happen'd  in  the  Years 
c  1682,  and  1685,  at  Chriftmas.  And  the  com- 
c  mon  Inhabitants  believe,  that  this  Stop  of  the 
6  Water  never  happens,  but  either  Bearnefs  of 
c  Corn,  War,  or  fome  other  publick  Calamity  is 
c  portended  by  it  $  as  much  as  the  Englijh  believe 
the  Coming  of  a  Whale  into  the  Thames  is  omi- 

6  nouSc 


Lake-Wetcer  in  Swedeland.  255" 

€  nous.  But,  for  my  felf,  as  a  Maturalift,  enqui- 
£  ring  only  the  Caufes .  of  natural  Effects,  they 
£  were  no  ways  fatisfadiory  to  me,  unlefs  I  found 
£  them  conformable  to  the  known  Laws  of  Nature: 
6  I  was  therefore  more  follicitous  about  thofe 
£  Things  which  were  advantageous  to  this  Purpofe, 
c  for  explaining  this  Phenomenon  of  the  River, 
£  tho5  I  had  not  the  Opportunity  of  feeing  this 
£  Stopping :  And  tho"  they  divers  Ways  endea- 
€  vour  to  folve  the  Phenomena,  by  faying,  that 
c  at  that  Infant  the  Waters  do  recede  from  the 
c  Shores,  and  go  to  the  Bottom ,  yet  1  always 
£  fufpebled,  that  the  Ice,  or  Snow,  did  feme 
c  ways  obftrubt  the  Paflage  of  the  W ater  above, 
i  whilft  at  the  fame  Time  the  inward  Water  flowed 
c  out  into  the  Sea.  What  hinted  this  Conjecture 
£  was,  1.  That  this  Mutation  never  happened  in 
c  the  Spring,  Summer,  or  'Autumn,  but  always 
c  about  Chrifimas ,  or  in  the  Beginning  of  the 
Q  Year.  2.  That  this  only  happen'd  near  the 
c  Bridge,  where  the  Water  is  but  three  Ells  deep, 
c  and  the  Heaps  of  Stone)  on  which  the  Bridge 
c  is  founded,  do  impede  its  Courfe.  And  this 
c  Sufpicion  the  Pallor  of  the  Church  of  Mot  ale  n , 
c  who  lives  hard  by  the  Bridge-Foot,  does  judge 
c  very  rational,  from  his  own  and  others  Expen- 
c  ence  ;  for  he  has  noted,  that  divers  long  Plants, 
c  fuch  as  Potamogiton ,  Polygonum  aquaticum ,  &c. 
£  do  grow  in  the  Parts  near  the  Bridge,  and  that 
£  by  thefe  the  Ice  and  Snow  will  be  clodded  and 
c  bound  together,  which,  being  carried  by  the  Ri- 
€  ver  to  the  Bridge-Foot,  do  in  Time  fo  accumu- 
£  late  againil  it,  as  to  make  an  abfolute  Dam  to 
c  the  River.  The  Millers  alfo  that  live  there  con- 
£  fefs,  that  ufualiy,  before  fuch  a  Stop,  there  are 
c  divers  white  Lumps  flow  out  of  the  Lake,  which 
£  Picking  to  the  Bodies  they  meet  with,  like 
*  Glue,  ‘do  by  degrees  fink  there  to  the  Bottom. 

£  Nor 


n  5  6  Qbfervations  of  the 

c  Nor  is  it  unfrequent,  that  all  the  Water  of  the; 
4  Lake  (hall  be  one  Day  quiet,  and  the  next  Day 
4  be  flopped  near  the  Bridge.  Whatever  it  be, 

4  ’tis  wondrous  that  this  Retardation  happens  not 
4  in  the  (harped:  Winters,  but  in  a  more  mild  Sea— 
c  fon,  and  for  the  mod:  part  about  Chriftmas  or 
4  New-Tear s-Fide,  when  the  Cold  is  yet  intenfe 
4  under  the  Water,  tho’  more  mild  in  the  Air , 

4  or,  that  the  Ice,  being  lefs  harden'd,  is  detain’d 
4  and  implicated  by  the  Weeds  which  caufe  thefe 
(  Obllrublions.  Before  I  leave  this  Subject,  I 
4  cannot  pads  by  the  mentioning  what  I  underflood 
4  from  the  Reports  of  the  ingenious  Pallor  of 
4  Nijen ,  (where  the  Acidulre  Medivienfes  are)  and 
4  of  divers  others,  concerning  a  certain  Fountain 
4  not  far  from  the  Shore  of  the  Wetter ,  in  the  Pa— 
4  ri(h  of  Nijen  not  far  from  the  Church,  and  Pa* 
4  (lor  Mr.  Jonas  Fro  del's  Houfe  ,  to  wit,  That: 
4  they  call  this  Fountain  the  Foreteller  of  Dearth 
4  becaufe  it  is  never  fo  fill’d  with  Water,  as  wheni 
4  a  Dearth  fucceeds  the  next  Year.  ’Tis  encom- 
4  paded  round  with  foft  fandy  Hills,  between 
4  which  and  the  Fountain  is  a  low  Vale,  but 
4  not  marfhy :  Out  of  this,  by  occult  Pafiages, 
4  idues  this  Fountain ,  fingular  in  this,  that  ir 
4  rainy  Summers  it  waxeth  dry,  and  in  dry  Sum¬ 
mers,  when  Famine  is  fear’d,  or  (by  others  whom 
4  I  regard  not)  War,  it  overflows  the  King’s 
4  Highways  of  Wodftein  and  Mot  ala ,  as  is  attefted 
4  by  many  of  the  Inhabitants:  Nor  does  it  contra- 
4  didl  this  Report,  this  prefent  dry  Summer ;  for  its 
abounds  with  Water,  now  all  the  neighbouring 
4  Fountains  are  dry’d  up.  And  though  this  may«i 
4  feeni  fabulous  or  fuperftitious,  yet  ’tis  confirm’d 
by  many  Experiments ;  which  (hews,  that  there 
are  many  internal  Operations  of  Nature  that  yet 
are  kept  fecret,  and  cover’d  with  a  Veil,  which 
4  we  are  yet  unfufficient  to  difcover.  However,  the 

€  fol- 


fDr.  H  o  o  iCs  'Difcourfe ,  &c.  2  57 

£  following  Obfervations  may  fome  what  affift :  1. 
c  That  this  Scarcity  of  Corn  is  foretold  to  Oftro - 
c  gothia  and  the  Places  near  the  Fountain.  2.  That 
c  in  all  this  Region,  and  efpecially  near  the  Foun- 
4  tain,  the  Plain  is  fandy,  but  in  fome  Places  it  is 
4  thick  Clay  •  which  require  much  Water  to  make 
c  them  ufeful.  3.  That  Corn  is  thin  only  in  dry 
c  Years  $  the  contrary  of  which  happens  in  Jcmtia 
|  4  and*  other  Northern  Provinces.  4.  That  the 
c  Phenomena  of  Meteors  are  caufed  by  fubterra- 
1  4  neous  Influences  for  the  moil  part.  5.  That  this 
4  Fountain  is  fupply’d  by  Framing  through  fecret 
c  fandy  Veins  from  thefe  Sand-Hills.  6.  That  from 
4  fome  natural  Caufes,  the  Waters  may  afcend  a- 
4  gainft  a  dry  Seafon,  and  fink  againft  a  wet  Seafon, 


23r.  Hoo  ids  ‘ Difcourfe  concerning  Tele- 
fcopes  and  Microfcopes ;  with  a  fhort 
Account  of  their  Inventors ,  read  in  Fe¬ 
bruary  1691-2 

Of  Friar  Bacon,  Baptifta  Porta,  Diggs,  Metius, 
Galileo,  and  other  Inventors  of  Telefcopes. 

Iff  o  w  much  the  great  Improvements  of  natu~ 
Jl  ral  Knowledge  have  been  owing  to  the  Dif- 
coveries  and  Improvements  that  have  been  made 
in  Opticks,  I  think  few  can  be  ignorant  of,  that 
have  inquired  into  the  Reafons  and  Grounds  of 
the  Progreffes  made  in  this  laft  Century,  fmee  it 
hath  been  actually  effected :  For,  though  it  be 
evident  that  Roger  Bacon  did  underhand  fome¬ 
what  of  the  Grounds  of  it,  and,  in  Probability, 
would  have  further  improv’d  that  his  Knowledge, 
if  he  had  met  with  a  Generation  worthy  thereof  j 
yet  fuch  was  the  ill  Treatment  he  receiv’d  by  falfe 

S  4  .A  ecu- 


z?8  T>r.  H  oo\CscDifcourfe  concerning 

Accufations,  fcandalous  Reports,  Imprifonment, 
and  Lofs  of  Places,  that  we  hear  no  more  concern¬ 
ing  it,  but  only  fome  Hints  that  he  gave,  of  his 
being  able  to  fee  things  at  a  Dillance  as  if  they 
were  near,  in  his  Apology  for  himfelf,  addrefled 
to  the  then  Pope,  to  protect  him  againft  his  Per- 
fecutors.  "I  his  Perfecution  quafh'd  it  for  that 
Time  3  and  we  find  nothing  of  the  Revival  there¬ 
of,  till  the  Lyncean  Academy  became  founded  in 
Italy  •  where,  from  the  Encouragement  that  di¬ 
vers  ingenious  Men  received,  it  was  again  Parted: 
And  we  find  that  Johannes  Baptijia  Porta  had 
made  a  Difeovery  of  it,  as  is  very  plain  by 
fome  Railages  of  his  natural  Magick ;  and  our 
Diggs  had  done  the  fame  thing  here,  as  is  teftin- 
ed  by  his  Son,  who  printed  fome  of  his  Father's 
Works  after  his  Death.  Thefe  two  Teftimonies 
we  have,  that  fomewhat  like  the  Telefcope  was 
known  in  the  preceding  Century,  both  the  faid 
Rooks  being  printed  before  the  Beginning  of  this 
Century.  We  find  nothing  further  concerning 
its  Defcription,  or  life,  befides  the  Hint  that  it 
wras  then  known  to  thefe  two  Men,  fome  Years 
before  Galileo  put  it  in  Practice.  In  the  Begin¬ 
ning  of  the  prefen  t  1 7th  Century,  Met  ins ,  a  Spe- 
dtacle-maker  in  Holland ,  light  upon  a  Compofition 
of  a  Convex,  with  a  concave  Glafs  fet  at  due  Di- 
ftance  in  a  Tube,  which  made  a  perfpeftive  Glafs 
to  fee  Objects  at  a  Diftance.  And  Galileo ,  in  Ita- 
ly ,  whether  excited  by  a  Hint  thence  received,  or 
from  Baptijia  Porta ,  or  by  his  own  good  Genius, 
is  uncertain,  did  the  fame  thing  at  Florence  :  But 
not  contented  with  the  bare  Invention,  and  Ufe 
for  terreftrial  Objedfs,  he  improved  it  farther,  and 
made  Ufe  thereof  for  Difcoveries  of  the  CceleftiaJ 
Bodies.  By  this  Means  he  detected  the  Galaxies 
to  be  an  infinite  Congeries  of  fmall  Stars  ;  as  alfc 
the  cloudy  Stars,  to  be  of  a  like  Compofition. 

By 


Telefcopes  and  Microfcopes.  25*9 

By  the  fame  he  difcovered  the  Roughnefs  and  In¬ 
equality  of  the  Surface  of  the  Moon ,  and  the  Phe¬ 
nomena  of  the  Shadows  and  Lights  of  thofe  rough 
and  uneven  Parts,  and  the  progrefs  and  Recefs  of 
the  Light  of  the  Sun  thereupon.  By  this  he  dif¬ 
covered  the  four  Stars  about  Jupiter ,  and  in  fome 
Sort  adjufted  their  Periods,  and  hinted  the  Ufe  of 
them,  for  the  Difcovery  of  the  Longitude  of  Places 
upon  the  Earth.  By  this  alfo  he  difcover’d  the 
unufual  Figure  of  the  Body  of  Saturn ,  the  Wax¬ 
ing  and  Warning  of  the  Light  of  Venus,  and  the 
Spots  in  the  Face  of  the  Sun ,  together  with  their 
Motions  and  Changes  3  which  laft,  whether  it 
were  not  primarily,  or  at  leaft  at  the  fame  Time, 
detected  by  Scheiner ,  is  difputable,  fince  both  lay 
!  Claim  to  it.  This,  1  think,  may  truly  be  faid 
for  Scheiner ,  that  whoever  firft  detected  them,  he 
was  the  Man  that  perfected  the  Theory  of  them, 
fo  far  as  it  has  hitherto  gone  ,  which  he  hath  per¬ 
formed  in  that  moil:  elaborate  Work  of  his  Kofa 
Urfina. 

These  Difcourfes  excited  the  Curious  of  thofe 
Times  to  inquire  into  and  improve  the  Knowledge 
I  of  Opticks,  efpecially  that  Part  of  it  which'  had 
:  been  leaft  cultivated,  namely,  the  Buiinefs  of  Re¬ 
fractions.  ( Stelliola ,  who  was  a  Lyncean ,  feems 
:  to  have  been  the  firft  that  difcover’d  the  Ground 
I  of  Refraction,  in  his  Book  II  cfele[copio  overo  il 
;  SpeciUo  CelefieS)  Kepler ,  in  his  Opticks,  explain’d 
the  Reafon  of  the  Phenomena  of  Senfes ,  and  the 
!  Caufes  thereof  j  and  alfo,  that  the  fpherical  Sur¬ 
face  did  not  give  the  true  Figure  requifite  to  re- 
!  fract  all  the  parallel  Rays  that  fell  upon  it  to  one 
!  Point,  but  a  Figure  fome  what  elliptical  3  but  made 
fio  Demonftration  what  the  true  Figure  was,  nor 
j  the  true  Proportion  of  Refracftion.  But  Defcar - 
tes ,  by  thefe  two  Helps,  went  through  with  the 
[|  Demonftration,  and  proved  both  the  true  ellipti- 

S  2  cal 


26g  SDr,  HogkT  ^Difcourfe  concerning 

cal  Figure,  and  alfo  moil  ingenioufly  and  mecha¬ 
nically  explain’d  the  Ground  and  Caufe  of  Re¬ 
fraction 

FEKMA1 J  foon  after,  taking  a  contrary  Sup- 
pofition,  explain’d  the  fame  Phenomena  ,  as  did 
alfo  Emanuel  Maignan^  in  his  Perjpebliva  Horaria^ 
by  a  third  Suppofition  ,  and  our  Countryman  Mr. 
Hobbs  by  a  fourth  ,  but  thefe  two  laid  by  Ways 
lefs  intelligible  and  more  improbable.  Others  fmce 
have  gone  other  Ways,  but  fall  fhort  of  the  firft. 
However,  the  firft  Succeftes  caufed  it  to  be  ex¬ 
ceedingly  cultivated  by  very  many  ingenious  Men. 
And  that  not  only  as  to  the  Theory,  but  as  to 
the  Practice  alfo  :  Thence  many  Attempts  have 
been  made  by  divers  ingenious  Men,  as  Defcartes , 
Hevelius ,  Sir  Paul  Neile ,  Divini^  Mr.  Smethwick , 
and  others,  to  make  Objecf-Glafies  and  Eye-Glaffes 
of  elliptical  Figures,  but  all  without  Succefs, 
However,  of  the  fpherical  Figure  they  made  good 
Improvements,  by  making  Objecft-Glaffes  of  much 
greater  Lengths,  and  truer  Figures,  than  they 
were  at  firft  able  to  do :  For,  Galileo's  Glafs,  of 
which  he  made  fo  good  Life,  1  have  been  inform¬ 
ed,  was  not  above  four  or  five  Foot  long,  at  the 
moil ;  and,  I  am  apt  to  think,  that  the  Glafs,  Ele- 
' velius  ufed  for  his  Selenography ,  was  not  better, 
if,  at  mo  ft  3  it  were  fo  good  j  fince  as  many  Parti¬ 
culars,  as  he  has  noted  in  that  Book,  may  be  made 
with  a  Glafs  of  three  Foot.  But  Sir  Paul  Neile 
made  forne  of  36  Foot  pretty  good,  and  one  of 
50,  as  I  have  been  informed,  but  not  anfwerable. 
Divini  and  Campani  made  alfo  Glafles  of  thofe 
Lengths,  but  how  good  I  cannot  knowingly  af¬ 
firm  :  However,  if  we  may  be  allowed  to  judge  of 
them  by  the  Difcoveries  they  made  with  them  of 
the  true  Figure  of  Saturn ,  I  conceive  they  were 
but  ordinary,  and  did  not  exceed  our  12  or  15 
Foot  Telefcopes ,  for,  by  one  of  that  Length,  I 

plain- 


Teldcopes  and  Microfcopes.  z6i 

plainly  di (cover'd  the  Ring  and  Satellite  of  Saturn 
to  be  as  Monfieur  Hit-genius  doth  affert  in  his  Book  3 
and,  with  the  fame  Telefcope,  I  firft  difcovered 
the  permanent  Spot  in  the  Belt  of  Jupiter ,  which 
proved  its  diurnal  Motion  on  its  Axis.  Since  that. 
Air.  Reive  fir  ft,  and  then  Air.  Ccnc,  made  foine 
g°od  Glafles  of  50  and  60  Foot  long,  and  the  laft 
one  of  100  3  hut  how  good,  I  cannot  ;ffrt,  ha¬ 
ving  not  made  Trial  of  it.  And,  as  it  la  h  been 
cultivated  here,  fo  others,  in  France  and  Italy , 
have  not  been  idle  :  Particularly  one  Air.  Bore  Hi, 
at  Paris,  who  prefented  one  of  a  confiderable 
Length,  to  this  Society,  which  Air.  Flamfiead ,  I 
fuppofe,  has  in  his  Keeping,  Sir  Jon.  Moor  having 
borrowed  it  of  the  Society  for  his  Ufe.  But  tho3 
there  has  been  fome  Life  left  in  the  Grinders  of 
Glaftes,  yet  the  Warmth  of  thofe,  that  fhould  have 
ufed  them,  has  grown  cool  3  and  little  of  new  Di  re¬ 
coveries  hath  been  made  by  them,  befdes  what 
Air.  Cajjini  has  done  at  Paris ,  in  difcovering  four 
new  Satellites  about  Saturn ,  befdes  that  of  Mr. 
Ziilichem. 

Much  the  fame  has  been  the  Fate  of  Alicro- 
fcopes,  as  to  their  Invention,  Improvements,  Ufe, 
Negledl  and  Slighting,  which  are  now  reduced  al- 
moft  to  a  fngle  Votary,  which  is  Mr. Leeuwenhoek  3 
befdes  whom,  I  hear  of  none  that  make  any  other 
Ufe  of  that  Inftrument,  but  for  Diverfon  and 
Paftime,  and  that  by  reafon  it  is  become  a  por¬ 
table  Inftrument,  and  eafy  to  be  carried  in  one’s 
Pocket.  > 

I  f  we  enquire  into  the  Reafon  of  this  Change 
of  Humour,  in  Men  of  learning,  in  fo  ftiort 
a  Time,  we  fhall  find  that  moft  of  thofe,  who 
formerly  promoted  thefe  Enquiries,  are  gone  off 
the  Stage  3  and  with  the  prefent  Generation  of  Men 
the  Opinion  prevails,  that  the  Subjedls  to  be  en¬ 
quired  into  are  exhaufted,  and  no  more  is  to  be 

S  3  done : 


i6z  *Dr.  Hook’j  'Difcourfe  concerning 

done  :  Befides,  they  pretend  that  all  the  Bifcove- 
ries  that  have  been  hitherto,  or  that  can  be  made, 
for  the  future,  by  thefe  Inftruroents  will  afford 
no  gainful  Profit,  and  all  other  Notions  are  infipid 
with  them,  befides  fuch  as  bring  ready  APoney. 

But  thofe,  who  make  fuch  Eftimates,  may,  per¬ 
haps,  find  themfelves  very  much  miftaken  in  their 
Judgment,  if  the  Subjects  were  duly  profecuted, 
as  they  are  capable  of  fo  being.  For,  as  to  the 
Bifcoveries  that  may  be  made  in  both  Kinds,  I 
conceive  they  are  vaftly  greater,  both  for  Number 
and  V  alue,  than  thofe  few  that  have  been  already 
made,  and  not  only  for  the  Information  of  the  In¬ 
tellect,  but  what  anfwers  their  greatest  Objection, 
even  for  the  increafmg  their  Treafure. 

Having  given  this  fhort  Account  of  the  Hi- 
flory  of  Telefcopes,  as  alfo  of  the  Ufe  and  Difco- 
veries  that  have  been  hitherto  made  with  them, 
w  hich,  as  they  have  been  very  confiderable,  as  to 
the  Improvement  of  the  phyfical  or  natural  Know¬ 
ledge  of  the  Coeleftial  Phenomena,  I  may  obferve 
that  a  further  Improvement  and  Ufe  of  them,  will, 
in  all  Probability,  afford  much  greater,  and  more 
confiderable,  not  only  for  the  perfecting  and  corn- 
pleating  the  Knowledge  of  thofe  Particulars  w  hich 
have  been  already,  in  Part,  detected;  but  alfo  for 
making  of  other  new  Difcoveries,  which  as  they 
are  yet  much  further  removed  from  the  Power  of 
the  Senfes  to  comprehend ,  fo  they  have  been, 
upon  that  Account,  never  afforded  Entrance  into 
the  Imagination  and  Intellect ;  if  at  leaft  Ariftotle's 
Maxim  be  true,  That  there  is  nothing  in  the  Intel¬ 
lect  ,  but  what  was  firft  in  the  Senfe :  And  tho* 
there  are  many  Things  that  may  be  imagined,  and 
guefled  at,  by  Analogy,  and  the  Uniformity  of  the 
proceedings  and  Productions  of  Nature;  yet  there 
are  certain  Non-pareils  of  Nature,  of  which  Kind, 
poffibly,  nothing  like  them  have  been  produced  in 

_  '  all 


Telefcopes  and  Microfcopes.  763 

all  thofe  Particulars,  which  are  more  common  and 
obvious,  as  1  might  inftance  in  the  Body  of  Sa¬ 
turn.  For  who  would  ever  have  imagined  fuch  a 
Configuration  or  Fabrick,  as  that  of  the  Ring  of 
Saturn}  what  is  there  in  all  the  other  Celeftiai 
Bodies,  we  yet  know,  that  is  analogous  to  it?  and 
from  the  Imperfection  of  the  firft  1  elefcopes,  what 
extravagant  and  irrational  Conceptions  were  form¬ 
ed  thereof,  as  does  more  evidently  appear,  by  the 
Defcrip:ions  and  Explications  of  the  Phenomena 
of  it,  before  the  more  perfect  Difcovery  made  by 
Monf  Cbr.  Huygens ,  and  his  ingenious  Explicati¬ 
ons  thereupon.  And  that  Autupjia  is  not  only 
ufeful,  but  abfolutely  neceffary,  to  give  one  a 
true  Idea  and  Conception  of  many  Phenomena, 
without  which,  the  Imagination  is  very  apt  to 
rove,  and  go  out  of  the  true  Way,  as  I  might 
confirm  by  many  Inftances,  there  being  enough  • 
but  I  fhall  only  mention  one,  namely,  that  of  I)r. 
Voffius ,  his  Explication  of  the  Phenomena  of  the 
Moon,  publifhed  in  his  laft  Book,  upon  which  I 
did  formerly  read  a  Lecture  to  this  Society,  to 
fhew  the  Irrationality  thereof,  and  howr  little 
Ground  or  Probability  there  was  to  be  found  in  all 
the  Phenomena  of  that  Planet,  viewed  and  ex¬ 
amined  with  a  good  Telefcope.  And  therefore 
I  did  conclude,  that  that  learned  Man  did  never, 
himfelf,  obferve  the  Phenomena,  or  if  he  ever  did, 
it  w  as  certainly  w  ith  a  very  fmall,  and  very  imper¬ 
fect,  Telefqope.  Upon  which  Account,  Autopjia 
is  not  only  neceffary  for  directing  the  Mind  and 
Intellect,  in  its  Frpgrefs  to  be  made,  for  w  hat  is 
to  be  gone  thro5  with  ;  but  5tis  neceffary  alfo,  for 
the  reducing  it  to  its  right  Way,  from  which  it 
may  have  been  mifguided,  by  the  falfe  and  erro¬ 
neous  Suggeftions  it  hath  formerly  met  with,  ei¬ 
ther  in  fome  famous  Authors  that  have  pofitively 
^fferted,  or  defended  a  Falfity  ,  or  of  fome  other 

S  4  Perfcm 


a 6 4  ‘■Dr.  H o o  r  9  s  cD i fco u rfe  concerning 

Perfon  reputed  eminently  skilful  in  this,  or  that 
Part  of  Knowledge.  With  which  Kind  of  Informa¬ 
tion,  how  full  are  the  Authors  that  have  treated 
of  fome  Subjects  ?  and  that  not  one  or  two,  but 
Hundreds,  nay,  Thoufands,  if  we  confider  natural 
Philofophy  and  Phyfick,  with  the  Arts  fubfervi- 
ent  thereunto:  What  fhall  we  fay  to  the  whole 
Generation  of  Aftrologers,  which  have  yet  always 
prevailed,  and  poffibly  always  will,  with  fome  es¬ 
pecially,  who  have  once  been  prepoffeffed  or  pre¬ 
judiced  for  it :  The  like  may  be  laid  of  thofe  who 
defend  the  four  Ariftotelian  Elements ,  or  the  four 
Chymical  Principles ,  or  the  three  Cartefian  Mate¬ 
ria  s,  or  his  Mundane  Vortices ,  which  are,  in  Pro¬ 
bability,  all  alike  Chimera  s  which  have  fprung  up, 
and  got  rooting  in  the  Minds  of  Men,  in  feveral 
Ages  of  the  World  ,  and  having  once  prevailed, 
they  become  prolifick,  and  propagate  themfelves 
in  new  Soils,  and  new  After  tors  and  Defenders  of 
thofe  Bodirines  do  daily  fpring  up :  Among  thefe 
may  alfo  be  ranged  the  Solid  Orb  Men ,  the  Plajlick. 
Faculty  Men ,  and  the  Sympathy  and  Antipathy 
Men ,  each  of  which,  having  once  embraced  their 
refpedbive  Dodfrines,  will  maintain  and  defend 
them  to  the  laft,  againft  all  others  whatfoever. 
’Twas  from  the  firft  of  thefe  Sedts  (as  I  may  call 
them,  from  their  Divifion  from  the  true  Philofo¬ 
phy)  namely,  the  Solid  Orb  Men ,  that  poor  Ga¬ 
lileo  was  put  into  the  Inquifition,  and,  to  fave  his 
Life,  was  neceffitated  to  lofe  his  Dodlrine,  and  to 
unfay  what  he  really  knew,  and  had  difcovered 
and  aflerted  ,  and  tho’  he,  as  well  as  Copernicus , 
was  encouraged,  at  the  firft,  by  Popes,  Cardinals, 
and  Princes,  yet  in  the  Conclufion  all  fail'd,  and 
their  Dodtrine  rauft  be  condemn’d.  Thus  it  hap¬ 
pen’d  alfo  to  Roger  Bacon ,  and,  I  am  apt  to  fu~ 
fpedf,  to  the  far  greater  Man,  the  Lord  Chancel¬ 
lor  Bacon ,  for  being  too  prying  into  the  then  re¬ 
ceiv’d 


T elcfcopes  and  Microfcopes.  265 

ceiv’d  Fhilofophy :  But  notwithstanding  all  this, 
there  is  a  real  Beauty  and  Allurement  in  Truth, 
that  will  produce  fome  Votaries  in  the  worft  of 
Times,  and  that  will  in  Time  prevail,  and  fhine 
out,  and  difpel  the  Clouds  of  Error  that  encom- 
pafs  it.  Multi  tranfibunt  &  augebitur  Scientia ,  was 
the  prophetick  Saying  of  Daniel ,  and  ufed  by  the 
learned  Verularn.  And  there  is  no  doubt,  but 
there  is  yet  behind,  much  more  to  be  difcovered, 
than  what  is  already  known,  if  fit  Methods,  and 
fit  inftruments  be  apply’d,  and  profecuted  with 
Diligence.  Some  Ties  1  have  made  of  the  Tele- 
[cope ,  and  not  without  fome  confiderable  Succefs , 
as  in  the  Difcovery  of  the  Figure,  Motions  and 
Qualities  of  the  Cometical  Bodies ;  as  namely,  of 
following  them  for  near  a  Alonth  after  they  disap¬ 
peared,  and  finding  them  retrograde,  in  obferving 
their  flame-like  Figures  and  Qualifications  3  in  dis¬ 
covering  the  Small nefs,  or  rather  Inconfiderable- 
nefs  of  their  Parallax,  by  a  Way  not  taken  notice 
of  before,  by  any  that  1  know  of:  And  tho’Monf. 
CaJJini  has  defcribed  it  in  his  Qbfervation  of  the 
Comet  in  1680,  yet  he  hath  added  nothing  more 
to  it,  than  what  1  published  in  my  Comet  a  fome 
Years  before,  fave  the  Application  of  it  to  that 
Comet.  By  thefe  I  difcovered  the  Parallax  of  the 
Earth’s  Orb,  and  the  Vifibility  of  the  fix’d  Stars, 
at  all  Times  of  the  Day  Upon  which  Occafion 
I  cannot  but  take  Notice  of  a  Paffage  printed  Page 
the  385th  of  Ozenam’s  Mathematick  Dictionary, 
and,  by  him,  faid  to  he  written  by  Monf.  CaJJini ; 
the  Senfe  is  this  5  By  the  Means  of  great  Tele- 
fcopes,  fixed  to  certain  Parts  of  the  Heavens,  thro5 
which  the  fix’d  Stars  pafs,  which  are  the  moft  pro¬ 
per  for  this  Qbfervation,  one  may  heft  examine 
whether  there  be  any  Difference  (of  the  Situation 
of  thole  Stars,  as  to  Parallax')  in  different  Seafons 
of  the  Year  5  for  this  Dcfign,  in  the  Foundation 

of 


*t66  "Dr.  Hook'j  *Difcourfe  concerning 

of  the  Royal  Obfervatory,  there  is  left  an  Open* 
ing  thro3  all  the  Vaults,  by  Means  whereof  one 
may  fee,  from  the  Bottom  of  the  Vaults,  the 
Vertical  Stars,  thro3  Telefcope  Glades  of  160 
Foot  in  Length,  which  will  be  prepared  againft 
the  Obfervatory  is  finifhed.  Notwithstanding  the 
Englifh  Aftronomers  have  begun  to  pradlife  a  Me¬ 
thod  like  to  this,  we  are  allured,  by  an  EfTay  of 
Obfervations  which  they  have  made  with  great 
Subtil ty,  that  they  have  found  fome  fuch  Eiffe- 
rence,  which  have  verified  that  the  Diameter  of  the 
annual  Orb  of  the  Earth  hath  fome  fenfible  Propor¬ 
tion,  compared  to  the  Difbmce  of  the  fix'd  Stars ; 
which, neverthelefs,  is  not  yet  evident  to  us,  by  rea- 
fon  that  the  Obfervations,  we  have  made  of  fome 
fix’d  Stars  Variations,  do  not  agree  with  this  Hypo¬ 
thefis  ^  for  that  the  Variation  was  not  found  in  the 
Way  that  this  Hypothefis  requires :  But  if  the  Ob¬ 
fervations  fhould  confirm  it,  and  be  correfpondent  to 
the  Hypothefis,  yet  then  we  may  doubt,  whether 
the  Variation  be  from  this  Caufe,  or  from  fome 
corsftant  Variation  of  fome  fix’d  Stars,  which  hath 
no  Relation  to  the  Earth’s  Motion ;  I  fuppofe,  he 
here  means  Mallement  de  Me  fang. ,  who,  to  evade 
the  Strength  of  the  Argument  for  the  Earth’s  Mo¬ 
tion,  drawn  from  the  fenfible  Parallax  amongft  the 
fix’d  Stars,  afligns  every  fix’d  Star  to  move  in  a 
fmall  Epicycle  that  will  anfwer  the  Appearance. 
(Obferve  only  the  Humour  and  Ingenuity  of  thefe 
great  Philofophers  and  Aftronomers,  and  judge 
how  likely  ’tis,  by  any  Means  in  the  World,  to 
convince  fuch  of  any  Error  they  fhall  once  aflert.) 
Yet,  be  pleas’d  to  obferve  his  Conclulion  ;  viz. 
But  when  we  have  found,  by  a  great  Number  of 
Obfervations,  that  a  fufficient  Number  of  the  fixed 
Stars  have  a  Variation  conformable  to  this  Flypo- 
thefis,  then  we  may  judge  that  there  is  feme 
Foundation  for  it,  notwithftanding  fome  Irregu¬ 
larity 


Tdefcopes  and  Microfcopes.  2.67 

larity  that  has  been,  in  Part,  obferved  to  the  con¬ 
trary.  T  he  Obfervation  is  extremely  difficult  and 
long,  becaufe  the  Period  of  the  Variation,  pro¬ 
pos’d  to  be  obferv’d,  is  of  a  whole  Year,  and  re¬ 
quires  that  the  Inftrument  fhall  be  unfhakeable. 
It  is  for  this,  that  it  can  no  where  be  better  done, 
than  in  the  Royal  Obfervatory.  Thus  far  Monf. 
CaJJini.  To  which  Mr.  Ozenam  adds,  [That 
the  Royal  Obfervatory  is  a  haughty  Building, 
which  the  King  has  caufed  to  be  built  in  an 
eminent  Place  ,  without  the  Suburbs  of  St. 
James's,  for  making  Phyfical  and  Aftronomical 
Obfervations  3  and  that  it  is  called  Royal,  for  that 
it  was  built  by  the  Munificence  of  Louis  le  Grand , 
whofe  Liberality  has  extended  to  divers  Perfons, 
diftinguifhed  for  their  Merit,  and  principally  to  a 
certain  Number  of  learned  Men,  chofen  out  of 
the  reft,  who  have  endeavoured,  with  Eclat ,  to 
make  Sciences  flourifh  in  this  Kingdom,  who  com-* 
pofe  the  Academy  Royal  of  Sciences.]  When  my 
Attempt  firft  was  publifhed,  I  was  informed  fome 
of  that  Aftembly  were  angry  at  it,  for  that  it  had 
not  been  firft  thought  of  by  them  3  but  I  confefs  I 
did  not  believe  it.  But  meeting  with  this  Paffage 
does  feem  to  make  it  probable  enough.  However, 
they  needed  not  have  regretted  it,  fince  there 
were  enough  befides,  as  confiderable  to  have  (hewn 
their  Penetrancy  of  Spirit,  and  Accuratenefs  of  Ob¬ 
fervation  ;  and  tho’  England  poffibly  wants  thofe 
Affiftants  which  they  can  boaft,  yet  I  hope  to 
fhew,  that  weaker  Means  may  effecft  many  Things 
that  their  more  powerful  have  fail’d  to  perform, 
if  God  grant  me  Life  and  Health. 

If  we  confider,  in  the  next  Place,  the  Fate  of 
Microfcopes,  we  fhall  find  much  the  like  to  have 
attended  their  Performances.  The  firft  notable 
Thing  performed  by  it,  that  I  have  met  with, 
was  the  Figure  of  the  Bee  made  by  Sir  Francifco 

SteUuiij 


268  2)r.  Hook’s  flour fes ,  &c. 

Stettuti ,  a  Lyncean ,  and  prefented  to  Pope  £»- 
2^/z  VIII,  which  is  mention’d  by  Johannes  Faber , 
Hifiori  a Plant  arum  &  Animalium  Mexicanorum , 
iib.  i.  p.757.  mirabilem  anatornen  prcebuit 

fart  him  omnium  '  extern  arum ,  7//^?  ylm/  ;///- 

ani male ul 0 ,  oculortirn ,  inquam ,  lingua ,  cor- 
nuuMj  juba ,  aculei ,  pedis ,  digit  or  ung  altar  unique  ^ 
G?  mi  per  in  as  incidi  commifit ,  f elicit  at  i  Ur*- 

bani  V  III  dedicavilj  ut  hac  omnia  malim  te  0 cu¬ 
lls  tills  intueri  quam  nidi  meo  c alamo  adumbrare. 
And  Fabius  Column  a  ^  upon  the  fame  Place,  fays, 
it  was  Imprcffum  a  Lynceorum  Academia  A.  2).  IV. 
Papa  Urb'ano  VIII  *7*  perpetua  devotionis  fymbo - 
/z/zzz  oblatum  fait  anno  1625.  Cam  nofir atis  Apis 
imagine  accuratiJTme  a  D.  Francifco  St e Unto  novo 
quo  dam  Microfcopio  objervata ,  ut  qui  illam  viderit 
in  admirationem  incidat ,  to/z  mult  as  partes  orga¬ 
na  que  depidta  difeernit ,  77/^  intuentium  oculis 
in  ip  jo  animalculo  omnino  abfcondnntur .  Ihefe 
Difcoveries  were  alfo  highly  favour’d  and  practis’d 
by  Prince  Cefirns  himfelf,  which  greatly  encou¬ 
raged  Obfervers,  and  produced  many  in  divers 
Parts  of  AVz/y.  Accordingly  we  find  fome  Obfer- 
vations  made  by  Hodierna ,  in  Sicilia^  about  1640, 
and  others  recorded  by  P  Anatoli  a  about  the  Year 
1650,  namely,  the  Poroufnefs  of  Man’s  Hair,  the 
red  Sands  in  Urine  of  calculous  Perfon£,  and  the 
Worms  in  Vinegar.  Many  others  were  alfo  found 
to  make  feme  few  Obfervations  in  other  Coun¬ 
tries  ;  but,  by  Degrees,  it  is  become  almoft  out 
of  life  and  Repute:  So  that  Mr.  Leeuwenhoek. 
feems  to  be  the  principal  Perfon  left  that  culti¬ 
vates  thofe  Enquiries.  Which  is  not  for  Want  of 
confiderable  Materials  to  be  aifeover’d,  but  for 
W  ant  of  the  inquifitive  Genius  of  the  prefent 
Age. 


Dr. 


{ 

\ 


269  ) 


2)r.  Hook’s  Invention  of  a 

Telefcofe  : 


7 If  HIGH  I  infert  after  the  foregoing  Papers ,  by 
**  Rea/on  of  its  Congruity  therewith ,  becaufe  I 
know  not  the  Time  when  this  Tele f cope  was  invent - 
ei,  whether  before ,  cr  Afr.  Caffegrainh,  /;/ 

Phil.  Tranf.  N.  83.  /row  which  it  differs  in  feme 
very  material  Matters.  W.  Derh  a  m. 


T  Have  lately  made  a  Telefcope  by  Reflections 
**■  with  which  I  look  directly  at  the  Object,  and 
fee  it  very  diftindf,  and  magnified.  And  this  is 
by  Planting  a  fmall  Lens  in  the  Middle  of  the 
Objedt  Speculum ,  and  Planting  another  fmall 
Concave  Speculum ,  beyond  the  Focus  of  the 
Objedt  Speculum  $  the  Manner  of  which  your 
Lo.rdfhip  will  readily  underhand  by  the  annexed 
Scheme,  where  ah  reprefents  the  Objedt  Specu¬ 


lum,  e  the  Focus  of  that  Speculum,  fg  a  fmall 
concave  Speculum,  ferving  to  reflect  the  Rays  to 
a  fecond  Focus  d ,  v/here  the  Eye  k  fees  the  Ob¬ 
ject  by  the  Help  of  the  fmall  Lens  c.  ’Tis  eafy 
fo  to, contrive  the  Cell  for  the  Eye,  that  the  Rays 
that  pafs  on  each  fide  of  fg  fhall  not  difturb 
Viflon. 

W  e  long  much  to  hear  of  Monf.  Hugenius's 
Opticks  and  Mechanicks :  Thev  are  SubieCfs  ca- 

9  •  1?  j  ^  f 

pable  of  vaft  Improvements,  and  cannot  be  ratio¬ 
nally  expefted  from  any  more  likely,  than  from 

his 


lyo  Mr.  Waller’s  Obfervations 

his  acute  Wit  and  excellent  Pen.  But,  my  Lord, 
I  fear  I  have  too  far  trefpafs’d  upon  your  Lord- 
fhip’s  Patience,  and  muft  humbly  therefore  beg 
your  Lordfhip’s  Pardon,  and  fubfcribe  my  felf. 

My  Lord, 

Tout  Lordjhif  s  moft  Faithful 
and  moft  Humble  Servant , 

R.  Hook. 


Mr.  Waller’s  Obfervations  upon  2)r. 
Hook’s  ‘Difcourfes ,  concerning  Telef- 
copes  and  Microfcopes. 

A JOvember  the  29th  1693,  Dr  .Hook  read  a  Dif- 
*  *  courfe  concerning  Microfcopes,  their  Ufes 
and  Advantages  in  difcovering  the  Textures  and 

Motions  of  Bodies,  as  well  animate  as  inanimate  1 

*  ■_ _ ' 

obferving,  that  all  Examinations  by  Fire,  or  Chy- 
mical  Menftruums,  deftroyed  or  altered  the  com¬ 
pounding  Particles,  or  mix’d  them  with,  and  con¬ 
founded  them  with  heterogeneous  Parts  of  the 
Fire,  or  Menftruum,  made  Ufe  of  ^  whereas  the 
Microfcope  difcovers  them  in  their  natural  State 
and  Actions.  Obferving  farther,  that  the  Moti¬ 
ons  of  the  Vifcera  and  of  the  fluids,  in  the  fmall 
Veffels,  are,  by  that  Inftrument,  to  be  feen,  by 
their  different  Colours  and  Refradlions,  through 
the  tranfparent  Skins  and  Bodies  of  many  Infedts: 
Natural  Hiftory,  hitherto,  being  for  the  moft 
Part  only  conversant  about  the  outward  Shape  and 
Colour  of  Plants,  Animals,  and  the  like  ^  but  the 
Microfcope  would  afford  a  very  large  Field  of  En¬ 
quiries 


upon  the  afore  [aid  <Difcourfes .  271 

quiries  and  Obfervations,  not  yet  much  cultiva¬ 
ted,  which  he  recommends  as  one  of  the  moft 
proper  Ways  of  difcovering  the  true  Texture  and 
Mechanifm  of  Bodies. 

In  the  next  Place,  he  takes  Notice  of  a  Trea- 
tife  lately  publifh’d  by  Sig.  Bonani  in  Latin ,  call’d 
Micrograpbia  Curiufa ,  &c.  in  which  the  Author 
defcribes  the  feveral  Sorts  o  Microfcopes,  and 
giveikhis  Way  of  Grinding  Glafles  for  that  Pur- 
pofe  in  a  Cypher,  which  Dr.  Hook  thus  decyphers. 
The  Tools  are  to  be  made  of  Brafs  or  Tin,  and 
of  a  due  Form ;  that  the  Difh  ought  to  be  three 
times  as  large  as  the  Glafs  that  is  to  be  ground  in 
it  5  that  the  Difh  is  to  be  held  in  the  Left  Hand, 
and  the  Glafs  in  the  Right,  and  fo  wrought  and 
turned  every  way,  one  to  the  other,  till  the  Glafs 
has  acquired  its  due  Figure  ;  that  the  Glafs  ought 
firft  to  be  ground  near  the  l7igure  defired,  in  a 
larger,  and  then  finifh’d  in  a  fmaller  Difh  or  Tool. 
And,  for  its  Folifhing,  Bonani  prefers  the  Way  of 
gluing  a  fine  Paper  into  the  Difh  in  which  it  was 
laft  ground,  and  by  fpreading  on  the  Paper  fine 
Powder  of  1" ripoli ;  work  the  Glafs  therein  till  it 
has  acquir’d  its  due  Polifh  :  And  for  this  he  re¬ 
commends  a  Mandrill  to  fix  the  Difh  on,  made  to 
run  fwift  round,  by  Means  of  a  large  Wheel.  Ne- 
verthelefs.  Dr.  Hook  approves  better  the  Ways 
ufed  by  our  Artifts  by  a  reciprocating  Motion, 
and  judges  the  bare  Tool,  without  Paper,  better 
for  Object-Glafles,  at  leaft  of  Telefcopes  tho5 
for  Eye-Glaffes  he  grants  the  Way  by  Paper  and 
Tripoli ,  fufficiently  exadt. 

H  e  concludes  this  Difcourfe  with  the  Defcrip- 
tion  of  Stings  or  Thorns  of  the  Prickly  Pear,  or 
Indian  Fig,  thus ;  The  brown  Tufts  on  the  Prickly 
Pear  confifi:  of  a  great  Number  of  very  fmall  and 
fharp-pointed  Thorns,  fmaller  than  the  fineft  Nee¬ 
dle,  and  ftiff,  fo  that  they  eafily  pierce  the  Skin 


Mr .  Waller’s  Obfervations  &c. 


of  whoever  touches  them ,  and  what 
makes  them  yet  more  troublefome  is, 
their  being  all  barbed  with  Thorns  like 
a  Bramble,  or  rather  a  Bee’s  Sting,  fo 
that  they  cannot  eafily  be  got  out,  when 
they  are  once  enter’d  into  the  Skin.  Of 
this  he  gives  a  Microfcopical  Figure. 

The  6th  of  December  following  he' 
read  a  Difcourfe  of  Telefcopes,  in  wrhich 
he  offerees,  that  Galileo  fir  ft  difcover’d 
the  frnall  Stars,  not  vifible  to  the  naked 
Bye,  in  the  cloudy  Stars,  and  the  Gala¬ 
xy,  which  Arijtotle  aflerted  to  be  a  Va¬ 
pour,  with  the  Figures  of  the  Flanets, 
at  firft,  indeed,  not  exadlly  true,  as  to 
fome  of  them,  with  their  different  Mag¬ 
nitudes  ,  their  Revolutions  on  their 
Axes,  the  Satellites  of  Jupiter ,  &c.  Fie 
fuppofes  that  Delta  was  the  firft  that 
made  Tjfe  of  Convex  Eye-Glaftes,  taking 
in  a  larger  Area  than  the  Concave  ones 
ufed  before ;  and  that  he  invented  the 
Rete,  or  Menfurator,  placed  in  the  com¬ 
mon  Focus  of  the  Glaftes ;  which  Sir 
Clrriftopher  JVren  per  reeled,  and  invent¬ 
ed  the  angular  Inftrument,  confifting  of 
tw^o  Telefcopes  joined  at  a  moveable 
Joint,  fo  as  to  take  Angles  by  two  Ob- 
fervers,  to  a  Quadrant  s  and  that  him- 
felf  had  improved  and  recommehided  the 
Ufe  of  Telefcope  Sights  for  Aftronomi- 
cal  Inftruments,  in  'his  Animadverfions 
on  Hevelius's  Macbina  Ccclejiis.  Fie  pro¬ 
ceeds  to  an  Account  of  the  Difcoveries 
made  by  feveral  learned  Men,  as  the 
true  Figure  of  Saturn ,  and  of  its  Satel¬ 
lite,  by  Monf.  Huygens ,  the  Satellites  of 
Jupiter  by  Mr.  Lawrence  Rook  $  four 

other 


An  Account  of  an  Earthquake ,  &c.  273 

other  Moons  about  Saturn ,  by  Caffini ,  with  the 
I  Periods  of  Jupiter's  Satellites  more  exactly  limited 
!  by  the  fame.  Next,  he  mentions  his  own  Tele- 
1  fcopical  Obfervatibns  of  thb  Comet  in  1664,  and 
1665.  thofe  of  the  Stars  in  the  Pleiadesy  being  80, 
j  great  and  fmall,  which  Obfervations  and  Figure  of 
them,  in  his  Micrography,  he  here  afierts  to  be 
very  exact,  and  made  with  great  Care  •  tho?  Mr. 
i  Cajfini  and  De  la  Hire  have  publiflfd  Figures  of 
them  very  different  from  his,  both  as  to  their 
Number  and  Situation  j  whence  he  infers  there  has 
been  an  Alteration  in  that  Afterifm,  as,  he  fays, 
Mr.  De  la  Hire  alfo  believes,  he  having  found 
them  differing  from  what  he  had  himfelf  at  firft 
bbferv’d. 

Dr.  FlookT  Lett ure  here  mentionedy  being  long3 
and  Mr.  Waller  having  extracted  every  thing 
in  it  obfervabley  at  leaft  it  being  contain'd  in 
the  preceding  Paper ,  I  have  therefore  cbofen 
to  publijh  Mr.  Waller3.?  Extract . 


W.  Derham, 


An  Account  of  an  Earthquake  at  Deal,  and 
other  CP laces  in  Kent,  Fortfmouth,  on 
Sept  8.  1692, 


•  C  '  »  \  '  i  y 

Deaf  September  9.  169^ 

Yesterday  the  People  of  this  Place  and 
Country  were  under  a  great  Confirmation, 
6ccafion3d  by  an  Earthquake,  which  began  precife- 
ly  at  two  of  the  Clock  in  the  Afternoon,  and  con¬ 
tinued  about  fix  Minutes  $  during  which  Time  the 

T  Houfes 


274  -An  Account  of  an  Earthquake ,  &c. 

Houfes  fhook  ;  Pewter,  Brafs,  and  other  Kitchin* 
Goods,  totter’d  from  the  Shelves  ;  empty  Glafs- 
Bottles,  where  they  lay,  dafh’d  one  againft  ano¬ 
ther;  Beds  and  Tables  in  the  Houfes  Ihook  fo 
much,  that  People  could  not,  for  that  Time,  write; 
Some  Chimnies  fell,  and  feveral  Houfes  fhaken. 
This  was  at  Canterbury  ^  Sandwich ,  and  many  Vil¬ 
lages  thereabouts,  tho5  not  fo  violent,  yet  we  had 
the  fame  at  Dealy  particularly  at  Deal- Caftle  ;  al- 
tho’  the  Wall  thereof  be  of  a  vaft  Thicknefs  and 
Strength,  yet  it  fhook  fo  much,  that  the  Inhabi¬ 
tants  thereof  thought  it  would  have  fallen  on  their 
Heads.  In  Deal  Town  feveral  Houfes  (book,  and 
fo  all  the  Country  over;  fome  Houfes  ready 
to  tumble  down,  others  fafe,  and  felt  nothing. 
In  this,  feveral  Chimnies  fell,  and  fome  Houfes 
much  damnified. 

u. 

Port  [mouthy  Sept,  9.  1692. 

Here  fell  much  Rain  Yefterday,  and  between 
two  and  three  in  the  Afternoon  this  Town 
and  Point,  for  about  three  Minutes,  had  a  very 
fenfible  Touch  of  an  Earthquake,  to  the  great 
Terror  afid  Affrightment  of  many.  The  Tower 
of  the  Church,  with  many  Houfes,  were  found  to> 
ihake  confiderably ;  but,  bleffed  be  God,  I  hear 
not  of  the  leaft  Damage*  nor  any  thing  more  felt; 
thereof  fince. 


A  Con « 


-  V 


«  ■■**.*■ 


Tab  :  HI . 


- — T“l* 


O' .ra/'fet'  Sculftf  J 


I 


$  f 


'">■  - 


(  ±75  ) 

if  Contrivance  which  Sir  Robert  Southwell 
faw  at  Brandenberg,  for  fpeedy  Convey - 
ance  of  Earth ,  and  to  fill  ttpy  or  raife 
Ground ,  &c.  communicated  to  2)r.  Hook, 
Sept.  9.  1692. 

The  Explanation  of  the  Figures, 
FIGURE  I. 

2?.  The  Basket  to  be  filled. 

A  The  Basket  emptying  itfelf,  by  the  lower  Part 
of  it  hitting  againft  the  Axis  of  the  two  Pul- 
lies,  b. 

c.  The  filled  Basket  palling  from  a  to  b,  fupport- 
ed  by  the  Pullies,  n. 

d.  The  empty  Baskets  returning  without  any  Sup¬ 
port  between  the  Extremes. 

e. e .  e .  The  Rope  carrying  the  filled  Baskets. 
fff  The  fame  Rope  returning  them  empty. 

g.  The  Pulley  at  the  filling  End,  fupported  by 
the  Poft  m . 

b.  The  Pulley  at  the  emptying  End,  fupported 
by  the  Poft  k ,  and  turn’d  by  the  Windle  L 
/.  The  Poft  to  fupport  the  interpofed  Truckles  n> 

FIGURE  IL 

b,  b.  The  two  Pullies  fatten’d  oft 
r.  r.  An  Iron  Axis  to  be  turned  by 
i .  q.  A  Winch,  or  Windle. 
e.  e.  The  Rope,  lying  in  its  tapering  Edge,  as  ex- 
prefs’d  in  /%.III. 

Oc  0.  The  Basket  hung  by  its  Handles. 
p.p.  A  Stick  tied  with  Packthread,  or  girt  on  the 
Rope  e,  e.  e: 

T  z  '  FIG, 


%jb  The  Explanation  of  the  Figures, 

FIGURE  III. 

g.  g,  The  Shape  of  the  Edge  of  the  Pulley,  e^ 

prefs’d  in  the  firft  Fig.  by  h ,  which  is  grooved 
with  a  tapering  Groove,  that  may  hold  the 
Rope,  on  which  is  tied  e ,  the  Stick  thruft  thro5 
the  Handle/./,  of  the  Basket. 

FIGURE  IV. 

a .  The  Rope  on  which  is  tied 

h.  The  Stick,  thruft  through  the  Handles  of  the 
Basket. 

e.  c.  The  Truckles  Edge,  hollowed  with  a  half 
round  for  the  Rope  to  run  on. 

A  finall  Module  would  expfefs  all  the  Particu¬ 
lars,  much  plainer  than  any  Draught.  By  thts 
Way  5tis  eafy  to  tfanfport  Earth,  Sand,  &c.  i, 
2,  3,  4,  or  500  Yards,  whether  afcending,  dr 
defcending ;  and,  I  conceive,  two  Men  can  do 
more  than  fix  in  the  common  Way. 


5 ftanfcript 


( 'Iff  ) 


Tranfcripf  of  a  Taper  of  a  Quantity  of  Gold 
tip  the  River  Gambav,  in  169  p 

Your  Importunity,  together  with  my  Grati¬ 
tude  to  you,  for  your  moil:  curious  Infor¬ 
mations  and  Infhrudnons  in  the  Mechanicks  (with¬ 
out  which,  I  confefs  my  Labour  had  been  in  vain) 
has  extorted  that  from  me,  w  hich,  I  confefs,  the 
Refojution  I  had  a-new  taken  to  the  contrary,  by 
refolding  never  to  divulge,  either  for  Lo.e,  or 
Force  >  to  which  End  I  expedl,  according  to  your 
faithful  and  folemn  Vow^s  of  Secrecy,  both  of  the 
Bufinefs  itfelf,  and  likewife  of  w'hich  I  would  not 
fhould  be  known  to  the  King  for  10000/.  being 
content  with  what  Proportion  it  hath  pleafed  God 
to  afrign  me,  as  well  as  with  the  King’s  Pcevenues. 
Nor  {hall  1  wholly,  or  fully,  difcover  the  vaft  Pro¬ 
portion  of  Gold  I  difcover’d  there,  being  fo  much, 
not  fit  to  be  communicated  to  Paper,  as  not  know'- 
mg  to  whofe  Eyes,  or  through  wKofe  Hands  this 
may  come.  I  (hall  only  tell  you,  I  v;as  more  trou¬ 
bled  to  obfcure  its  Abundance  from  my  Fellows, 
than  to  bring  down  what  I  got-  and,  1  am  confi¬ 
dent,  that  if  your  felf  go  upon  this  Defign,  and 
follow  the  Directions  of  my  Journal,  and,  attain 
your  Furpofe,  you  your  felf  will  be  of  my  Q- 
pinion  j  for,  as  it  is  faid,  What  will  the  whole 
World  profit  a  Man ,  if  he  lofe  his  Soul :  So  I  fay. 
What  will  the  Riches  of  both  the  Indies  advantage, 
if  thereby  you  forfeit  your  Security,  Life,  and 
Freedom  ?  And  how  will  you  be  affured  of  any  of 
thefe,  if  thefe  Things  fhould  come  to  Knowledge 
of  fuch  as  have  Power  of  you,  and  to  command 
you  in  what  they  pleafe  :  That  I  do  truly  tell  you, 
did  I  not  value  my  own  Peace  and  Quiet  at  fo 
high  a  Rate  as  I  do,  1  fhould  come  willingly,  and 

T  3  mani- 


%y%  Of  a  Quantity  of  Gold 

manifeft  it  to  his  Sacred  Majefty  ,  though  I  am 
not  fatisfied  in  that  neither,  as  not  knowing  whe¬ 
ther  the  Information  may  prove  good  or  bad  to 
the  Publick  ,  however,  I  conjure  you  a-new,  that, 
whatever  you  attempt,  you  conceal  me,  fo  that 
direCtly  or  indirectly  I  be  not  difcover’d. 

I  f  you  go  on  the  Bufmefs,  let  your  Boat  be 
flat-bottom3d,  for  mine  being fome  feven  Tons,  or- 
thereabout,  and  made  after  the  common  Fafhion, 
was  extremely  troublefome,  both  at  Fords  and  at 
Falls,  where  we  were  forced  to  unlade  her  ,  and, 
having  unladed  her,  to  heave  her,  or  launch  her 
over  Land:  You  ought  alfo  to  have  a  little  Boat 
for  common  Ufe,  which  you  will  find  extreme 
ufeful.  You  aavifed  me  to  take  20  Pound  of 
Quickfilver,  for  Trials ;  if  you  go,  take  at  lealt 
loo  Pound,  for  fome  in  working  will  be  loll,  as 
you  know,  better  than  my  felf :  Your  Advice  alfo, 
for  50  Pound  of  Lead,  is  too  little,  take  150 
Pound,  much  more  you  cannot  well  carry,  for  the 
pellring  of  your  Boat. 

The  Sal  Armoniack  I  ufed  little  of,  for  it  I 
can  give  you  no  Advice  :  The  Borax  I  ufed  all, 
wifhed  for  mere,  if  you  go,  carry  50  Pound  ;  my 
Sand  ever  did  me  rare  Service,  I  ufed  it  all, 
better  have  1  o  Pound  too  much  than  too  little, 
therefore  take  40  Pound.  I  am  confident,  if  I 
had  carried  the  Philofophers  Bellows,  I  had  done 
very  well ,  I  was  fo  troubled  with  fitting  the  other, 
tho3  1  confefs  them  better  when  a-new  placed.  An- 
timonia  Horn  did  me  little  Service  ^  I  believe  it 
rather  from  my  Ignorance,  or  wanting  the  perfeCl 
Ufe  and  Inftruftion  you  gave  me.  Ingots  I  would 
take  two,  I  carried  but  one,  I  wanted  another  for 
Expedition.  Wedges  12,  with  a  Sledge  or 

two,  or  Beetle  3  for  about  12  Englijh  Miles  "from 
the  firft  Fall,  or  fomewhat  more  to  the  Southward, 
in  the  Side  of  a  barren  Rock,  looking  Weftward, 

there 


up  the  River  Gambay, 


there  is  a  Cliff  in  the  Rock,  rather 

moft  rich  between  the  Stones,  almoft  half  a 
Handful  thick  in  fome  Places.  Our  Pick-axes  did 
here  Hand  us  in  no  great  ftead,  but  having  with 
us  fome  Iron  Tools,  that  we  could  hardly  fpare, 
with  much  ado  made  a  fcurvey  Iron  Wedge,  and 
prefently  we  found  the  Benefit  of  that,  for  fome 
12  or  14  Days,  till  improvidendy  one  of  us  dri¬ 
ving  the  Wedge  up  to  the  Head,  and  not  having 
another  to  relieve  it,  we  were  forced  to  leave  it 
behind  us,  to  our  great  Lofs  and  Grief.  W ooden 
Bowls  from  England^  fix  or  eight,  are  very  necef- 
fary,  and  will  do  better  than  Gourds,  that  1  was 
forc’d  to  make  ufe  of  j  you  may  take  Store  of  them, 
’tis  no  Sore. 

For  the  Crucibles  I  muft  inform,  that  four 
large  melting  Pots,  in  our  large  Work,  will  Head 
you  much,  and  make  better  Difpatch  than  fix 
Nefts  of  Crucibles ;  though  you  cannot  well  fpare 
thofe,  I  was  forced  to  make  ufe  of  a  broken  Earthen 
Pot,  that  I  carried  along  with  me  ;  I  made  ufe  of 
it  till  it  broke,  had  1  had  Crucibles,  and  Pots  e- 


,  I  had  brought  fo  much  Gold  jn  Sand  or 

r  the  feparating  and  difiblving  Waters,  I 
ufed  but  little,  becaufe  their  Ufe  was  troublefome, 
neither  had  I  Conveniencies  to  erect  a  Still  a-fhoar^ 
but  for  the  Aqua  Regis  I  ufed  it  all,  and  could  have 
done  more,  if  I  had  had  it ;  yet,  in  my  Opinion, 
the  Trials  of  Quickfilver  are  better,  had  I  had  it 
But  I  carry  Coals  to  New  Caftle ,  you  know  bet¬ 
ter  the  Operation  than  my  felf.  Let  your  Mortar 
be  of  Iron,  and  large ;  I  wifh  I  had  follow’d  your 
Directions  in  that,  for  my  Brafs  one  put  me  to  % 
double  Trouble,  and  I  was  enforced  to  leave  the  Re¬ 
fining  of  much,  till  I  came  into  England ,  for  the 
Mercury  got  a  Spurca  from  thence,  which  is  com¬ 
municated  to  nw  Gold,  which  no  Art,  I  under- 

T  4  ftanda 


nough 

Tyber 

Fo 


i8o  Of  a  Quantity  of  Gold 

ftand,  could  free  it  from  ;  in  this  Particular  you 
left  me  lame,  or  my  Memory  much  failed. 

There  is  a  Tree  much  like  our  Corners  in 
England ,  but  very  large,  which  we  felled,  and 
made  a  Shift  to  make  Charcoal  of,  which  we  did 
thus  j  we  cut  off  the  Boughs,  for  we  wanted  a  Saw, 
and  therefore  could  not  meddle  with  the  Body  of 
the  Tree,  and  cut  them  into  fhort  Pieces  ,  then  we 
digged  a  good  large  Pit,  or  Hole,  in  the  Ground, 
about  a  Yard  wide,  and  fo  deep,  or  deeper j  in 
the  Bottom  we  kindled  a  Fire,  and  filled  it  with 
Wood,  and,  when  it  was  well  burn5d,  threw  Earth 
upon  it,  and  damped  it ,  and,  when  it  was  cold,  we 
took  out  the  Coals :  You  will  eafily  find  the  Place, 
if  you  obferve  but  the  Cautions ;  you  will  come  to 
a  broad  gathering  together  of  Waters,  not  much  in¬ 
ferior  to  Ronnander  Meer ,  in  the  Edge  of  Lan- 
tajhire  :  Here  we  (pent  a  Week  in  fearching  many 
Creeks  and  In-falls  of  Rivers  ^  but  we  followed  that 
which  points  South  Eaftand  by  Eaft.  Mymiferable 
Ignorance,  in  theMathematicks,  cannot  diredt  you, 
neither  for  Longitude  or  Latitude.  Up  the  buf¬ 
fing  Stream,  with  fad  Labour,  we  wrought,  and 
fometimes  could  not  go  above  two  Miles  in  a  Day. 
You  muft  pafs  the  firft  Fall ,  yet  there  my  Exceed 
of  Gold  was  47  Grains  from  io  Pound  of  Sand. 
When  we,  or  you  come  to  the  upper  Fall,  you 
will  be  much  troubled,  I  believe,  as  well  as  I,  to 
get  your  Boat  over  Land  p  but  being  u,p,  proceed 
till  you  come  to  the  In-fall  of  a  final!  Stream  to  the 
South,  diredfcly  thence  liften,  and  you  (hall  hear 
a  Fall  of  Waters  ,  you  cannot  get  your  Boat  thi¬ 
ther,  by  reafon  of  the  Smallnefs  of.  the  Brook ; 
you  will  there  find  our  Reliques  on  the  Side  of  the 
Rock,  with  many  of  our  Names,  I  mean,  Letters 
of  our  Names,  cut  with  our  Knives:  “  Here,  tho5 
the  Sand,  by  theW alb,  yield  plentifully,  yet  do  you 
$fcend  the  Top  of  the  Rock,  and,  pointing  your 
'  *  Face 


V 


up  the  River  Gambay  28 1 

Face  diredtly  Weft,  you  will  obferve  a  Snug  of 
Rocks  fomewhat  to  the  Left  Hand  of  you  ;  and, 
under  that,  if  the  Rains  and  Force  of  Weather 
have  not  wafhed  away  the  Earth  and  Stones,  you 
will  difcover  (they  being  unmoved)  the  Mouth  of 
the  Mine  it  felf 5  where,  being  provided  with 
Materials  fit  for  that  Work,  you  will  not  defire  to 
proceed  any  further,  or  with  a  richer  Vein. 

Take  this,  all  along,  for  a  conftant  Rule,  which 
I,  in  my  Search,  obferved  up  the  R  iver,  That  in 
the  low,  and  woody,  and  fertile  Country,  I  could 
never  find  either  Metal  or  rich  Mine,  but  always 
among  barren  Rocks  and  mountainous  Countries, 
and  commonly  accompanied  with  a  reddilh  Kind 
of  Earth.  Other  Inffrudtions  I  fhall  not  give  you, 
being  (as  J  conceive)  a  thing  needlefs  to  you, 
unlefs  1  fhould  return  you  your  own  Principal, 
this  being  but  only  the  Intereft  of  what  is  due, 
befides  that  Obligation  which  tieth  me  unalterably 
to  remain,  &c. 

V 

1  began  my  Voyage  up  the  River,  December  the 
4th,  about  two  Hours  before  the  Sun  let ;  in  my 
Company  no  more  than  feven  Afen,  befides  my 
felf,  all  Englijh ,  and  four  Blacks ,  whereof  one  was 
a  Maribuck ,  who,  being  acquainted  with  the  Por¬ 
tugal  Language,  I  intended  for  an  Interpreter,  if 
1  fhould  Band  in  need  j  but  the  main  was,  to  help 
us  in  our  Labour  againft  the  Stream.  My  Provi- 
fions  were  chiefly  of  two  Sorts :  For  my  Voyage 
and  for  Accommodation,  three  Barrels  of  Beef, 
ten  Gammons  of  Bacon,  two  Barrels  of  white  Salt, 
befides  Bay  Salt  for. Trade  ;  alfo  two  Hogfheads  of 
Bifcuit,  befides  Rice  j  half  a  Barrel  of  Gunpow¬ 
der,  and  Shot  proportionable ;  Strong-Water, 
Vinegar,  Paper,  Beads,  Looking-Glades,  Knives 
i8d.  per  Dozen,  fome  Iron,  little  Brafs  Chains, 
Pewter  Rings,  and  a  deal  of  fiich  like  Stuff,  as 


Of  a  Quantity  of  Gold 

Occafion  permitted :  The  other  Sort  of  Provident 
were,  a  Pair  of  Goldfmiths  Bellows,  Crucible^ 
four  Nells,  Scarnelles  two  Neils,  Quickfilver,  Bo¬ 
rax,  Sal-Armoniac,  Aqua  Regis,  Aqua  Fortis,  a 
Mortar  and  Peflle,  and  Leather  Skins  to  flrain, 
Brafs  Scoops  and  Ladles  with  long  Handles,  to 
take  up  Sand,  and  other  Implements  for  my  pri¬ 
vate  Defign  :  All  which  had  laden  my  Boat  far 
deeper  than  I  defir’d  5  for  thereby  I  drew  much 
Water,  which,  I  was  jealous,  might  hinder  our 
Progrefs  over  the  Flats,  if  we  fhould  meet  with 
any. 

December  the  7th,  We  arrived  near  Settico ,  be¬ 
ing  14  or  15  Leagues  above  where  our  Men  flay’d ; 
but  pafled  one  half  League  further  up,  where  we 
anchored,  the  River  there  being  broad,  we  al¬ 
ways  chufing  the  Middle,  as  being  freefl  from 
Diilurbance,  though  it  oft  fell  out  otherwife ;  for 
our  ugly  Neighbours,  I  mean  the  Sea-Horfes  and 
Crocodiles,  (it  feems)  ill  pleafed  or  unacquainted 
with  any  Co-Partners  in  thefe  watery  Regions,  did 
often  diflurb  us  in  the  Night,  not  only  with  their 
ugly  Noifes,  but  their  Vicinity  to  our  very  Boats, 
which  caufed  us  to  keep  Watch. 

December  the  23  d,  We  were  much  troubled 
that  Day  with  getting  over  a  Flat,  under  the  Wafh 
of  a  fleep  and  high  Mountain  bearing  South.  Here 
I  firfl  put  in  Practice  my  Defign,  and  took  up 
feme  Sand  at  the  firfl  Trial  of  the  Ford,  and,  out 
of  five  Pound  Weight  of  that  Sand,  got  three  or 
four  Grains  of  Gold.  I  tried  alfo  in  another  Place 
of  the  fame  Ford,  but  did  get  lefs.  I  faw  nei¬ 
ther  Town,  nor  Houfes,  nor  People,  fince  we 
left  Baracunda . 

'January  the  14th,  At  a  Ford  between  two  high 
Mountains,  I  tried  again ;  and  out  of  ten  Pound 
Weight  of  Sand,  I  wafhed  30  Grains  of  Gold.  I 
made  a  Trial  like  wife  with  Mercury,  and  found 

put 


tip  the  River  Gambay  283 

out  of  five  Pound  47  Grains,  JBere  my  Hopes  in- 
creafed,  yet  refolved  to  try  higher. 

'January  the  27th.,  We  were  much  troubled 
:  with  great  Trees  that  lay  in  the  Water  upon  the 

Side  of  a  Rock,  on  a  craggy,  barren  Mountain 
adjoining.  I  afcended,  with  three  Men  with  me, 
to  make  Difcovery  ;  and  carrying  a  Pick- Axe  with 
me,  which,  as  we  were  digging  up  a  Piece  of  Ore, 
as  I  conceiv’d,  we  were  aiTaulted  with  an  incredi¬ 
ble  Number  of  monftrous  great  Baboons  ;  whom, 
no  Oratory,  but  our  Guns,  could  perfuade  to  let 
us  retreat  to  our  Boats  $  for,  having  killed  two  or 
three  of  them,  fo  incenfed  the  reft,  that  had,  not 
the  Report  of  our  Guns  terrified  them,  I  verily 
believe,  they  would  have  torn  us  to  Pieces :  Ha¬ 
ving  attained  our  Boat,  I  fell  to  try  my  Ore  , 
which  proved  but  a  Sparre. 

February  the  6th,  1  made  a  Trial  of  a  certain 
glittering  Sand,  which  I  took  up  from  the  Side  of 
a  Rock,  the  River  here  inclining  Southward,  with 
a  fudden  Turning  like  an  Elbow.  The  Wafh  of 
this  afforded  41  Grains  from  10  Pound  Weight  of 
Sand  :  By  other  Trials,  from  five  Pound  Weight 
of  Sand,  5  7  Grains.  Here  1  thought  to  make  a 
Stand ;  yet,  upon  more  ferious  Advice,  had  refol¬ 
ved  to  proceed. 

February  the  15th  at  Night,  aSea-Horfe  ftruck 
our  Boat  through  with  one  of  his  Teeth,  which 
troubled  us  fore,  being  all  bad  Carpenters  ,  which 
caufed  us  to  unload  her  on  a  fmall  Pinnacle  to 
mend  her  ;  and,  to  prevent  the  like  Mifchief  for 
the  future,  I  invented  this  Device,  To  hang  a 
Lanthorn  at  our  Stern  3  and  thereby  we  were  freed 
from  all  After-Troubles  of  that  Nature,  they  not 
daring  to  come  within  three  or  four  Boats  Length 
of  Light  fliining  in  the  Water. 

February  the  24th,  I  tried  the  Ufe  of  Virga 
Dzvwa^  upon  a  high,  barren  and  rocky  Moun- 
:  v  ^  *  1  ‘  ’  tain: 


2 15  4  Of  a  Quantity  of  Gold 

tain :  But,  whether  it  afforded  no  Metal,  or  whe¬ 
ther  my  Rod,  being  cut  in  England ,  and  being 
dried  and  carried  far  by  Sea,  had  loft  its  Vertue  ; 
or,  whether  it  hath  no  fuch  Quality  (which  1  ra¬ 
ther  believe)  I  am  not  certain.  However,  my 
Companions  laugh’d  me  out  of  the  Conceit. 

March  the  i6th,  Between  two  mountainous 
Rocks  iffued  a  Creek  5  and,  putting  up  therein, 
difcover’d  a  Fall  of  Waters  from  the  South  of  the 
River.  Here,  making  Trial  by  the  Way,  I  found 
63  Grains  of  Gold  from  five  Pound  Weight  of  Sand. 
Other  Trials,  more  exacft,  afforded  very  large  Pro¬ 
portions  ,  fo  that  here  we  fpent  20  Days  3  and, 
plying  hard  our  Work,  in  that  Time  had  gotten 
12  Pound  jTrfly,  five  Ounces,  two  Penny-weights, 
15  Grains,  of  good  Gold. 

March  the  31ft,  Our  Materials  wafting  apace, 
I  was  willing  to  try  further,  here  beginning  our 
greateft  Toil ;  for,  often  in  a  Day,  we  were  con- 
ftrained  to  ftrip  our  felves,  and  leap  into  the  Wa¬ 
ter,  with  main  Strength  to  force  our  Boats  and 
the  Flats.  Nor  w^as  this  our  greateft  Affliction  ; 
for  the  River  WTater  fmells  fo  fweet  and  musky, 
that  we  could  not  drink  of  it,  nor  drefs  our  Meat 
with  it ;  and,  as  we  conceive,  by  reafon  of  the  A- 
bundance  of  Crocodiles,  which  have  the  fame 
Scent. 

April  the  7th,  WTe  perceived  the  In-fall  of  a 
fmall  River  South,  the  Current  quick,  the  Land 
all  rocky  and  mountainous,  and,  in  the  Silence  of 
the  Night,  could  hear  the  Noife,  perfedtly,  of  a 
great  Fall  of  Waters  3  and,  before  the  Mouth  of  it, 
anchored  that  Night. 

In  the  Morning,  into  that  w^e  put,  and  came  as 
near  the  Fall  as  we  well  could.  OurW7ater  failed; 
but  our  indefatigable  Induftry  overcame  all  Diffi¬ 
culties  ;  for,  what  I  could  not  by  Water,  I  did  at¬ 
tempt  by  Land :  Where  arriving,  I  found  the  long 

expe&ed 


up  the  River  Gambay. 

£xpe<fted  End  of  our  moft  toilfome  and  long  Voy¬ 
age  5  for,  I  believe,  never  any  Boat,  nor  any  Chri- 
ftians,  have  been  fo  high  in  that  River,  as  we. 
Here,  upon  the  firft  Trial  I  made,  the  Exceed  of 
Gold  Was  fo  much,  that  1  was  furprized  with  Joy 
and  Admiration  :  However,  here  1  was  refolved 
to  fet  down  my  Staff ;  and,  to  that  End,  the  firft 
thing  I  did,  was  to  go  the  Boat ;  and,  a» 

bout  a  League  and  half  thence,  I  found  Wood. 
Here  we  praclifed  to  turn  Colliers,  and  laded  our 
fhiail  Boat  with  as  much  as  fhe  could  well  carry 
back;  we  went  and  fell  to  Work,  for  which  I 
hope  (to  God  alone  be  Praife)  none  of  the 
Company  hath  Caufe  to  repent,  for  the  great  Pains 
and  Labour  he  took,  tho3  wre  chofe  the  worft 
Time  of  the  Year  almoft,  the  Waters  being  then 
at  the  very  low  eft ;  but  had  we  gone  immediately 
after  the  Rains,  which  is  June ,  July  and  Augufi , 
or  before  the  Waters  were  fallen  fo  low,  we  had 
been  free  from  much  of  that  Trouble,  at  Fords 
and  Falls,  by  having  Water  enough  to  carry  us 
over. 

At  the  End  of  the  Paper  are  thefe  Words , 
Tranfcribed  verbatim  from  a  Paper  Manufcript^ 
lent  me  by  Mr.  Fr.  Lodwick^  Qffiob,  2.  1693.  by 

R.  Hook. 

(this  Paper  (which  I  have  here  publifFd  exactly  as 
I  found  if)  I  not  long  fince  lent  to  a  Perfon  of  great 
Quality ,  for  the  Service  of  the  African  Compa~ 
ny ,  ( then  fetting  out  for  an  Expedition  into  thofe 
Parts )  and  I  hope  it  hath ,  or  will ,  prove  as 
much  for  their  Benefit ,  as  my  Wijhes  are.  (the 
Paper  feems  to  have  been  written  by  one  that  had 
gotten  great  Riches ,  in  King  Charles  the  IId3s 
(time^  by  his  Progrefs  up  the  River  Gambay: 
And  his  Dejcriptions  of  the  Openings ,  and  (turn¬ 
ings  of  the  Gambay,  the  Inlets  of  other  Rivers 

info1 


a §6  Experiments  and  Obfervations 

into  it ,  the  adjacent  Mountains ,  &c.  may  he  a 
good  Guide  to  Undertakers ,  how  to  jfei  the 
Place ,  where  our  Author  met  with  Gold ,  ^ 

Satiety.  Who  he  was ,  fcarce  he  known ,  he 
conjuring  his  Friend ,  ilfr.  Lodwick,  (/£  whom  I 
conceive  this  Letter  was  addrejjed )  to  the  great- 
eft  Secrecy ,  being,  I fuppofe,  afraid  to  he  known , 
or  talked  ofr  left  he  Jhoiild  he  commanded  awayj 
hy  the  King  and  Government ,  another  Ex¬ 
pedition ,  /m/z  peaceable  and  fatisfahlory 

Retirement  he  enjoyed,  after  his  Acquifition  of 
fnfficient  Wealth . 

W.  Derham; 


Experiments  and  Obfervations  about  heated 
Iron  ;  communicated  to  the  Royal  Society, 
January  3.  1693-4. 


HA  v  i  if  g  lately  met  with  fome  Experiments 
which  are  not  much  known,  tho’  they  are 
obvious,  and  eafy  enough  to  be  obferved  and  ex¬ 
perimented,  I  thought  it  might  not  be  altogether 
impertinent,  nor  unacceptable  to  this  Aflembly,  to 
give  a  fhort,  but  true  Account  thereof ;  and  fo 
much  the  rather,  becaufe  they  are  very  pertinent 
for  the  Proof  and  Confirmation  of  a  Theory  which 
I  have  formerly  read  before  this  illuftrious  Society, 
and  have  publifhed  in  the  8th  Obfervation  of  my 
Microg.  for  the  explicating  the  Phenomena  obfer- 
vable  about  the  Sparks  of  Fire,  ftruck  from  the 
Steel,  by  the  Edge  of  a  fharp  and  hard  Flint,  or 
fome  other  fuch  hard  and  ftony  Body  :  Thefe  I 
found  to  confift  of  fmall  Globules,  looking  like 
melted  Iron,  or  elfe  fome  fmall  Sliver  cut  off  from 
the  Steel,  and  thereby  made  red-hot,  but  not 
ipeited,  but  keeping  the  Shape  it  received  by  the: 

Stroke^ 


about  heated  Iron .  187 

Stroke,  or  Gafh  of  the  Stone  ;  which  Phenomena 

I  did  there  thus  explicate.  - -  It  feems  that 

fonie  of  thefe  Sparks ,  &c  Pag.  45.  Line  24,  to 
Pag.  46.  Line  14. - Mufcovy  Glafs. 

There  are  two  Particulars,  therefore,  that  I 
have  there  alledged,  which,  by  the  Experiments 
I  am  now  to  mention,  will  receive  great  Confir¬ 
mation.  And  the  firft  of  thefe  Experiments  is. 
That  two  Smiths,  taking  each  hi$  fmall  Bar  of 
Iron,  both  perfectly  cold,  and  each  of  them  ham¬ 
mering  his  Bar  upon  the  fame  Anvil  with  fmall 
Hammers,  in  a  very  fhort  Time,  and  with  not  ve¬ 
ry  many  Strokes,  reduced  them  both  to  fo  great  a 
Heat,  that  immediately  laying  them  one  upon  an¬ 
other,  and  continuing  to  hammer  them  a  very 
fmall  Time  longer,  they  were  thereby  perfedfcly 
welded,  or  joined  together  into  one  Piece,  as 
firmly,  as  if  they  had  been  welded  the  common 
Way,  by  being  fufficiently  firft  heated  in  the  Fire, 
and  then  hammered  together.  This  Experiment 
I  have  not  yet  feen  tried  my  felf,  but  I  have  been 
allured  of  the  Truth  of  it  by  a  knowing  Perfon, 
who  faw  and  examined  all  Circumftances  thereof, 
infomuch  as  I  do  no  way  doubt  the  Truth  and 
Certainty  thereof. 

The  other  Experiment Is  this,  That  taking  a  Bar 
of  Iron,  and  heating  it  to  a  white  Heat,  fo  that  it 
fpurts,  or  darts  out  of  it  every  Way,  very  fhining 
and  fiery  Rays  3  then  immediately  laying  the  fame 
on  the  Anvil,  or  a  Tile,  and  blowing  the  glowing 
Iron  with  a  Pair  of  Bellows,  inftead  of  cooling  the 
fame,  as  moft  would  be  ready  to  expedt,  the  cold 
frefh  Air  from  the  Bellows  will  make  it  glow  and 
burn  much  brighter  and  hotter,  and  will  continue 
to  do  fo  for  a  confiderable  Time  j  and  if  the  Bar 
be  fufficiently  heated  at  firft,  the  Bellows,  by  fo 
blowing,  will  melt  the  fame,  as  if  it  were  Pitch  or 
Rofin  on  Fire.  The  laft  Part  of  this  Experiment 

l  have 


*>  _  • 

i83  Experiments  and  Observations,  &c. 

I  have  not  yet  verified  my  felf,  but  the  former 
Part  I  have,  and  obferved  it  to  burn  and  wafte 
under  the  Blaft  of  the  Bellows,  as  if  it  had  been  a 
Piece  of  kindled  Charcoal,  fo  blowed  upon ;  and 
the  Flame,  or  Light  thereof,  to  be  fo  very  ftrong 
and  vivid,  that  one  cannot  well  endure  to  look  up¬ 
on  the  fame,  without  much  offending  the  Eyes, 
as  if  one  look’d  upon  the  very  bright  Face  of  the 
Sun  it  felf. 

B  y  the  former  Experiment  it  is  evident,  that 
the  Force  of  the  Blow'  or  Stroke,  which  is  able  to 
cut  off  a  Sliver  of  hardened  Steel,  may  hot  only 
be  fufficient  to  heat  the  fame,'  to  a  Degree  fuf¬ 
ficient  to  fet  Fire  on  the  Tinder,  but  to  intend  it, 
fo  far  as  to  make  it  of  a  welding  or  white  Heat, 
which  having  acquired,  and  flying  off  into  the 
Air,  with  a  very  quick  Motion,  by  the  2d  Expe¬ 
riment,  ’tis  evident  that  the  Operation  of  the  Air 
is  fufficient  to  intend  the  Heat  yet  further,  fo  as 
to  melt,  or  vitrify  the  fame,  and  thereby  to  caufe 
it  to  be  formed  into  a  Globule,  Ball,  or  Shell,  as 
it  often  appears  through  the  Microfcope.  All 
which  Effects  afe  more  eafily  perform’d  on  fo  fmall 
a  Body,  as  arethofe  Slivers  w  hich  are  flruck  or  cut 
off  from  the  hardened  Steel.  But  the  Globules, Balls, 
or  Shells,  that  are  made  by  the  melting  of  the  heated 
Iron,  blown  on  by  the  Bellows,  are  much  bigger, 
and  more  confpicuous,  but  of  the  fame  Form  and 
Subftance.  Nor  is  this  Combuftibility  peculiar 
only  to  Iron,  tho’  therein  it  be  very  notable  and 
confpicuous,  but  the  other  Metals  have  alfo  their 
Combuilibilities  in  their  diilindf  Kinds,  as  Copper, 
Brafs,  Lead,  Tin  and  Silver  ;  upon  each  of  which 
the  Menflruum  of  the  Air  will  work  and  diffolve, 
or  burn  them  when  they  have  firft  been  prepared 
by  a  proper  Degree  of  Incallefcency,  as  I  (hall,  at 
feme  other  Time,  make  manifeft,  by  plain  and  e« 
vident  Experiments. 


C  ) 


55r.  Hoo k \r  Account  of  Motif  t)c  la  Hire  J 
^Difcourfe  of  Froft .  1694. 

Ih  a  v  e  have  perus’d  the  Bdok  of  Dan.  Bartoli , 
concerning  Froft  and  Ice ,  and  tho5  he  hath 
many  Arguments  to  deftrcy  the  Sentiment  of  fe- 
veral  of  the  Moderns  on  that  Subjed,  of  Valefius „ 
Des  Cartes ,  Air.  Boyle 5  Qians  Magnus ,  Sir  Kenelm 
Digby ,  &c.  yet  I  do  not  find  any  other  Dodrine 
affirmed  concerning  it,  but  that  he  conceives  it 
done  by  a  nitrous  Subfiance,  which  is  of  a  cold 
and  dry  Nature,  which  operates  after  the  fame 
Manner  in  coagulating  the  Water,  as  the  Runnet 
doth  in  coagulating  Milk  ;  but,  how  that  is  done,  I 
do  not  find  he  does  explain. 

Having  therefore  fail’d  of  my  Expedition 
from  him,  I  refolved  to  fee  what  Satisfadion  I 
fhould  have  in  pending  a  Difcourfe,  upon  the 
fame  Subjed,  of  a  much  newer  Date,  namely, 
that  of  Monf.  De  la  Hire ,  publifh’d  at  Paris  in 
1694.  whereas  that  of  Bartoli  was  publifh’d  at 
Rome  1681.  This  I  found  td  be  much  more  cop* 
cife,  and  plain,  and  pofitive  in  what  he  has  de« 
liver’d,  and  much  more  clear  in  explicating  of  his 
Notions  and  Conceptions  of  it ;  fo  that  tho*  I 
could  not  meet  with  fuch  an  Information  concern^ 
ing  Ice  and  Froft,  as  I  could  have  wilhed,  yet  in 
perufing  16  Pages  in  Quarto^  which  is  the  whole 
Treatife,  1  was  fatisfied  that  I  underftood  fully 
what  he  intended  to  communicate  3  whereas  I  was 
to  feek,  what  was  intended  by  the  other,  in  al* 
moft  ten  Times  the  Number  of  Pages.- 

Monf.  De  la  Hire  then  begins  his  Difcourfe,  by 
defining  or  explaining  what  he  means  by  Cold  j. 
that  is,  the  fenfible  Quality  in  Froft ,  and  this,  he 
fays,  is  nothing  elfe  but  a  lefs  Agitation  or  Moth 

u  on 


A  ^Difcourfe  of  Froft. 

bn  of  the  aqueous  Particles,  whether  blended  with 
the  Air,  or  united  in  a  Mafs,  than  of  the  like  Par¬ 
ticles-  in  the  Skin,  or  Pores  and  Veffels  of  our 
Body.  He  might,  he  fays,  have  added  another 
Affertion,  that  all  the  Agitation  of  aqueous  Parti¬ 
cles  proceeds  from  that  of  the  fubtile  Air  3  but  he 
thinks  it  fufficient,  for  this  Difcourfe,  to  fhew 
how  all  the  Phenomena  of  Cold  will  be  plainly 
folved,  by  the  Explication  he  has  premis’d. 

Next,  he  fays,  that  thefe  Particles  are  de¬ 
priv’d  of  their  Motion  by  certain  Particles  of  Salt, 
which  are  very  minute,  long,  ftiff  and  fharp, 
which,  by  their  Motion,  are  eafily  carried  and 
blended  with  the  Air,  but  do  more  eafily  infert 
themfelves  into  the  Particles  of  Water,  than  of 
any  other  Body,  nay,  even  than  of  the  Salts 
themfelves,  from  whence  they  proceed,  which  he 
reckons  to  be  from  common  Salt  a  little,  from  Ni¬ 
ter  more,  but  moft  of  all  from  Sal  Armoniack , 
which  Salts  do  therefore  eafily  diflblve  in  Water; 

.  that  thefe  Particles  do  penetrate  Metals,  and  even 
Glafs,  but  that  they  are  moft  entangled,  and  ftay’d 
'by  the  Particles  of  Water,  which  he  fuppofes, 
with  Des  Cartes ,  to  be  long  and  flexible,  like 
-  Strings  or  Thread  sv  and  by  that  Means  they  de¬ 
ft  roy  the  Motion  or  Fluidity  of  each  other,  which 
compofes  a  folid,  hard  and  dry  Body,  which  is 
Ice.  This  Ice,  he  fays,  encreafes  Extenfion,  by 
Means  of  thefe  Salts,  and  fo  breaks  the  Veffels 
that  contain’d  the  W ater ;  and,  being  fo  extended, 
is  lighter,  and  fo  floats  on  the  Water.  Hence  ’tis, 
he  fays,  that  Blebs  are  form’d  in  the  Ice  ;  but  his 
Explication  of  this  Phenomenon  is  not  confonant 
to  the  other  Suppofitions.  By  the  bye,  he  ex¬ 
plains  the  Expanfion  of  Water  by  Heat,  and  that 
lie  makes  to  proceed  from  the  Expanfion  of  the 
•  Parts  of  the  Air  contained  in  it.  Hence  he  con¬ 
cludes,  that  there  is  a  middle  State  of  the  Water, 

2  which 


*  .*V  *  «-  "i 

A  1 Difcourfe  of  Prof.  291 

which  is  its  fpecifick  Expanfion,  and  it  is  then 
cold,  becaufe  tho5  it  may  be  eafily  moved,  and  fo 
retain  Motion  enough  to  keep  it  fluid,  yet  it  has 
fo  little  Motion  of  its  own,  that  it  communicates 
none  to  other  Bodies.  The  Reafon,  why  Oils  and 
spirits  freeze  not,  he  fays,  is  becaufe  they  have 
few  of  thofe  entangling  aqueous  Particles  :  By  this 
he  gives  a  Reafon  of  the  not  freezing  of  other  Bo¬ 
dies.  To  fortify  his  Hypothefis,  he  explains  the 
Experiment  of  the  ExpanfiOn  of  Spirit  of  Wine, 
.by  the  Application  of  Snow  3  and  freezing  other 
Bodies  by  Application  of  Niter  and  Sal  Ar montack , 
and  Spirit  of  Wine  ;  and,  by  the  Way,  he  tells  a 
pretty  Method  of  cleaving  Mill-Stones,  by  the 
fwelling  of  fmall  wooden  Pins,  drove  into  certain 
Holes,  drill’d  in  a  Line  on  the  Stone  where  ’tis  to 
be  cloven.  He  takes  Notice  alfo,  that  the  Re¬ 
fraction  of  Ice  is  lefs  than  that  of  Water,  and 
quotes  his  own  Publication  of  it  in  1693.  though 
it  was  fhew’d  by  me,  to  this  Society,  30  Years  be¬ 
fore  ;  (but  5tis  not  ufual  for  thofe  Writers  to  own 
Difcoveries  to  be  made  by  any  but  themfelves, 
who  take  themfelves  to  have  an  Empire  over  all 
the  reft  of  the  World).  He  alfo  takes  Notice  of 
feveral  other  Phenomena,  and  Experiments  of  Ice 
and  Froft,  mentioned  by  Mr.  Boyle ,  but  without 
naming  him.  Upon  the  whole,  I  conceive,  he  has 
more  particularly  applied  the  Cartefian  Notions  of 
Particles,  Motions,  Figures,  &c.  to  the  Explica¬ 
tion  of  thefe  Phenomena  of  Gold :  But  as  the  Sup- 
pofltion  of  fuch  qualified  Particles  is  wholly  pre¬ 
carious,  fo  neither  will  thofe,  without  a  great 
many  other  fupplemental  Stippofitions,  fufflce  to 
folve  the  Phenomena  fatisfadorily,  unlefs  the  Par¬ 
ticles  be  fuppofed  to  acft  and  operate  by  Inftind:  ; 
and  tho’,  poflibly,  they  might  ferve  to  put  a  feem- 
ingly  probable  Explication  of  thefe  Phenomena  of 
•  Gold,  by  fuppofing  them  thus,  or  thus,  qualified 

U  2  and 


29  x  Of  an  Infir  ament  to  take 

and  adapted  ^  yet,  I  very  much  fear,  there  are 
fome  Phenomena  of  Heat,  or  of  other  Qualities, 
wherein  the  fame  Particles  of  Bodies  are  neceffary 
to  be  introduced  as  the  principal  Agents,  tho’ 
their  Actions  in  thofe  be  quite  contrary  to  their 
Actions  in  thefe.  It  would  be,  therefore,  but  a 
fecond  loft  Labour,  to  fhew  that  thefe  Particles 
are  of  another  Nature  than  what  they  are  here 
fuppofed,  and  to  aflign  them  other  Figures,  Mo¬ 
tions,  and  Qualifications :  Becaufe,  firft,  it  would 
be  almoft  as  much  Labour  to  demolifh  this  Fa- 
brick,  as  it  was  to  raife  it,  and  a  third  fruitlefs 
Labour  to  erecl  another.  Nor  can  it  be  expeded 
to  be  otherwife,  till  fuch  a  Structure  be  founded 
upon  a  natural,  firm,  and  folid  Ground,  and  not 
upon  feigned  and  imaginary  Suppofitions. 


An  Infirument  of  T)fe  to  take  the  "Draughty 
or  \ Picture  of  any  Thing .  Communicated 
by  T)r.  Hook  to  the  Royal  Society, 
Dec.  19,  1694. 

A  mono  the  Inftruments  that  may  be  of  Ufe 
/  \  to  curious  Navigators  and  Travellers,  one 
is,  for  procuring  the  Pidures,  Draughts,  or  true 
Forms  and  Shapes  of  fuch  Things  as  are,  or  may 
be,  taken  Notice  of  by  them ;  that  is,  not  only 
of  the  Profpeds  of  Countries,  and  Coafts,  as  they 
appear  at  Sea  from  feveral  Diftances,  and  feveral 
Portions ;  but  of  divers  In-land  Profpeds  of 
Countries,  Hills,  Towns,  Houfes,  Caftles,  and 
the  likes  as  alfo  of  any  Kind  of  Trees,  Plants, 
Animals,  whether  Birds,  Beafts,  Fifties,  Infeds; 
nay,  of  Men,  Habits,  Faftions,  Behaviours  j  as 
alfo,  of  all  Variety  of  Artificial  Things,  as,  Uten- 

filsf 


>r 


/  the  T)r aught  of  any  Thing.  293 

fils,  Inflruments,  Engines,  Ships,  Boats,  Car¬ 
riages,  Weapons  of  War,  and  any  other  Thing 
of  which  an  accurate  Reprefentation,  and  Expla¬ 
nation,  is  defirable.  For,  tho3  a  Defcription  in 
Words  may  give  us  fome  imperfect  Conception, 
and  Idea,  of  the  Thing  fo  defcrib’d ;  yet  no  De¬ 
fcription,  by  Words,  can  give  us  fo  full  a  Repre- 
fention  of  the  true  Form  of  the  Thing  defcrib’d, 
as  a  Draught,  or  Delineation  of  the  fame  upon 
Faper.  Nor  can  we  fo  perfectly  conceive,  or 
imagine,  the  true  Colours,  by  Words,  as  by  fee¬ 
ing  the  very  Colour  it  felf  imitated  and  compared 
with  the  Life,  or  the  real  Thing:  Whence  we 
find  how  imperfectly  the  Colours  of  Plants  are  re- 
prefented  by  Herbals,  which  are  wafh’d,  or  co¬ 
lour’d,  only  from  the  Defcriptions  which  are  made 
of  thofe  Colours  in  the  Books. 

Now,  though  this  be  not  a  new  Defign,  or  a 
Thing  that  has  never  been  done  before  by  any  that 
have  given  us  Accounts  of  their  Travels ;  yet,  if 
we  do  but  confider,  how  the  moil  of  thofe  have 
been  done,  it  will,  I  conceive,  make  this,  which 
1  propound  for  this  Effect,  fo  much  the  more  va¬ 
luable.  3Tis  well  known,  that  the  Books  commonly 
made  for  the  Ufe  of  Seamen,  (now  commonly  call¬ 
ed  Wagoners ,  becaufe  one  Wagoner  printed  a 
Collection  of  many  fuch  Obfervations)  that  thefe 
Books,  I  fay,  are  full  of  the  Profpects  of  Coun¬ 
tries,  as  they  are  faid  to  appear  upon  the  Sea,  at 
fuch  Diftances  and  in  fuch  Pofitions :  And  I  lately 
faw  a  Book  containing  the  Profpects  of  all  the 
Weifern  Coafts  of  America ,  but  any  one,  that  un- 
derftands  Profpedt,  will  eafily  difcern,  how  rude, 
imperfect,  and  falfe  a  Reprefentation,  all  fuch 
Books  contain  of  the  Places  themfelves :  For, 
not  to  mention  the  Impoflibilities  they  often  re- 
prefent,  as  the  Over-hanging  of  Mountains  for  half 
a  Mile,  or  a  Mile,  which,  tho3  the  Mountain  were 

U  3  made 


2.04  Of  an  Inflrument  to  take 

made  of  caft  Iron,  were  impoffible  to  be  fuftain’d 
in  fuch  a  Pofture  :  The  extravagant  Heights  they 
generally  raife  the  Hills  to,  and  the  fudden  and  ve¬ 
ry  decline  Defcents  they  make  them  have  into  the 
Valiies,  do  plainly  enough  demonftrate  them  to 
be  no  true  Reprefentations  of  what  they  are  de~ 
fign’d  for.  And,  indeed,  they  are  mo  ft  made  by 
the  Hands  of  the  Mariners,  who  are,  generally, 
very  little  skill’d  in  the  Art  of  Delineation  3  and, 
therefore,  ’tis  not  to  be  expeded  that  they  fhould 
be  very  exad :  However,  even  thefe  are  of  very 
good  Ufe  for  Navigators  3  and  they  furnifh  them 
with  a  better  Idea  of  the  Appearance  to  be  look’d 
for,  than  Befcriptions  by  many  Words  would  in¬ 
form  them.  Again,  we  find  that  many  Relations 
of  foreign  Countries  do  give  us  Pidures  of  Towns, 
Profpeds,  People,  Addons,  Plants,  Animals,  and 
the  like  3  and  thofe  beget  in  us  Ideas  of  Things, 
as  they  are  there  reprefented.  Rut,  if  we  enquire 
after  the  true  Authors  of  thofe  Reprefentations, 
for  the  Generality  of  them,  we  fhall  find  them  to 
be  nothing  el-fe  but  fome  Pidure-drawer,  or  En¬ 
graver,  here  at  Home,  who  knows  no  more  the 
Truth  of  the  Things  to  be  reprefented,  than  any 
Other  Per  foil,  that  can  read  the  Story,  could  fan¬ 
cy  of  himfelf,  without  that  Help.  Such  are  all 
the  Pidures  in  the  Rooks  of  Theodore  de  Brie , 
concerning  the  Eafi  and  Weft- Indies  :  Such  are  al« 
fo  the  greateft  Part  of  the  Pidures  in  Sir  'Thomas 
Herbert's  Travels  3  and  thofe  of  Mr.  Ogylby's  Afia , 
Africa ,  and  America  3  which  are  Copies  of  the 
Dutch  Originals,  and  are,  originally,  nothing  but 
Mr.  Engraver’s  Fancy :  So  that  inftead  of  giving 
us  a  true  Idea,  they  mifguide  our  Imagination, 
and  lead  us  into  Error,  by  obtruding  upon  us  the 
Imaginations  of  a  Perfon,  poffibly,  more  ignorant 
than  our  felves.  •* 


the  'Draught  of  any  Thing.  295* 

I  t  is,  therefore,  the  Intereft  of  all  fuch,  as  de- 
fee  to  be  rightly  and  truly  informed  for  the  fu¬ 
ture,  to  promote  the  Ufe  and  Practice  of  fome 
fuch  Contrivance  as  I  fhall  now  defcribe  ;  where¬ 
by  any  Perfon  that  can  but  ufe  his  Pen,  and  trace 
the  Profile  of  what  he  fees  ready  drawn  for  him, 
fhall  be  able  to  give  us  the  true  Draught  of  what¬ 
ever  he  fees  before  him,  that  continues  fo  long 
Time  in  the  fame  Poflure,  as  while  he  can  nim¬ 
bly  run  over,  with  his  Pen,  the  Boundaries,  or 
Out-Lines  of  the  Thing  to  be  reprefented,  which 


being  once  truly  taken,  "twill  not  at  all  be  difficult 
to  add  the  proper  Shadows  and  Light  pertinent 
thereunto.  By  the  fame  Instrument  alfo,  the 
Mariner  may  very  eafily  and  truly  draw  the  Pro¬ 
'll  4  fped 


%c)6  A  Way  to  meafure  Heights 

fpecl  of  any  Shore,  and  from  Time  to  Time  de¬ 
note  the  Rifmg  thereof,  as  he  does  nearer  and 
nearer  approach  it,  and  the  Depreflion,  or  Sinking 
of  it,  as  he  does  recede. 

The  Inftrument  I  mean  for  this  Purpofe,  is 
nothing  elfe  but  a  fmall  Pi£ture-Eox,  much  like 
that  which  1  long  fince  fhewed  the  Society  for 
Drawing  the  Picture  of  a  Man,  or  the  like  5  of 
the  Bignefs  of  the  Original,  or  of  any  proportio¬ 
nable  Bignefs  that  jfhould  be  defired,  as  well  big¬ 
ger  as  fmaller,  than  the  Life  j  which,  I  believe, 
was  the  firft  of  that  Kind  which  was  ever  made,  or 
defcribed  by  any.  And,  poflibly,  this  may  be 
the  firft  of  this  Kind,  that  has  been  applied  to  this 
Ufe  ;  tho5,  upon  the  firft  Inftitution  of  the  Royal 
Foundation  of  Chrifi -Church ,  I  propounded  it  to 
the  Governors  there,  for  the  Ufe  of  the  Chil¬ 
dren  :  But  Sir  Jon.  More  undertaking  to  write  an 
Inftitution,  and  having  omitted  it,  it  has  not  been 
the^e  brought  into  Ufe. 


A  W ay  to  meafure  Heights  and  ‘Difiancesi 
Sec.  at  Sea ,  Feb.  13,  1694-5:, 

HP  hat,  which  I  fhall  at  prefent  explain,  is  a 
JL  Method  of  Meafuring  the  Bearing  and  Di- 
ftance  of  Objects  feen  at  Sea,  fuch  as  Ships,  or 
Shores,  Blands,  Promontories,  Caftles,  Towns, 
Mountains  •  their  Heights,  as  well  as  Diftances : 
Alfo  the  Courfe,  Length,  Breadth,  &c.  of  Ri¬ 
vers,  and  the  like  :  As  alfo,  for  knowing  the  Di^ 
fiance  from  any  Light,  or  Light-Houfe,  feen  in 
the  Night.  Now,  tho5  experienced  Navigators 
do,  by  long  Pradlice  and  Ufe,  give  pretty  near 
Gueffes  at  them  j  yet  the  Way  1  fhall  propound, 
I  conceive,  will  coxne  much  nearer,  and  be  much 

more 


and  T>iftances ,  &c,  at  Sea.  2,97 

more  certain,  and  may  eafily  enough  be  put  ill 
Practice  ,  which  if  the  Gentleman,  that  defcrib’d 
the  Coafts  of  England ,  had  known,  or  put  in  Pra¬ 
ctice,  1  conceive,  he  would  have  prevented  many 
Miftakes  he  has  therein  committed.  However, 
tho5  it  be  now  too  late  for  that  Purpofe,  yet  it 
may  be  of  good  Ufe  for  fuch  as  may  attempt  the 
Amendment  of  thofe,  or  any  other  Coaft-Maps, 
or  Charts,  for  the  future.  And  I  have  the  rather 
mentioned  it  at  this  Time,  for  that  fomewhat  of 
that  Kind  is  Ihortly  defign'd  to  be  undertaken. 
And  it  would  be,  as  I  conceive,  very  much  the 
Intereft  of  ail  Mariners,  Aierchants,  nay  States 
that  are  concerned  in  Maritime  Affairs,  to  be  at  a 
conftant  Charge  to  have  fuch  a  Befign  profecuted, 
till  it  be  compleated  for  the  whole  World,  at  leaft 
for  all  Coafts  that  are  traded  to,  or  much  frequent¬ 
ed,  or  which  are  often  paffed  near,  or  touch'd  at, 
in  farther  Voyages  j  that  Seamen,  in  Cafe  of  Bi- 
ftrefs,  might  know  where  to  find  convenient  Har¬ 
bouring,  and  alfo  Accommodations  of  frefh  Wa¬ 
ter,  Wood,  Victuals,  &c.  I  know  the  Work  is 
great ;  yet  it  is  neceflary,  and  ought  to  be  done, 
fome  Time  or  other,  and  therefore  the  fooner  the 
better.  Somewhat  of  this  Kind,  I  know,  is  acci¬ 
dentally  done  almoft  by  every  Navigator,  and  re¬ 
corded  in  their  Journals  ;  but  moft  of  thofe  being 
kept  by  themfelves,  they  are  of  little  publick  Be¬ 
nefit,  and  ferve  only  for  their  own  future  Infor¬ 
mation.  But  thofe  who  have  made  it  their  Bufi- 
nefs  to  colledl  and  digell  fuch  Journals,  and  to 
print  the  Refults  thence  deduced,  which  the  Hol¬ 
landers  and  Ejtglifh  have  profecuted  more  than  any 
Ration  befides,  have  very  much  deferved  the  Ac¬ 
knowledgments  of  all  the  reft  of  the  World ;  as 
all  fuch  for  the  future  will  do,  who  (hall  promote 
^nd  encourage  fuch  a  Work, 


i 


The 


298  Way  to  meafure  Heights 

The  Way  then,  which  I  propound,  is  peN 
form'd  by  taking  the  true  Bearing  of  an  Objecft  at 
the  fame  Inftant  from  two  Stations,  which,  the  far¬ 
ther  they  are  removed  from  each  other,  the  more 
fit  they  are  for  this  Purpofe.  Now,  becaufe  both 
thefe  Stations  are  to  be  comprifed  within  the  Ship, 
or  Vefifel,  made  Ufe  of,  I  would  have  them  to  be, 
at  the  Extremities,  of  the  Length  of  the  Vefifel,  to 
wit,  at  the  Stern  and  Head,  or  in  the  Round  up¬ 
on  the  Plead  of  the  Boltfprit,  which  will  add  fome- 
what  to  the  Biftance  of  the  two  Stations ;  for,  up-* 
on  the  Meafure  of  that  depends  the  Meafure  of 
all  the  other  Lengths  or  Diftances.  Now,  in  each 
of  thefe  Places  which  are  pitched  upon  for  the  Sta¬ 
tions,  I  would  have  a  fix'd  Frame,  or  Pedeftal, 
for  the  holding  of  the  Inftrument  to  be  ufed  on 
it,  and  the,  Inftrument  fo  fixed  to  it,  as  to  remain 
firm  and  fteady  in  any  Pollure  defired,  and  yet, 
with  the  greateft  Eafe  imaginable,  fo  to  be  moved, 
as  to  refpecft  direclly  the  Object  requir'd,  and, 
when  the  Obfervation  is  made,  to  be  as  eafily  re¬ 
moved,  and  as  eafy  again  to  be  fixed.  The  In- 
ftruments  I  would  have  to  be  Sextants  of  about 
two  Foot  Radius,  mbft  exactly  graduated  3  on  each 
Side  from  the  middle  Line,  that  is,  to  30  Degrees 
on  each  Side,  and  to  be  fitted  with  Perfpedtive 
Sights,  whofe  Rete ,  or  Sight-Point,  fhall  always 
be  in  the  Center  of  the  Inftrument,  and  that  Cen¬ 
ter  always  in  the  Line  and  Terminus  of  the  Di- 
ftance  of  the  two  Stations,  which  fhall  be  invaria¬ 
ble,  however  the  Inftruments  are  moved  to  refpeft 
the  Objects  j  to  which  Purpofe  each  of  the  Inftru¬ 
ments  fhall  have  a  double  Motion ;  one  of  which 
fhall  be  exadly  upon  the  Line  of  Biftance  of  the 
Inftruments,  whereby  the  Plane  of  the  whole  In¬ 
ftrument  is  moved  ;  and  the  other  of  the  Sight, 
upon  the  Plane  of  the  Inftrument  it  felf,  fo  as  to 
refpedt  the  Qbjedfj  and  give  the  Angle  that  the 

Line 


and  cDiJlances.>  &c.  at  Sea .  299 

Line  of  the  Sight  makes  with  the  former  Axis  of 
Motion,  or  with  the  middle  Line  of  the  Inftru- 
ment  3  which  middle  Line  ought  to  be  exaCHy  per¬ 
pendicular  to  the  Axis  of  the  Motion  of  the  Plane 
of  the  Inftrument,  which  is  the  Line  of  Diftance, 
Next,  there  fhould  be  two  expert  Obfervers  pla¬ 
ced  to  make  Ufe  of  thefe  Inflruments,  and  each 
of  them,  at  the  fame  Inftant,  fhould  direct  his  pro¬ 
per  Sight  to  the  fame  Point  of  the  ObjeCt  3  which, 
that  it  may  be  done  the  more  exactly,  I  think 
it  convenient,  efpecially  in  large  Ships,  to  have  a 
Line,  Packthread,  or  Wire,  to  pafs  between  the 
two  Obfervers,  by  which  they  may,  at  the  In¬ 
ftant  they  defire,  advertife  the  correfponding  Ob- 
ferver,  of  what  will  be  rieceffary,  according  to  the 
Signs  or  Directions  they  have  before  mutually  a- 
greed  upon.  By  this  Method,  if  well  executed* 
I  do  not  doubt,  but  that  Heights,  Diftances,  and 
Portions  of  Objefts,  feen  on  the  Sea,  may  be  efti- 
mated  ten  times  more  exaCt  than  any  that  are  riow 
made  by  Judgment,  (as  they  fay)  or  rather  by 
Guefs.  And,  if  any  one  will  endeavour  to  put  it 
in  PraCtice,  I  fhall  be  very  ready  to  explain  any 
Part  thereof  more  fully,  and  particularly,  for  his 
Information. 


(  300  ) 


Dr.  Tho.  Smith’ s  Letter  to  Dr.  Halle%?* 
Jun.  12.  1695'.  concerning  Mr.  GreaveV 
Observations  in  Egypt. 

Excerpta  out  of  Mr.  Greave’s  Note-Book. 

In  his  Agronomical  Obfervations,  he  begins  the 
Day  with  the  Rifing  of  the  Sun,  as  feeming 
jnoft  natural. 

Obliqnitas  Zodiaci,  A  C.  1639.  230  30'  15". 

The  Colours  of  the  Planets  not  different  at  all 
from  what  the  Antients  make  them,  and  from 
>vhat  we  fee  in  England . 

A.  D.  1638.  Menfe  Becembri. 

Declinatio  acus  magnetic#  a  meridiano  Alexan¬ 
drite  occidentem  verfus ,  e  mult  is  obfervationibus , 
iifque  ac  cur  at  is ,  50  4  5'. 

J.  Gravius  Anglus. 

The  Altitude  of  the  Pole  at  Alexandria  31 0 
1  o'  N.  but  1  find,  in  other  Places  of  the  Book, 
310  5  and  31°  3'.  [Which  of  thefe  three  Obferva- 
vations  he  determined  to  be  the  moil:  accurate  and 
certain,  I  could  not  find.] 

Pofidonius,  as  Cleomedes  writes,  obferv’d  the 
Altitude  of  Canopus^  at  Alexandria ,  to  be  7C  *  - 
he  obferved  it  there  to  be  but  fix  Degrees,  and  al- 
moft  half.  Canopus ,  fays  Ptolemy,  has  Long.  170 
10'.  Lat.  Auflr.  7 50.  Snellius  finds  the  Altitude 
of  the  Equinoctial  at  Alexandria  to  be  58°  58' , 
and  fo  the  Pole  confequently  310  2!.  The  Sun’s 
Meridian  Altitude  taken  by  him, 

xi  March 

V 


2)r.  Tho.  Smiths  Letter ,  Sec .  361 

11  March  1637.  S.  V.  at  Galata ,  by  Conftanti - 
nople,  490  drl. 

11  de/tf.  1638.  at  Rhodes ,  530  ji. 

19  Dec e mb.  1638.  at  Alexandria ,  35°  jjj. 

The  Diameter  of  the  Sun,  taken  January  25. 
S.  V.  1638.  2h  Tf|  jp.  w.  and  fo  again  4h  /?. 

As  10000  to  103, 

So  100000  to  1030,  the  Tangent  of  35'  25" 
the  Diameter  of  the  Sun. 

29.  S.  V.  1638.  about  5h  he  found 
the  fame  Diameter. 

A  t  the  Riling  and  Setting  of  the  Sun  in  AEgypt^ 
efpecially  about  Alexandria ,  there  is  great  Store 
of  Vapours.  At  a  good  Diftance  from  the  Hori¬ 
zon,  the  Body  of  the  Sun  grows  ruddy,  and  ap¬ 
pears  bigger  than  it  ufualiy  feems  in  England. 
Few  Nights,  and  thofe  without  Wind,  that  he 
could  fee  the  Stars  near  the  Horizon:  The  Rea- 
fon  was,  becaufe  when  the  Winds  blow,  theyraife 
Sands,  which  make,  oftentimes,  the  Sky  to  look, 
as  when  it  is  hazy  Weather  in  England . 

H  e  could  obferve  no  Spots  in  the  Sun,  for  fe» 
veral  Weeks  together,  in  the  latter  End  of  Janu¬ 
ary ,  February ,  and  March .  On  the  5th  of  Aprils 
S.  V.  1639.  three  little  Spots  in  the  Sun,  whereof 
two  clofe  together. 

At  this  Day  but  four  Channels,  or  Oftia^  of  Nile ; 
two  natural,  Damiata  and  Rofetto.  which  make  the 
Delta 3  and  part  fome  twenty  Miles  below  Cairo: 
Two  Artificial,  1.  The  one  on  the  South  Side  ofA- 
lexandria ,  and  has  its  Beginning  fome  30  Miles  a- 
bove  Rofetto  :  By  this  allMerchandife  was  ancient¬ 
ly  brought  to  Alexandria ,  which  now  comes  from 
Rofetto  by  Giermas ,  with  great  Uncertainty,  by 
reafon  the  Bocca  of  Nilus  is  very  dangerous,  both 
becaufe  of  the  N.  W.  and  N.  N.  W.  Winds,  which 
bar  in  all  thofe  Ships,  as  alfo  for  the  Sands  and 

Shallows , 


$oi  H  o  o  k V  Contrivance  to 

Shallows  j  tho",  at  the  overflowing  of  Niliis ,  good 
Ships  may  pafs. 

2.  The  other  at  Boulas ,  where  it  falls  into  a 
nSV/f/w  of  the  Sea  ,  i.  e.  in  the  Mid-way  between 
Kofetto  and  D  ami  at  a ,  and  like  to  that  at  Madiga , 
which  is  in  the  Mid-way  between  Alexandria  and 
Kofetto :  Between  thefe  two  Places,  about  40 
Miles  Englijb ,  Kofetto  lies  from  Alexandria  Eaft 
and  by  South. 

The  Courfe  of  Niliis^  allowing  for  the  feveral 
Turnings  S.  S.  E.  wherefore  Memphis  and  Alexan¬ 
dria  cannot  be  in  the  fame  Meridian,  nor  Khodus  $ 
for  from  Khodus  they  fail  S,  S.  E.  to  Alexandria ; 


H  o  0  k  j  Contrivance  to  augment  the 
EDivifinos  of  the  Barometer,  ///  ^  4 Difcourfe 
to  the  Royal  Society,  Dec.  17.  1 

rT1HE  following  Contrivance  I  met  with  in  a  fmall 
Script  of  Paper ,  <2;/^  find  it  was  a  Part  of  a 
■  larger  Difcourfe  on  the  Subjeffi ,  which  never  came 
to  my  Hands . 

W.  D  E  R  H  A  M. 


r  |  he  other  by  a  Counterpoife  and  Wheel, 
1  whereby  1  could  make  an  Index  point  the 
Divifions  of  a  long  fpiral  Line,  not  only  of  one 
Revolution  of  that  Line,  but  many  whole  Revo¬ 
lutions  in  a  fpiral  Line:  So  that  if  one  Round  of 
the  Spiral  were  fix  Foot  Compafs ,  and  fo  eafily  fuf- 
ceptible  of  1000  Divifions,  I  could  eafily  make  it 
move  fix  or  eight  Revolutions,  each  of  which  fhould 
be  equally  capable  of  the  like  Number  of  plain  and 
very  vifible  Divifions,  which  maketh  the  Diffe¬ 
rence  of  two  Inches  in  the  common,  to  become  40 
or  50  Foot  in  this,  and  confequently  capable  of 

eight 


augment  \ Divifions  of  the  Barometer.  303 

eight  or  ten  Thoufand  Divifions,  as  fenfible  and 
plain  to  be  feen,  as  the  half  Decimals  of  an  Inch  ; 
and  the  Contrivance  is  fuch,  that  there  is  no  Man¬ 
ner  of  Stiffnefs  or  Rubbing  in  the  Contrivance, 
but  each  of  thefe  Divifions  will  be  as  exactly  point¬ 
ed  to  by  the  Index,  as  the  Index,  in  the  common 
fingle  Barometer,  can  be  pointed  to  by  the  Sur¬ 
face  of  the  Mercury  j  which,  fence  it  is  ufually  com- 
pfifed  within  40  Decimals,  or  Parts  of  an  Inch,  of 
two  Inches,  and  this  Way  it  may  be  made  40  or 
50  Foot  3  it  follows,  that  confequently  the  Alte¬ 
rations  will  be  200,  or  250  Times  more  vifible  and 
difcoverable,  than  by  the  common  Barometer. 

And  having  brought  it  to  this  Pafs,  that  I 
could,  by  thefe  Methods,  be  able  to  make  the 
fmaileft  Alterations,  (that  have  yet  been  imagin¬ 
ed)  to  be  fenfible  and  meafurable,  I  defifted  from 
improving  this  Subjedt,  by  further  Contrivances 
upon  thefe  Principles.  However,  I  may,  in  Time, 
fhew  feme  other  Inftruments  for  Difcovery  of 
the  Weather,  that  may,  come  to  ,be  of  as  good 
Ufe, 


Dn 


304  ; 


i Dr  Hook.\t  Conjectures  about  the  odd 
nomena  obfervable  in  the  Shell- Fiji?  call¬ 
ed  the  Nautilus.  Read  to  the  Royal  So¬ 
ciety  Dec.  i,  1696. 

FO  R  the  right  Underftanding  of  this  Mattery  I 
Jhall  give  a  brief  Account  of  this  Animal  from 
Ariifotle,  Pliny,  Oppian,  JEliariy  Bellonius,  and 
their  Franfcribers ,  Gefner,  Aldrovand,  and  Jon- 
fon,  viz.  That  the  Nautilus  is  an  Inhabitant  of 
the  Deep  :  FI  at  it  hath  three  Motions ,  viz.  a  Power 
to  raife  it  felf  up  from  the  Bottom  to  the  Surface  of 
the  Sea  $  that  it  cart  fail  thereon  ;  and  again  fink 
it  felf  to  the  Bottom  :  That  its  Shell  is  made  very 
commodioufiy  for  thefe  three  Motions 3  with  divers 
Cells  :  Fhat  it  can  ere  Cl  its  Shell  edge-ways  for  Sail¬ 
ing  :  That  it  hath  two  ( forne  fay  three J  Arms ,  of 
Claws ,  with  a  thin  and  lights  but  ftrong  Mem¬ 
brane  between  them ,  like  that  of  Palmiped  Birds  : 
Float  this  it  hoi  ft  s  up  and  fpreads  like  a  Saif  and 
is  driven  thereby  on  the  Surface  of  the  Sea  :  Be~ 
fitdes  which ,  that  it  hath  alfto  other  Parts  on  each 
Side  of  it ,  that  it  lets  down  to  fleer  and  guide  its 
Courfe ,  as  with  a  Rudder ,  fo  long  as  no  Danger  is 
nigh  :  But ,  if  it  perceives  any  Danger  from  the 
more  powerful  Animals ,  or  Storms ,  that  then  it 
fills  its  Shell  with  Water ^  and  fvddenly  finks  it  felf 
to  the  Bottom. 

BUF  for  the  Reader  s  Diverfion ,  if  he  hath  a 
Mind  to  fee  Oppian  the  Poet3 s  elegant  Defcriptiori 
of  this  Inhabitant  of  the  Waters ,  as  tranflated  by 
Lippius,  he  may  find  it  thus  in  Aldrovand.  de  Te*^ 
ftaceis,  /.  3.  c.  5.  N 

- - — -  - Quern  dicunt  nomine  vero 

Nautilon ,  infignem  ponto  fua  gloria  fecit, 

Per 


2)r.  HookT  ConjeBure ,  &c.  joy 

Per  freta  dum  cautus  fub  Navis,  imagine  ludit. 

In  fabulo  domus  eft,  fumma  defertur  in  unda 
Pronus,  neu  pontum  capiat,  plenufque  gravatus. 
Cum  nando  vehitur,  per  fiudlus  Amphitrites, 
Extemplo  verfus  tumidam  per  marmoris  undam 
Labitur,  ut  nandi  dodlus,  puppifque  peritus. 
Atque  pedes  geminos  tendit,  de  more  Rudentutii* 
Quos  inter  medios  tenuis  membrana  tumefcit 
Extenta,  atque  pedes  contingunt  sequora  fubter, 
Themoni  affimiles,  navem,  pifcemque  domumque 
Beducunt.  Si  forte  malum  fupereminet  ullum, 
Abforbet  Audios  intus,  lymphifque  gravatus, 

A  tumidis  trahitur  cum  pondere  fiuftibus  unda. 

Mine  (faith  Aldrovand )  homines  navigia  inve- 
nerunt ,  &  ex  eodem  Oppian'o  citat  Liiius  Gregorius 
Gyraldus, 

W.  D  E  R  H  A  XL 

The  Account  which  *Dr.  Hook  gives  is  thus  : 

Th  e  Structure  of  the  Shell  of  the  Nautilus , 
which  as  it  is  very  curious,  and  indeed  very 
wonderful,  fo  it  is  not  lefs  inftrudiive  to  one  that 
fhall  contemplate  on  it  •>  and  to  me,  as  yet,  it  ap¬ 
pears  to  be  the  only  Inftance  of  a  Contrivance 
truly  wonderful ,  for  that  1  do  not  know  any  thing 
like  it  in  the  whole  Genus  of  Fifhes,  tho5  there 
are  feme  Inftances  that  tend  that  Way,  It  is,  in 
fliort,  this,  The  Creature,  it  feems,  to  whom  this 
Shell  is  adapted,  by  Accounts  we  have  of  it,  is  a  ft 
Inhabitant  of  the  Abyfs,  or  Great  Beep ,  which 
how  deep  it  is  none  yet  knows,  nor  will  know,  till 
fome  of  my  Nuntii  ad  Ahyjfum  (which  I  have  for¬ 
merly  acquainted  you.  with)  be  lent  thither,  and 
bring  back  Tidings  concerning  it ,  or,  till  this  our 
prefent  Nuncius  can  find  a  Way  to  manifeft,  how  far 
he  has  afcended  to  come  up  to  the  Bay,  or  how  far 

X  he 


30 6  ‘Dr.  H  o  o  iu  Conjecture 

he  defcends  to  go  to  his  Reiling-place  at  the  Bot¬ 
tom  of  the  Sea.  For  thefe  ProgrefTes  he  is  faid  to 
make,  be  (ides  his  Voyage,  when  he  fails  on  the  Top 
of  the  Ocean.  Now  being  conflituted  by  Nature  to 
perform  thefe,  and  yet  to  be  without  Wings  or 
Fins,  to  help  himfelf  by  Labour  to  move  in  any 
of  thefe  three  Ways ;  it  is  wonderful  to  eonfider, 
by  what  a  plain  and  eafy  Contrivance  the  All-wife 
Creator  has  endowed  him  with  fufficient  Faculties 
to  perform  the  fame, with  very  little  or  no  Fatigue 
at  all,  but  to  be  carry'd  in  his  Chariot,  or  rather 
Ship,  from  Place  to  Place,  as  he  has  Occafion  to 
change  his  Refidence. 

The  Manner  of  which  (if  I  am  not  miftaken  in 
my  Conjecture)  is  this  :  Nature  has  furnifhed  him 
with  a  curious  Shell,  dividing  it  into  many  di- 
ftinCt  Cells  or  Cavities,  by  certain  Valves,  Dia¬ 
phragms  or  Partitions,  which  have  no  Communi¬ 
cation  with  each  other,  but  only  by  Means  of  a 
Gut  or  Dugins,  which  paffes  through  thenrall  from 
the  Bowels  or  Body  of  the  Creature,  placed  in 
the  Cavity  of  the  Mouth  of  the  Shell  to  the  very 
End  of  the  Spiral  Cone,  or  conical  fhaped  Shell, 
which  ends  in  the  very  Center  or  Beginning  of  the 
proportional  Spira ,  and  has  there  a  Spir  amentum 
or  Vent,  which  I  have  formerly  difcover’d,  by 
examining  more  curioufly  one  of  that  Kind,  by 
opening  it,  though  it  has  not  hitherto  been  taken 
Notice  of  by  any  Author  that  I  have  met  with.  The 
Axis,  or  middle  Line  of  this  Cone,  or  conically- 
fhap'd  Body  is  fpiraled  round  exadUy  in  a  Plane, 
and  not  helicated  on  a  conical  Surface,  as  in  almoft 
all  the  Shells  of  other  the  conchylious  Fifties,  it  is 
obfervable.  Now  this  admirable  Structure  feems 
to  me  not  a  mere  Lufus  Nature ,  or  a  Form  by 
Chance,  to  exprefs,  a  Variety,  but  an  Emanation  of 
that  infinite  Wifdom,  that  appears  in  the  Shapes 
and  Stru&ure  of  all  other  created  Beings,  which 

is 


i! 


): 


% 


T 

it 

4 

I 


concerning  the  Nautilus.  307 

Is  to  endow  them  with  fufficient  Abilities  to  per¬ 
form  thofe  Actions,  which  are  made  neceflary  to 
their  Well-being.  Now,  the  Relations  of  Hi- 
ftories  of  this  Creature  inform  us,  that  it  has  three 
Kinds  of  Motions  through  the  Water,  that  is,  at¬ 
tending,  defcending,  and  progreflive  3  and  fince 
there  is  one  Pofture  of  the  Shell,  that  is  moft  pro¬ 
per  to  perform  each  of  thefe,  therefore  it  is,  as  I 
conceive,  that  the  Shell  is  fo  contriv’d,  as  to  be 
put,  and  kept  in  that  Polition,  .whiift  it  performs 
that  Motion  :  The  Shell  then  is  contriv’d  to  be 
all  a  Cavity,  and  to  have  no  other  Part  or  Bowel 
of  the  Creature  within  the  firft  Cavity,  but  only  a 
fmall  String,  Gut,  or  Duff  us  ^  which  paheth  from 
the  Body  of  the  Creature,  placed  in  the  Mouth  of 
the  Shell,  to  the  End  of  the  conical  Cavity.  Now 
by  this  I  conceive,  that  when  this  Cavity  is  fill’d 
with  Water,  the  whole  Bulk  becomes  heavier  than 
the  Water,  and  fo  mult  fink  to  the  Bottom  of 
the  Sea  :  But  when  the. Cavity  is  fill’d  with  Air, 
then  the  Whole  will  be  boy  ant,  and  lighter  than 
the  Water,  and  fo  rife  to  the  Top,  and  float  on 
its  Surface  :  Thefe  Powers  it  would  have  had, 
fuppoling  the  Cavity  of  the  Shell  had  had  no  other 
but  the  firft  or  greateft  Diaphragm,  and  the  reft 
had  been  one  entire  Cavity:  But  this  would  not 
have  difpofed  the  Shell  to  all  thofe  Motions,  it  is 
to  perform,  into  the  moft  convenient  Poftures  ,  for 
that  Pofture,  that  is  fitteft  for  its  riling,  would  not 
be  fo  for  its  linking,  nor  for  its  failing,  nor  pof- 
fibly  for  its  Progreflion  at  the  Bottom,  (if  fuch  a 
Motion  it  does  perform,  as  to  me  it  feems  ratio¬ 
nal  enough  to  fuppofe)  for  that  every  one  of  them 
will  need  a  different  Pofture.  We  find,  therefore, 
this  Cavity  all  fubdivided  by  internal  Diaphragms 
or  Partitions,  into  a  great  Number  of  diftindl  Cells, 
(I  have  found  40  in  fome  Shells)  and  every  one 
of  thefe  penetrated  by  this  Gut  or  Duff  us ,  fo  that 

X  2  by 


3oS  cDr.  H  o  o  k 9s  Conjecture 

by  Means  thereof,  I  conceive,  the  Animal  has  a 
Power  to  fill  or  empty  each  of  thofe  Cavities  with 
Water,  as  (hall  fuffice  to  poife  and  trim  the  Pofture 
of  his  Veffel,  or  Shell,  fitteft  for  that  Navigation  or 
Voyage  he  is  to  make ;  or  if  he  be  to  rife,  then 
he  can  empty  thofe  Cavities  of  Water,  or  fill  them 
with  Air  which  lie  toward  that  Side,  that  part  the 
Shell,  that  belt  penetrate  the  Water :  If  he  be  to 
defcend,  he  can  fill  thofe  with  Water,  and  empty 
the  oppofite  ;  if  to  fail  on  the  Top,  he  can  eva¬ 
cuate  thofe  Cavities  that  will  trim  his  Shell  fit  to 
fail  with  the  Mouth  of  it  upwards,  that  he  may 
there  expand  his  Sails  and  ufe  his  Rudders  ;  and 
if  to  move  at  the  Bottom,  he  can  fill  thofe,  and 
empty  the  oppofite,  fo  as  that  the  Mouth  may  be 
downwards,  to  refpeCf  the  Ground  or  Bottom  over 
which  he  pafies,  fo  to  difcover  his  proper  Nutriment 
or  other  Convenience,  and  to  defcend  to  it  when 
he  finds  it.  Now  it  may  be  imagined,  and  obje¬ 
cted,  that  thefe  Operations  may  be  too  notional 
and  fanciful,  and  fo  feem  to  have  more  of  Defign 
and  Counfel,  than  the  Creature  feems  to  be  capa¬ 
ble  of :  To  which  I  anfwer,  that  it  is  no  more,  nor, 
may  be,  fo  much,  as  moft  other  Creatures  are  en¬ 
dow'd  with,  and  conftantly  perform  :  For  whoever 
confiders  what  Defign  and  Contrivance  there  is 
for  the  Performance  of  all  mufcular  Motion,  where 
this  or  that  Mufcle  is  to  be  Brained,  and  that 
or  the  other  Mufcle  is  to  be  relaxed,  and  pre- 
fently  the  quite  contrary  Effects  are  to  be  effeCted, 
and  all  thefe  to  proceed  from  the  Will,  or  Intention 
of  the  Creature  that  moves  himfelf  thereby,  which 
Way  it  pleafeth,  will  not  think  it  fo  ftrange  to 
conceive,  that  this  Creature  may  have  implanted 
in  it  a  Faculty,  to  make  ufe  of  the  Organs  for  Mo¬ 
tions,  as  well  as  any  other  :  There  needs  no  Infti- 
tution  ot  a  Bird  to  make  ufe  of  his  Wings  to  fly, 
or  of  his  Tail,  to  poife  or  guide  him  in  his  Flight  ,i 


concerning  the  Nautilus.  309 

no,  Nature,  or  the  infinitely  wife  God  of  Nature 
hath  taken  Care  to  give  him  an  Inftind:  or  Im- 
pulfe,  which  enables  him  to  do  thofe  Things,  that 
are  necefiary  to  be  done,  for  the  producing  the  de- 
fired  Effed:.  Now,  though  the  fiiaping,  and  trail¬ 
ing,  and  Peering  of  an  artificial  Ship,  doth  require 
the  Underftanding  of  the  Men  that  are  to  ad:  in 
that  Ship,  to  know,  and  accordingly  to  difpofe 
of  all  Things,  for  the  effecting  what  is  necelEry 
or  defired  5  yet  5tis  not  thence  to  be  argued,  that 
the  Operations  of  animal  Motions  muft  be  per¬ 
form'd  by  the  Operations  of  Reafoning.  No  Man 
can  tell  how,  or  by  what  Means,  he  moves  his  Fin¬ 
ger,  or  any  one  Mufcle  of  his  Body  j  no.  Nature 
hath  fet  all  Things  in  Order,  and  endow'd  us  with 
a  Power  to  perform  what  is  necefiary,  though  we 
know  not  how,  nor  by  what  Means  j  nor  is  the 
Notion,  I  have  hinted,  fo  extravagant,  or  fo  much 
beyond  the  other  Contrivances,  for  the  effeddng  of 
various  Motions  in  other  Animals,  as  forne  may 
imagine,  fince,  when  I  come  to  treat  of  that  Sub- 
jed:,  I  fhall  fhew,  and  prove  feveral  Contrivances, 
that  are  actually  made  Ufe  of,  that  are  abundantly 
more  wonderful, 

[ On  Dec.  16.  followings  Dr.  Hook  re  fum'd  his 
Confederations  of  the  Nautilus,  and  having 
taken  Notice  of  feveral  HranfmutationSs  as 
'particularly  of  IVater  into  the  folid  Parts  of 
Vegetables ,  as  alfo  into  Earth  or  Ice  ^  he  theft 
proceeds ,  and  faiths'] 

W.  Derham. 

But  this  Metamorphofis,  or  Tranfmutation  of 
Elements,  I  take  Notice  of  here,  only  by  the  by, 
as  it  may  be  of  fome  Ufe  for  the  Explication  of 
another  Metamorphofis  of  a  contrary  Nature,  and 
that  is,  of  W ater  into  Air,  which  is  by  Rarefaddon, 

X  3  fo  r 


310  cDr.  H  o  o  yJs  Conj e Bure 

for  fuch  an  Operation  Nature  feems  to  have; 
and  fomewhat  of  this  Kind  is  producible  by  Art, 
as  has  been  proved  to  this  Society  by  many  Ex¬ 
periments,  heretofore  made,  for  the  production  of 
artificial  Air;  which,  though  under  that  Notion  it 
feem'd  not  to  be  regarded,  yet,  as  fuch  another, 
publifhed  a  good  While  after  all  thofe  Experi¬ 
ments,  as  his  own,  not  owning  at  all  he  had  been 
inform'd  of  them,  by  feme  of  the  Members  of  this 
Society :  But  to  pafs  by  that  at  prefent  (becaufe 
there  are  Abundance  of  Inftances  of  the  like  Na¬ 
ture  that  have  been  given,  which  I  may  on  feme 
other  Occafions  manifeft)  I  had  a  further  Frofpedfc 
in  the  Succefs  of  thofe  Trials  than  what  was,  for 
the  like  Reafons,  then  fpoken  of ;  one  of  which 
was,  for  the  Solution  of  fuch  a  Phenomenon  as  this, 
of  the  floating  and  finking  of  the  Nautilus ,  which 
I  difcourfed  of  the  laft  Meeting  but  one.  It  feem’d, 
indeed,  very  ftrange,  how  that  Creature  could  fo, 
at  his  Will  fill,  and  empty,  the  Cavities  of  his  Shell, 
with  Water ;  it  wras  eafy  to  conceive,  how  he  could 
fill  his  Shell  with  Water,  and  fo  fink  himfelf  to  the 
Bottom;  but  then  how  (when  there,  at  fuch  a  Di- 
ftance,  from  the  Air)  he  could  evacuate  the  Water, 
and  fill  the  Cavities  with  Air,  that  was  difficult  to 
comprehend,  efpecially  being  under  fo  great  a  Pref- 
fure  of  Water:  But  if  Nature  had  furnifh’d  him  with 
a  Faculty  of  producing  an  artificial  Air,  then  the 
Riddle  would  quickly  be  unfolded.  I  found,  there¬ 
fore,  that  by  Art  it  was  feafable  to  produce  fuch 
an  artificial  Air,  and  that  it  w;as  endued  with  a 
very  great  Power  of  Expanfion,  fo  that  it  would 
not  only  make  itfelf  Room  to  expand,  notwith- 
ftanding  the  incumbent  Preffure  of  the  Air  on  all 
Sides  ;  but,  if  fealed  up  in  ftrong  Glafles,  it  would 
break  out  the  Sides  there  of,  which  might  have  as 
much  Power  of  Expanfion  as  might  counterpoife, 

'nay, 


concerning  the  Nautilus.  3 1 1 

nay,  out-power  both  tiie  Preflure  of  the  Air,  and 
.alfo  the  Water  too,  though  100  Times  greater 
than  that  of  the  Air.  It  will  be,  I  confefs,  a  dif¬ 
ficult  Matter  for  me  to  prove,  that  the  Nautili 
have  fuch  a  Power,  for  that  I  could  never  yet  get 
a  Sight  of  that  Fifh  that  inhabits  thole  Shells,  nor 
do  I  find  that  any  of  the  Authors,  that  pretend  to 
defcribe  it,  have,  nor  has  any  of  them  given  a  De» 
fcription  of  it  that  can  give  one  any  true  Idea  of 
it  :  Yet,  methinks,  it  might  be  procured  from 
fome  ingenious  Perfon,  that  has  an  Opportunity  of 
vifiting  the  Barbadoes ,  and  fome  of  the  other 
Leeward  Iflands,  where  there  are  found  great  Plen¬ 
ty  of  a  fmaller  Sort  of  them,  which  though  of  a 
differing  Shape,  in  the  Coil  of  the  conical  Body, 
yet  they  agree  with  all  the  other  Kinds  of  them  in 
having  the  Diaphragms,  and  a  Dubius,  or  Veffel 
palling  through  them  all,  from  the  Bafis  to  the 
Apex  of  the  coiled  Cone,  and  the  Axis  of  that 
Cone  is  alfo  coiled  in  a  Plane,  as  are  all  the  other 
Kinds  of  the  Nautili  ,  of  which  I  have  one  here 
to  fhew,  given  me  by  one  who  had  a  whole  Box  full 
of  them,  which  he  had  there  collected,  and  brought 
with  him  to  England. 

Some  farther  Observations  relating  to  the 
Nautilus,  and  other  Shed-Fijb .  Read  Dec. 
23,  1696. 

W.  Derha m. 

Y  Explained,  the  laft  Day,  the  Fabrick  and  Stru- 
(Sure  of  a  Creature,  which,  as  Authors  inform  us, 
is  an  Inhabitant  of  the  Abyfs  or  Great  Deep,  which 
does  often  perform  a  Voyage  from  thence  to  this  ta¬ 
pe  ri  or  Region  of  the  Air ;  and,  after  the  Difpatch 
of  his  Bufinefs  here,  returns  again  to  his  own  Ha¬ 
bitation.  I  explain’d  alfo,  by  what  Method  he  per- 

X  4  form’d 


3  ix  €Dr.  Hoo  kV  ConjeBure 

form'd  thefe  Voyages,  as  1  conceiv'd,  from  the 
Confederation  of  the  Structure  of  the  Shell,  and 
the  Effects  perform'd  by  it.  I  cannot  be  pofitive 
ia  it,  as  not  having  ever  had  an  Opportunity  to 
fee  the  Creature  itielf :  But  by  confidering  of  the 
Contrivance  of  other  Fifhes,  to  help  them  to  float 
in  the  Water,  or  at  lead:  to  buoy  them  up,  or 
counterpo'fe  them  with  the  Water,  by  the  Help 
of  the  Swim,  as  5tis  call'd,  or  Bladders  blown  up 
by  Air,  or  Vapours,  I  think  there  is  great  Proba¬ 
bility  in  the  Conjecture. 

For  the  Nautilus  is  not  the  only  Inhabitant  of 
the  Deep,  or  of  the  Bottom  of  the  Sea ,  no,  que- 
ftionlefs,  there  are  a  Multitude  of  other  Sorts  of 
.Animals  that  are  there  bred,  and  do  there  refide ; 
for  we  do  not  only  find  Oifters,  Scalops,  Cockles, 
Periwinkles,  and  molt  other  Kinds  of  Shell-Fifh, 
but  moil  Sorts  of  cruftaceous  Animals,  as  various 
Sorts  of  Lobfters,  various  Sorts  of  Crabs,  and  vari¬ 
ous  Sorts  of  Prawns  or  Shrimps,  and  fuch  like  ;  nay, 
we  find  there  alfo  feveral  Sorts  of  Fifhes,not  furnifh'd 
either  with  Shells,  or  Crufts,  which  the  Fifher-men 
always  find  and  catch,  near  the  Bottom  of  the  Wa¬ 
ter,  where  they  fifh  for  them:  And  1  myfelf  have 
proved,  that  the  beft  Place,  to  lay  the  Bait  to  catch 
Whitings,  Grundells,  Place,  Flounders,  Beards, 
is,  at  within  a  Fathom  of  the  Ground,  where  the 
Depth  of  the  Sea  was  about  25  Fathoms,  or  150 
Foot  •  and,  from  as  great  a  Depth,  I  have  known 
Lobfters  and  Crabs  to  have  been  taken  by  the  fame 
Fifh-hooks,  which  were  baited  for  the  catching 
thofe  other  Sort  of  Fifhes  :  And,  indeed,  moft  Part 
of  the  Lobfters,  Crabs,  and  Prawrs,  are  taken,  in 
Fifh-Pots,  or  Fifh-Cages,  laid  at  the  Bottom  of 
the  Sea,  when  there  has  been  found,  a  Place  fre¬ 
quented  by  them  :  As  alfo  Scates,  Thornbacks, 
Monk- Fifh,  Dog-Fifh,  and  the  like,  which  are 
patched  by  baited  Fifh-hooks,  laid  at  the  Bottom 


concerning  the  Nautilus.  3  1 3 

of  the  Sea,  they  being  all  ty’d  by  Prong  fhort 
Lines,  ty3d  to  a  Rope,  there  extended  between  two 
Stones,  which  there  keep  it  extended.  So  that 
moPFifh,  of  all  Kinds,  do,  for  the  moPPart,  there 
refide,  and  thence  it  is  probable  to  conjecture, 
that  there  they  find  the  greateP  Part  of  their 
Food  and  Noiirifhment,  and  that  there  do  likewife 
grow  abundance  of  diftindt  Sorts  of  Vegetables, 
which  may  be  ufeful  for  that  End  ;  for  we  find, 
in  Seas  that  are  not  very  deep,  that  divers  Sorts  of 
Algas,  Sea-phans,  Sponges,  Cotulli,  and  the  like, 
are  there  produc'd  ;  and  why  then  may  there  not 
be  Multitudes  of  others  ?  Nature,  we  find,  does 
accommodate  every  thing  it  produces  with  all 
Conveniencies,  necePary  for  its  Support  and  W ell- 
being,  and  fit  every  Thing  neceffary  for  the  Car¬ 
rying  on  and  Perfection  of  its  Defigns ,  fo  that  I 
fee  no  Reafon  to  doubt,  that  thefe  Sub-marine 
Regions  are  as  well  Pock’d  with  Variety  of  Ani¬ 
mals  and  Vegetables,  as  the  Surface  of  the  Earth, 
which  is  only  Sub-aerial,  only  we  are  lefs  know¬ 
ing  of  them,  becaufe  they  are  out  of  our  Element, 
and  we  want  Nuntii  or  MePengers,  to  fend  thither 
to  bring  us  back  Information,  and  alfo  the  Pro¬ 
ductions  and  Commodities  that  this  tferra  incognita , 
or  unknown  W orld,  does  afford.  I  have  heretofore 
produced  fome  fuch  Nuntii ,  for  this  or  that  par¬ 
ticular  Defign,  but  when  there  may  be  an  Oppor¬ 
tunity  of  fending  them,  I  lhall  be  able  to  produce 
divers  others,  for  other  Purpofes,  if  God  fpare  my 
Life  fo  long  as  to  fee  the  Seas  again  free  from  Plo¬ 
vers,  and  that  the  Study  of  Arts  does  fucceed  the 
Study  of  Arms.  It  is  now  above  thirty  Years 
fince  I  try’d  many  Experiments,  for  this  very  End, 
to  know  under  how  great  a  Ereffure  a  terreprial  or 
aerial  Animal  could  live,  and  confequently  a  M  m  ^ 
and  I  fhev/d  a  Way  alfo  how  to  fupply  him  with 
frefh  Air  from  above,  to  whatever  Depth  he  fhould 

be 


314  2V.  Hoo Cs  Conjecture ,  &c. 

be  able  to  defcend,  without  prejudicing  his  Health 
or  Life  :  I  fhew'd  alfo  how  to  accommodate  him 
for  feeing  with  Spectacles,  and  aCting  freely  in 
the  Water  as  he  could  do  in  the  Air,  by  Means 
of  other  Accoutrements,  whenever  he  was  able  to 
endure  the  Prefifure.  And  I  have  many  other  Ex¬ 
periments,  which  would  be  not  only  inftruCtive, 
but  ufeful  for  thefe  and  other  Defigns,  but  I  want 
an  Apparatus  and  Affiftance  to  perform  them. 
And,  probably,  molt  People  will  treat  me  as  Co¬ 
lumbus  was,  when  he  pretended  the  Difcovery  of 
a  New  World  to  the  Weft  ward  :  But  I  have  been 
accuftomed  to  fuch  Kind  of  Treatments,  and  fo 
the  better  fitted  to  bear  them.  However,  I  think, 
that  fuch  Objections  as  moft  will  be  apt  to  make, 
that  Animals  and  Vegetables  cannot  be  rationally 
fuppofed  to  live  and  grow  under  fo  great  a  Pref- 
fure,  fo  great  a  Cold,  and  at  fo  great  a  Diftance 
from  the  Air,  as  many  Parts  at  the  Bottom  of 
very  deep  Seas  are  liable  and  fubjeCt  to  j  I  fay,  I 
think  that  thefe  Objections  maybe  eafily  anfwer’d, 
by  fhewing,  that  they  all  proceed  from  wrong  No¬ 
tions  that  Men  have  entertain'd,  from  the  fmall 
Experience  they  have  had  of  the  EfFeCts,  and 
Powers,  and  Methods  of  Nature,  and  a  few  Trials 
Will  eafily  convince  them  of  the  Erroneoufnefs  of 
them.  We  have  had  Inftances  enough  of  the  Fal- 
lacioufnefs  of  fuch  immature  and  hafty  Conclu- 
fions.  The  Torrid  and  Frigid  Zones  were  once 
concluded  uninhabitable ;  and  to  aftert  Antipodes 
was  thought  atheiftical,  heretical,  and  damnable  ; 
but  Time  has  difcover’d  the  Falfity  and  Narrow- 
nefs  of  thofe  hafty  Cpnclufions. 


Dr, 


(  3*?  3 


2 )r.  Hook's  TAifcotirfes  to  the  Royal  Socie¬ 
ty  5  i;/  the  Beginning  of  1697,  concerning 
Amber. 

fhe  Sum  of  Dr.  H  o  o  k’s  Opinion ,  /;/  A’e/e  Dif 
courfes ,  Ah?.  Waller  g/Tej  this  following 
Preface ,  viz. 

U  a  vi  n  g  met  with  a  Treatife  concerning 
i  1  her,  publiftfd  by  ~ — —  (of  which  he 

gave  an  Account)  he  proceeds  from  feveral  Obfer- 
yations  therein  mentioned,  and  fome  of  his  own, 
£0  give  his  own  Sentiments,  viz.  That  Amber  be¬ 
ing  found  almoft  all  over  Pruffia ,  as  well  in  the 
Inland  Parts,  as  in  the  Sea,  on  the  Shore,  in  the 
Caverns,  Clifts,  and  under  the  Hills,  by  digging, 
and  this  in  a  Sort  of  Miner  a aren  aria  ;  which,  by 
the  Subftances  found  in  it,  fuch  as  Shells  petrify ’d, 
and  the  like.  Dr.  Hook  judges  to  be  a  certain  Lay¬ 
er,  or  Bed  of  Sea-Sand,  the  Remains  of  the  Bot¬ 
tom  of  fome  Sea  that  formerly  covered  the  whole 
Country,  which,  in  Procefs  of  Time,  has  been  raifed 
above  the  Level  of  the  prefent  Sea ;  but,  at  a  cer¬ 
tain  Depth,  all  that  fandy  Bottom  yet  remains,  con¬ 
taining  fuch  Subftances  as  were  there  depofited, 
whilft  it  was  in  that  State  ;  at  leaft,  fuch  of  them  as 
have  not  been  rotted  and  confumed  by  Time,  fuch 
as  petrified  Shells,Wood,Bones,withVitriol,Alum, 
Niter,  and  Sea-Salt,  together  with  Lumps  of  Am¬ 
ber  ^  are  frequently  now  found  in  digging  into  this 
Sand,  for  Wells,  or  the  like.  Here  he  has  Re- 
courfe  to  his  Hypothefis,  formerly  difcourfed  of, 
for  the  Solution  of  thefe  Appearances,  viz.  That 
not  only  the  Vales,  and  lower  Parts  of  the  Land, 
have  been  fome  Time  the  Bottom  of  the  Sea,  but 
even  the  Tops  of  Hills  and  Mountains  ^  a§  the  fe¬ 
veral 
.  » 


3i  6  cDr.  H  o  o  k ys  TAifcottrfes 

veral  Subftances  now  found  thereon  make  evident. 
Amber  then  being  thus  found,  either  at  the  Bot¬ 
tom  of  the  Sea  adjoining,  or  in  thefe  Layers  of 
Sand,  the  Queftion  is,  How  it  came  there  ?  and 
from  whence  ?  To  anfwer  this  Inquiry,  tho3  the 
Author  of  the  Treatife  is  of  another  Opinion,  yet, 
from  feveral  Obfervations  therein  mentioned,  Dr. 
Hook  judges  it  to  have  been  the  Gum  of  a  certain 
Tree  petrified,  and  altered  to  the  prefent  State  and 
Appearance  it  has.  Thus  far  Mr.  Waller  3  next 
follows, 

2 )r.  Hoo  k ’s  1 Difcourfe  of  Feb.  24,  1696-7. 

I  Have  lately  ventured  to  aftert  my  Opinion, 
That  Amber  is  a  Kind  of  petrified  Refill,  or 
the  Exudation  of  fome  refinous  Tree,  concreted 
into  a  Subftance  fo  much  feemingly  different  from 
it,  that  moft  of  the  Authors  that  have  treated  of 
it,  or  deferibed  it,  have  been  quite  of  a  different 
Opinion.  Nay,  even  the  laft,  and,  1  think,  much 
the  beft,  that  is,  Philipp  us  'Jacobus  Hartman ,  who 
has  publifh'd  a  Trad:,  Intituled,  Succini  PruJJici 
Hiftoria  Phyfica  &  Civilis .  For,  after  he  has  dif- 
proved,  as  he  conceives,  all  the  Opinions  of  thofe 
who  have  writ  of  Amber  ^  and,amongft  the  reft,  thofe 
of  fuch  as  have  inclin'd  to  think  it  originally  fome 
vegetable  Subftance,  &c.  he  thus  concludes,  p.  16. 
of  his  2 d  Book.  Subterraneum  utique  ftuccinum  apud 
omnes  in  confteftfo  ejfe ,  idque  ex  hiftoria  ftatis  proba- 
ri  •  cum  <vero ,  id  nec  duci  nee  fundi  poftit ,  met  alii  s 
non  accenfendum  ejfe ,  neque  ex  reliquis  fofjilium 
generibus  terris ,  fulphuri  aut  bitumini  anumeran - 
dum^  quod  foliditas  fuccino  major  quam  qua  e juft- 
modi  fojjilibus  ineft  :  Lapidem  igitur  reliquum  eftey 
ut  dicamus ,  0  quidem  non  ex  faxortim  aut  mar  mo- 
rum ,  fed  nec  ex  lapidum  peculiariter  ita  dipt  or  um 
genere ,  fed  gemmam ,  per  quam  apte  reftponderi  poft- 
Jit  ad  quaeftionem ,  quid  fit  cum  naturam  ejus  re  fie 

ex  prim  at. 


concerning  Amber.  317 

exprim  at.  Now,  how  much  the  wifer  we  are,  as 
to  the  Knowledge  of  its  Nature  and  original  Sub- 
fiance,  I  leave  to  others  to  judge ;  to  me,  I  con- 
fefs,  it  feems  more  obfcure,  than  if  he  had  faid 
that  Amber  is  Amber  $  for,  what  he  underflands  by 
Gemma ,  to  me  feems  more  obfcure.  He  has,  in¬ 
deed,  many  pertinent  Relations,  and  Obfervations, 
which  have  much  affifted  me  in  my  Inquiry  *  but 
the  Ufes  and  Inferences,  he  draws  from  them,  are 
quite  contrary  to  thofe  which  I  have  remarked 
them  for.  ?Tis  not  my  Defign  to  contradict  his 
Opinion,  or  to  make  Objections  to  his  Doctrines  : 
I  think  it  fairer  to  propound  my  own,  and  leave 
the  Choice  to  the  Judgment  of  fuch,  as  fhall  con- 
fider  impartially  the  one  and  the  other  Deduction 
from  the  Phenomena,  which  I  take  to  be  what 
concerns  his  own  Obfervations  truly  delivered  by 
him.  He  relates  then,  (in  his  Preface)  that  he 
has  three  or  four  times  vifited  the  Sudavean  Coaft, 
which  is  the  principal  Place  of  PruJJia ,  where  the 
Amber  is  found  in  the  greateft  Plenty  :  And  that 
he  there  did  not  only  inform  himfelf  by  what 
he  faw,  but  by  Difcourfing  and  Examining  the 
Searcher,  or  Fifhers,  for  it,  and  the  Overfeers  and 
Governors  that  took  Care  of  the  whole  Affair,  for 
the  Prince’s  Intereft,  that  he  collected,  and  car¬ 
ried  away  with  him,  not  only  Pieces  of  Amber , 
but  feveral  Sands,  Clays,  and  other  Materials 
found  with  them,  that  he  might  be  inform’d  by 
Judgment  of  others  to  whom  he  fhew’d  them,  &c. 
This  Coaft  faces  the  Weft,  and  lies  about  20 
Leagues  N.  E.  by  E.  of  the  Town  of  Dantzick. 
He  adds,  that  it  has  been  found  alfo  in  many  In¬ 
land  Parts  of  PruJJia ,  as  well  as  upon  other  Shores 
of  the  Baltick  Sea  ;  but  thinks  it  to  have  been  car¬ 
ried  by  the  Sea  to  fuch  Places  from  this  Shore. 
He  mentions  a  Piece  found  at  Gilyenburg ,  20 
German  Miles  from  the  Sea,  which  was  found  in 
z  making 


3 1 8  2)r.  Ft  oo  itkr  (rDifcourfe$ 

inakirig  a  Well,  which  proved  to  yield  fait,  not 
freih  Water.  Alfo  at  Bortenftein ,  a  Fountain 
breaking  out  brought  with  it  much  Amber.  And 
fie  mentions  another  two  Miles  from  Bartenftein , 
which  in  1666.  broke  out  in  the  fame  Manner, 
and  vomited,  with  the  Amber ,  a  great  Quantity  of 
Sea-Sand,  which  much  damaged  the  Fields ;  and 
it  hollowed  the  Mountain  fo  much,  that  the  Top 
funk  in,  and  left  a  foundlefs  Abyfs,  or  Vorago. 
The  Amber  thrown  off  was  of  divers  Colours,  and 
Bigneftes  ;  and  there  were  various  Pieces  of  W ood 
alfo  mix’d  with  the  Sand:  This  Efflux,  at  laft, 
ceafed  and  it  has  now  left  a  Lake,  and  prodigous 
Caverns.  He  fays  further,  that  digging  a  Well  at 
Afchenburgj  they  found  Amber  in  a  Bed  of  Sand, 
like  Wood  j  but  he  thinks  the  Wood  to  be  Clay, 
fhaped  like  Wood.  Fie  mentions  alfo  many  Inland 
Lakes  where  it  is  fometimes  found,  far  dilfant 
from  the  Sea.  He  mentions  it  found  in  making 
other  Wells  ^  one  in  the  Year  1641,  another  in 
1663,  at  whofe  Bottom  Amber  was  found  in  Beds 
of  Sea-Sand.  In  other  Places  Trees  were  found 
alfo  in  the  fame  Sand.  He  relates  many  other 
Places  of  PruJJia,  where,  after  the  fame  Manner,  it 
has  been  found  ;  and  he  could  have  infbmced  alfo 

^  »  ,r*  ' 

in  abundance  more.  This  I  mid  upon  the  Whole, 
that  it  is  almoft  all  over  PruJJia ;  that  it  is  gene¬ 
rally  found  in  a  Bed  of  Sand  5  and,  that  other 
Subftances,  as  Wood,  Iron,  &e.  are  often  found 
in  that  Sand  alfo.  Thefe  Subftances,  Sand,  Am¬ 
ber,  Wood,  Trees,  &c.  he  believes  (p.  36.)  to 
be  the  Produdf  of  the  Sea ,  but  to  be  convey’d 
thither  by  fubterraneous  Paffages :  And  this  efpe- 
cially,  for  that  Planks,  Iron,  and  other  Parts  of 
Veflels^  are  found  in  the  fame  Sand  of  the  Inland 
Lakes,  and  Wells,  where  he  thinks  it  impoilible 
that  there  ihould  ever  have  been  any  Ships  or  Vef- 
fels.  He  mentions  it  to  be  found  in  Pomerania , 

but 


concerning  Amber,  319 

but  in  {mail  Quantities,  and  that  only  to  have 
come  from  P  raffia  :  Defcribing  further  the  Places 
of  the  Coafls,  where  ’tis  found  in  molt  Plenty,  he 
fays,  the  Rocks  and  Shore  have  many  petrifadted 
Stones,  and  that  the  Clifts,  or  Banks,  are  full  of 
Vitriol,  or  Marquifite  Stones  3  and  Plenty  of  Vi¬ 
triol,  Niter,  and  other  petrifying  Salts,  are  found 
mixed  with  the  fame  Sand,  in  which  the  Pieces  of 
Amber  are  found,  (p.  51.)  Quantities  alfo  of 
Thunderbolt  Stones,  and  P  ruffian  Diamonds,  or 
Chryftals,  are  alfo  found  with  it.  He  proceeds  in 
his  3d  Chapter  to  defcribe  the  proper  Vein,  or 
Mine,  of  Amber  $  and  this,  he  fays,  no  one  has 
truly  defcribed  befides  himfelf.  He  fays,  there  are 
three  Kinds  of  it  5  namely,  a  clayifh,  a  woodifh, 
and  a  fandy  Mineral ,  in  one  of  which  it  is  always 
found :  The  clayifh  is  a  Sort  of  blue  Clay ,  the 
woodifh  confifts  of  foflil  Wood,  not  vegetable,  (as 
he  thinks)  but  form’d  out  of  the  eiayifh  one ,  feme, 
he  fays,  reject  the  clayifh  and  fandy  Minerals,  and 
think  them  to  be  the  only  true  Miner  a  of  Amber: 
But  he,  by  many  Arguments,  endeavours  to  con¬ 
fute  their  Opinion  ,  efpecially,  that  of  thofe  who 
rejedt  the  fandy,  becaufe  they  could  not  conceive, 
how  the  Sea-Sand  fhould  be  carried  fo  far  from 
the  Sea  5  which,  he  conceives,  might  be  done  by 
the  univerfal  Deluge,  or  by  the  Breaking  out  of 
Fountains,  like  that  which  happened  1666.  before- 
mentioned  5  or,  which  he  Picks  to,  that  it  has 
been  convey’d  from  the  Sea  by  fubterraneous  Ca¬ 
verns,  which  he  thinks  are  now,  and  have  been  in 
Time,  all  fill’d  up  by  it,  and  fo  comes  to  be  found 
all  over  Pruffia . 

But  the  other  Authors  think  the  woody  Mi- 
tier  a ,  to  be  the  only  and  the  true  Miner  a  of  Am¬ 
ber  ;  yet  IVigandus  thinks,  that  the  Places,  where 
it  is  found,  have  been  formerly  covered  and  over¬ 
flowed  by  the  Sea  (p.  45.)  He  grants,  that  the 

Frifch 


320  T)r.  Hoo  k  s  TAifcourfes 

Frifch  Nerwing  has  been  fo  overflown,  and  is  now 
firm  Land  3  but  is  not  fatisfied  concerning  other 
Places,  Qp.  46.)  The  woody  V ein  at  Kraxtepellen 
has  much  Vitriol  mix'd  with  th e  Amber  ±  and  there 
is  much  Niter  alfo  with  the  Vitriol,  (/>.  49.)  and 
that  almoft  every  where,  where  Amber  is  found, 
there  is  found  much  Niter,  as  the  Miners  do  affert. 
He  adds,  That  the  Sea  does  petrify  Subftances 
into  black  Stones,  as  he  himfelf  obferved  at  the 
Places  where  Amber  is  found  in  moil  Plenty, 
Qp.  51.)  The  Diamonds  are  found  in  fuch  petri¬ 
fied  Stones,  wFien  broken,  like  thofe  I  have  for- 
merly  defcribed  in  the  hollow  Flints,  ( p .  52.)  A 
woody  Vein  at  Grofs  Have  nig  he  furvey’d,  and 
found  the  Hill  to  be  all  fandy,  but  the  middle  Part 
was  Wood,  like  rotten  Trees,  very  blacky  they 
feem’d  a  Kind  of  Fir-Trees,  others  thought  them 
Oaks  3  but  he  feems  to  flight  what  Trees  they  may 
be  like  3  for  he  wdll  have  them  to  be  only  Clay,  or 
Earth,  fo  fhaped,  ( p .  6.)  But  that  at  Kraxtepellen , 
he  grants,  was  yet  more  plainly  like  Wood,  ha¬ 
ving  nothing  of  Earthinefs  mix'd  with  it.  That 
which  when  moift  was  very  black,  ’when  dried 
difcovered  more  plainly  its  Parts,  and  became  of  a 
reddifh  Colour,  (j>.  61.)  In  the  Cavities  of  thefe 
Trees  he  found  them  fill’d  with  Amber ,  and  in» 
clofed  in  the  Wood  3  yet  he  thinks  the  Wood  ne¬ 
ver  was  from  Trees  3  tho’  yet  he  grants,  that  fe- 
veral  of  his  Friends  and  Patrons  aflert  them  to  be 
true  Wood.  He  adds,  Qp.  65  )  that  they  found 
them  burn  clear  without  Mineral-ftmking  3  but, 
he  fays,  what  he  had  found,  flunk  of  Niter  mix’d 
with  Vitriol  and  Sulphur  :  But  this  Stink  the  Alga 
burnt  alfo  yields,  and  flunks  fomewhat  like  Garlick. 
He  has  much  more  about  the  Miner  a  of  Amber , 
&c.  which  I  fhall  not  trouble  you  with  the  Epito¬ 
me  of,  at  prefent,  I  fhall  only  acquaint  you  with 
what  I  collected  by  my  Obfervation  of  the  whole. 


concerning  Amber,  321 

and  that  is,  that  all  thofe  Parts,  where  the  Amber 
is  found,  as  in  Beds,  has  been  fome times  under 
the  Sea,  and  fo  has  been  raifed  from  under  it,  as 
I  have  heretofore  made  it  probable  that  England 
has  been  ;  that  it  has  been  often  tumbled  with 
Earthquakes,  as  England ,  has  been  where  the  Fof- 
fil  Trees  are  found;  that  the  Trees  have  formerly 
grown  where  the  Banks  are  now  found  ;  that  the 
Gums  of  thefe,  and  fuch  like  Trees,  having  drop¬ 
ped  from  them,  have  been,  by  Rains,  waffl'd  down 
into  the  River,  and,  by  their  Streams,  carried  in¬ 
to  the  Sea  ;  that  greater  Quantities  have  remain’d 
where  the  Trees  grew  ;  aiid  when,  and  where,  they 
came  to  be  thrown  down,  there  they  have  remain¬ 
ed,  and  fince  been  petrified  into  Amber ,  by  the  ni¬ 
trous,  vitriokte,  and  other  faline  Subftances,  the 
Produdts  of  faline  Eruptions ;  and  that  has  been 
the  true  Caufe  of  the  Phenomena. 

That  fuch  an  Exudation  may  be  from  Trees, 
and  that  it  may  be  fo  carried  into  the  Sea,  I  could 
produce  many  Obfervations ;  but  I  fhall  only  in- 
ftance  in  one,  at  prefent,  and  that  is,  at  Bencoula , 
on  Javaghen ,  the  Englijh  have  a  Fort,  and  Facto¬ 
ry,  all  their  Pitch,  or  Rofin,  is  collected  out  of 
the  Stream  of  the  River,  or  gathered  on  the  Banks 
and  Shores  of  the  Sea  :  And  Dampier ,  in  his  Voy¬ 
ages,  tells  us,  That  the  Cochin  China  Men  fetch 
their  Pitch  from  Pnlo  Candor e ,  where,  by  cutting 
a  Notch  in  the  Bottom  of  the  Tree,  it  will  run, 
every  Day,  more  than  a  Quart  of  Rofin  each  Tree, 
As  to  the  Probability  of  petrifying  of  fuch  Rofin s, 

I  ffiould  fay  more,  if  I  had  Afliftance  for  making 
Experiments,  which  at  prefent  is  wanting.  But  i 
do  not  in  the  leafi:  doubt,  but  that  the  fame  thing 
may  be  perform’d  by  Art,  which  is  in  this  by  Na¬ 
ture.  I  could  add  many  other  Arguments  for  this 
Conjedlure,  from  the  Smells  of  Amber ,  from  the 
Things  inclofed  in  it ;  as  alfo  fome  Obfervations 

Y  about 


%iz  ©r .  H  o  o \Cs  'Difcourfe 

about  Amber greefe ,  and  fome  other  Petrifadlions ; 
but  for  thefe  I  (hall  take  another  Opportunity, 

©r.  Hook’s  fecond  ^Difcourfe  of  Amber. 

T  acquainted  you,  the  laft  Day,  with  what 
*  my  Author  thought  the  moft  general  and 
common  Miner  a  cf  Amber ,  which  he  conceives  to 
be  extended  over  all  PruJJia ,  as  well  in  all  the  In¬ 
land  Parts  as  in  the  Sea,  on  the  Shores,  and  in  the 
Caverns  of  the  Clifts  and  Hills  out  of  which  it  is 
dug  ,  and  this  he  has  confirm'd  by  many  particu¬ 
lar  Inftances,  at  fome  of  which  he  had  been  a  Wit- 
nefs,  and  of  others  he  has  had  very  pertinent  In¬ 
formations.  This  js  the  Miner  a  arenarta ,  a  cer¬ 
tain  Layer,  or  Bed  of  Sand,  which,  by  the  Sub- 
fiances  found  in  it,  does  to  me  feem  plainly  to 
have  been  the  Bottom  of  fome  Sea  that  has  for¬ 
merly  covered  all  that  Country ;  wrhich  Country 
has,  in  Procefs  of  Time,  been  rais'd  above  the  Le¬ 
vel  of  the  Surface  of  the  prefent  Sea  ;  but  yet,  at 
a  certain  Depth,  all  that  fandy  Bottom  yet  re¬ 
mains,  containing  fuch  Subftances  as  were  there 
depofited  whilft  it  was  in  that  Eftate  and  Condi¬ 
tion  ,  at  leaf:  fuch  of  them  as  have  not  by  Length 
of  Time  rotted  and  confumed.  Thefe  more  du¬ 
rable  Subftances,  I  fay,  as  the  Pyrites  and  petrifi¬ 
ed  Shells,  which  he  calls  Thunderbolts  and  Wood, 
Bones,  and  Amber,  together  with  the  faline  Bo¬ 
dies  of  Vitriol,  Alum,  Niter,  and  Sea  Salt,  are 
found  to  have  been,  to  this  Day,  preferved  in  it,(1 
and  to  be  found  unconfumed  by  the  general  De- 
vourer  of  all  Things,  time.  So  that,  when  they 
have  Occafion  of  Digging  into  this  Bed  of  Sand! 
for  Wells,  or  the  like,  or  upon  the  accidental 
Eruption  of  Springs,  Lumps  and  Pieces  of  Amber' 
are  often  found  in  it,  together  alfo  with  divers  ofilj 

the: 


concerning  Amber.  %zi 

the  other  permanent  Subftances  found  commonly 
on  the  Shores  of  the  Sea. 

Now,  that  this  is  not  fo  impoflible  or  unufua! 
a  Phenomenon,  as  fhould  ifartle  any  one’s  Aflent, 
or  Belief  of  the  Truth  of  it,  I  did,  33  Years  fince, 
prove,  by  Multitudes  of  Obfervations  (divers  made 
my  felf,  and  many  more  by  others)  that  all  Eng¬ 
land  is  a  moil  evident  Inftance  and  (Teftimony  of 
the  like  Phenomena  here ,  that  is,  that  not  only 
the  Vales,  and  lower  Parts  of  the  Land,  have  been 
fometimes  the  Bottom  of  a  Sea,  but  even  the 
Tops  of  the  Hills  and  Mountains,  (fuch  as  we 
have)  do  plainly,  and  undeniably,  confirm  it.  How, 
and  when,  thefe  Alterations  have  been  effected,  I 
have  long  fince  given  my  Conjectures ;  but,  if  God 
reftore  my  Health,  I  hope  1  fhall  be  able  to  give  a 
more  particular,  convincing,  and  fatisfadlory  Ac¬ 
count  ;  not  only  founded  upon  the  Obfervations 
and  Phenomena  I  then  had  for  my  Directors, 
but  many  Hundreds  of  others,  which  I  have  fince 
that  Time  collected  j  which  have  not  only  confirm¬ 
ed,  in  the  general,  what  I  then  pitched  upon,  but 
has  enabled  me  to  be  more  particular  in  the  Mode, 
Time,  and  Method  of  them. 
r  Now,  if  this  Phenomenon  be  thus  folved,  by 
granting  that  all  Pritffia  has  been  formerly  under  the 
Sea,  and  that  this  Miner  a  arenaria  is  a  plain  Teflti- 
mony  of  it ,  ’twill  not  be  difficult  to  conceive  how 
the  Amber  comes  to  be  found  in  it,  fince  the  great- 
eft  Part  of  what  is  now  taken  by  thofe,  whofe  Bufi- 
nefs  it  is  to  find  it,  is  by  Digging,  and  Fifhing  it  up 
out  of  the  Sand  of  the  Shore,  or  of  thofe  Parts  that 
are  pretty  near  contiguous  to  it,  and  lie  not  very 
deep  under  the  Water ;  and  thefe  Pieces  of  Am¬ 
ber  are  not  found  on  the  Top  of  this  Sand,  but 
buried  in,  and  covered  by  it,  a  pretty  Depth  ;  not 
but  that,  queftionlefs$  the  deeper  Parts  of  the 
Bottom  of  the  Sea,  if  it  were  in  the  fame  Manner 

Y  2  digged 


314  ®r-  HookAt  cDifcourfe$ 

digged  and  examined,  would  yield  as  great  Plenty 
of  it  3  but  I  perceive  they  have  not  a  Method  of 
making  fuch  Experiments,  and  content  themfelves 
to  fifh  for  it  only  in  the  fhallower  Parts,  and  on 
the  Shore.  But  ftiil  the  Queflion  is,  How,  arid 
from  whence  came  it,  and  by  what  Means  to  be 
there  placed?  That  then  is  the  next  Enquiry. 

A  n  d  here,  for  the  anfwering  of  this,  w^e  muff 
audire  alteram  partem ,  that  is,  the  Judgment  of 
thofe  which  he  acknowledges  to  have  been  the 
Principal  who  have  treated  of  this  Subjedt,  and 
thofe  from  whom  (befides  his  own  Obfervations) 
he  hath  collected  the  chiefeiE  of  his  Informations, 
whom  he  calls  Triga  eruditorum  PruJJiae ,  i.  e.  Au- 
rifaber ,  Gobelins ,  &  Wigandus ,  viri  de  Succini  no - 
titia  optime  raeriti :  But,  tho5  he  praifeth  thefe, 
yet  he  quotes,  and  makes  Ufe  of  the  Relations 
and  Teffimonies  of  many  others  alfo.  But  yet, 
as  to  the  true  Miner  a  ^  or  Vein,  or  proper  Scent 
of  it,  he  rejedts  the  Opinion  of  them  all,  and  en¬ 
deavours,  by  his  whole  Difcourfe,  to  confirm  his 
own  Opinion  ;  which  he  calls  his  own,  becaufe,  fays 
he,  ip.  55  )  Hie  locus  quidem  ( quantum  fcio )  diferte 
a  nemine  explicatus .  And  yet,  (he  adds)  Propri * 
as  autem  venas  lit  aliorum  mineralium  ita  etiam  & 
fuccinorum  extare ,  tain  certain  rnibi  quarn  quod 
certifejimum.  (We  muft  allow  him  fome  Grains  for 
his  Fondnefs  of  his  own  Opinion)  Neque  folum  id 
confirm  at  ^  quod  peculiar  is  feignor  urn  cognitio  in  fiojfio- 
ribus  requiratur ,  ut  quae  propter  fingularis  curve  ve¬ 
nas  indagandi  &  obfeervandi  cuipiam  in  angulo  ad 
Grofs  Hubenig  ubi  preeprimis  fioditur ,  eft  demanda- 
ta ,  fied  quod  hujus  cetatis  eruditi  P  by  feci  Cbymici 
qui  ilia  loca  adierunt ,  ant  terras  in.de  allot  as  fine - 
runt  accuratius  contemplate ,  it  idem  venas  me  cum 
ftatuant ,  fied  &  Jequentia  ajjertum  nofirum  mani - 
f eft  urn  reddent ,  ubi  etiam  per  tot  am  Prufefeiam  ft  qua 
alt  ins  ex  terra  effojfia ,  feign  a  venarum  adfuijje  con - 
' [  ‘  ft  it  exit- 


concerning  Amber.  325* 

filter  it.  I  fhall  not  trouble  you  with  the  Relation 
of  thefe  Sequential  but  fhall  only  fay,  that  the 
Hypothecs  I  have  mentioned,  of  the  whole  Coun¬ 
try’s  having  been  fometimes  overflowed  by  the  Se a, 
does  give  a  full  Solution,  and  Explication,  of  them 
all ,  and,  indeed,  they  are,  moll:  of  them,  very  con¬ 
firming  Proofs  of  that  Dodtrine,  if  they  be  duly 
confidered ;  as  I  could  fhew,  if  it  were  not  too 
tedious :  For,  how  fhould  the  broken  Pieces  of  the 
pitched  Plank  of  a  Ship  otherwife  come  to  be 
found  in  his  Miner  a  arenaria ,  or  Miner  a  lute  a ,  at 
fo  great  a  Diftance  from  the  Sea.  He  grants,  in¬ 
deed,  that  the  Amber  found  on  the  Shore,  in  the 
Sand,  is  not  there  in  its  proper  Miner  a  $  but  is  by- 
Accident  thrown  up  by  the  Working  of  the  Sea, 
and,  by  the  fame  Caufe,  covered  and  buried  in  the 
Sand :  But,  when  it  is  found  in  the  Inland  Parts, 
then  he  thinks  it  to  be  in  its  proper  Miner  a.  Alii 
arenofam  &  lute  am  negant ,  &  cafu  vel  forte  im~ 
mifia  fuccina  ajfsrunt ,  un am  ligneam  genuinam  ve** 
nam  autum antes .  Verum  arenofam  ut  lit  ilia  proba- 
rent  loca  quae  ex  Pruffia  &  Pomerania  dedimus ,  quae 
fcilicet  arenis  obtutum  fuccinum  dedere .  Again,  De 
colli  bus  vero  E?  montihus  arenofis  idem  afferenduin ) 
(that  is,  that  the  Amber  has  been  accidentally,  or 
by  the  Working  of  the  Sea,  mixed  and  buried  in 
the  Sand),  difficilior  eft  ratio ,  imprimis  quod  a  mart 
fat  is  fint  re  mot  i.  finds  vero  cafus  his  vel  fingi  po » 
teft  fuccina  E?  quidem  non  contemnenda  copia  credit 
dijj'e  ?  An  ad  inundationes  terrarum  recurrendum  ? 
Sed  ittas  nondiim  ubique  hiftorica  fides  fatis  adftru - 
xit.  Pot ius ^  ut  quae  mea  fit  fententia  exprimam , 
meatibus  fiubterraneis  eadem  deberi  contendo ,  & 
cum  fcaturigine  aliquando  ejeffa  fuiffe  non  aliter 
quam  ad  Bartenftein  Anno  1 666.  contigiffe  recen - 
fiuimus ,  E?  hie  multum  arence  fiimul  egefium ,  E?  cre¬ 
do  fib  ilia  eti annum  latere  fuccina.  So  that  we 
fee  he  is  forced,  tho5  unwillingly,  to  yield,  that 

Y  3  '  '  ’tis 


%x6  €Dr.  H  o  o  ks  cDtfcourjes 

pis  poflibie  the  Miner  a  arenaria  may  be  a  Produfk 
of  the  Sea  3  tho3,  becaufe  he  finds  no  Hiflory  when 
the  Country  was  overflowed  by  the  Sea,  he  would 
evade  that  Way,  and  introduce  his  Notion  of  fub- 
terranepus  Paflfages  ,  which  is,  as  if  a  Mariner  dis¬ 
covering  an  Ifland  in  fome  great  Ocean,  and  finding 
feme  Houfe  on  it,  but  no  Inhabitants,  fhould  con-, 
elude  that  this  Houfe  had  there  grown  of  itfelf,  or 
elfe  had  been  brought  thither  thro3  the  Air  by  fome 
violent  Hurricane,  and  there  fet  down,  (for  I  fan¬ 
cy  a  PI urricane  might  as  eafily  carry  a  Houfe  three*? 
fcore  Miles  thro3  the  Air,  as  fubterraneous  Paf¬ 
fages  convey  the  Sand,  and  Amber ,  of  the  Sea- 
Shore,  to  a  Mountain  threefcore  Allies  in  the 
Land,)  and  he  fhould  make  this  Concluflon,  be¬ 
caufe  he  wanted  a  Hifliory  of  the  Habitation  of 
this  Ifland  by  fome  Men.  But  (as  I  faid  before) 
we  muff  allow  the  Author  fome  Grains  for  his 
Kindnefs  to  his  own  Off-fpring.  But,  as  we  have 
hitherto  made  him  fome  Grains  of  Allowance  for 
his  Partiality  for  his  Hypotheiis  of  the  Miner  a  are ~ 
naria ,  and  the  fubterraneous  Conveyances,  where 
he  is  forced  to  yield  it  may  be  Sea-Sand  ,  fo  we 
muff  now  allow  him  fome  Drachms,  pr  rather 
Ounces,  where  he  would  evade  the  Minera  lignea 
of  Amber ;  for  this  Minera  feems  to  fpoil  his  (trey 
naria :  For,  tho3  almoil  all  the  other  Authors  do 
make  this  to  be  the  chiefefb,  and  rnoft  natural  Mi¬ 
ner  a,,  which  affords,  by  much,  the  greatefl  Quantity, 
and  the  biggeft,  and  moil  entire  Pieces  j  and  tho* 
he  agrees  with  them,  by  his  own  Experience  and 
Observation,  yet,  flnee  it  would  depofe  his  Minera 
arenaria  from  the  firft  Dignity,  by  one  Salvo  he 
evades  all  the  Strefs  of  it  againfl:  his  Minera  are - 
naria ,  by  making  it  but  one  Species  of  the  Minera 
kite  a  :  For,  he  would  have  the  Wood  that  is 
found,  not  ever  to  have  been  Trees,  but  only  Clay 
fo  fhaped,  by  he  knows  not  what  Caufe,  For  he 


concerning  Amber.  327 

fays,  (p.  61.)  after  he  has  told  the  feveral  Opini- 
ons  of  divers  Authors  concerning  the  Species  of 
the  Trees  that  compofe  the  Miner  a  lignea ,  Ve - 
rum  par  um  inter  eft  fcire  cujus  ligni  prefer  at  fa - 
ciem ,  genuinum  lignum  non  effe  in  P by fwis  de¬ 

nt  onf  retire  fiat  is.  And  fo  again,  after  he  has  more 
particularly  examined  the  Words  and  Adertions  of 
the  mod:  celebrated  Authors,  concerning  this  Opi¬ 
nion,  and  oppofed  them,  as  much  as  he  was  able, 
(which  Anfwers,  to  me,  1  confefs,  feem  very  in- 
fignificant,  and,  at  beft,  but  Evafions)  he  fays, 
(p.  182.)  gbi  are  cum  nec  hiftoria  nec  ratiombus 
folide  probari  poffit ,  fuccinum  arbor  um  ejfe  fit  c  cum , 
parum  inter  eft  dif crimen  lachryrn# ,  gummi ,  &  refi- 
nee ,  hoc  loco  annotare  &  difquirere  quo  nomine  con - 
venientius  fuccinum  fnerit  appellatum.  But,  not- 
withftanding  this,  what  hehimfelf  has  obferved  and 
related, concerning  this  Vena  lignea^feems  as  great 
an  Argument  againft  his  own  Opinion,  as  any  can 
be  brought.  He  fays  then  of  his  own  Observa¬ 
tions,  (p.  59.)  Diverfimode  contemplari  contigit  ad 
Craxtepellem  totum  mentis  jugum  conte dim  quafi 
corticibus  grifei  colons  vidi.  Superiorem  enirn  fa¬ 
ct  em  Soli  expo  fit  am  it  a  calor  exficcaret :  remota  ve- 
ro  hac  parte  extima  piceee  nigredinis  terra  magnis 
quafi  &  levibus  nitidifqne  cruftis  perfitus  concreta 
confpiciebatur ;  atque  fit  cttltro  dijfecabatur ,  quafi 
mult  os  moUiffimos  cortices  dijfecui fifes ,  fieda  pree  fie 
ferebat ;  introrfium  v  erf  us  vero  [oliditas  comp  ad  a 
terra  difficilem  fiedionem  reddebat. 

This  is  his  firft  Obfervation,  which,  how  plain¬ 
ly  it  deferibes  Trees,  I  leave  any  one,  unprejudi¬ 
ced,  to  judge.  Firft,  They  were  found  at  the  Top 
of  the  Mountain,  where,  in  Probability,  they  had 
grown ;  and  where,  by  the  way,  5tis  not  very  like¬ 
ly  that  there  fhould  arife  a  Fountain  of  Bitumen 3 
or  that  the  Amber  fhould  be  conveyed  thither  by 
fubterraneous  P adages  $  and  yet  Plenty  is  there 

Y  4  *  dug 


3i8  H  o  o  k V  Ttifcourfe 

dug  out :  And  whilft  he  was  there,  he  fays,  there 
was  taken  up  unum  ghetalum  fuccini  :  What  ghe- 
tdltitn  fignifies  I  know  not.  Next,  How  proper 
his  Opening,  or  Differing  of  this  Ground,  as  he 
calls  it,  does  reprefent  a  rotten  Tree,  you  may 
eafily  judge:  For,  firft,  he  defcribes  the  Subftance 
of  the  Bark,  or  Rind  ^  next,  the  fappy  Parts  of 
the  rotted  Tree  3  and,  laftly,  the  Heart,  or  folid 
woody  Part  of  it. 

His  fecond  Obfervation  is  this,  (gp .  60.)  Aliter 
ad  Grofs  Hubenig  venam  ligneam  cum  fojjorum  ope-? 
ris  c o?2 [pi cere  datum  fait,  Mons  erat  arenofus ,  pla¬ 
ne  intermedium  erat  genus  ligni  quod  putredo  emol- 
livijfe  videbatur ,  ut  facillimo  negotio  bipalio  i72ftar 
mollijjimre  t  err  re  afojforibus  radi  pojfetgnigro  quafi  car - 
bonis  colore  inf e  bln  m  ;  fpecie  abirgno  72072  abfemile , 
imprimis  am  in  ejufmodi  cortices  circulares  veluii 
deglubi  poterat,&  alias  ejufmodi  inter fegmertta^  five 
line  ament  a  often  deb  at :  Alii  querno  comparant^ficu- 
ti  &  faufto  ligiii  Spork,  fcilicet  fragmenta  qiue 
cum  faccino  ejici  poftea  dicendum  erit ,  ejufdem  ge¬ 
neris  credunt.  Read  the  Book,  Pag.  6i,  62,  63, 
64,  65,  and  66,  to  §.  VIII. 

That  fome  of  thefe  Pieces  of  Gum  have  been 
found  not  quite  petrified,  but  only  fo  far  as  to 
have  fome  Degree  of  it,  yet  to  be  mouldable  like 
Wax  ;  Further,  that  the  Country  has  been  fome- 
time  overflow’d,  and  that  the  Remainders  of  the 
Sea  have  been  left  in  feveral  Parts  of  the  Country: 
But,  befides  the  Sea-Water,  it  feems  to  me,  by 
feveral  PafTages  in  this  Book,  that  I  could  quote, 
that  the  Land  of  Prufiia  abounds  with  thefe  Kinds 
of  petrifying  Subftances,  rather  than  that  that 
Country  was  the  only  Place  where  thofe  Kind  of 
Trees  grew  ;  and,  that  it  feems  by  the  Differences 
of  Ambers ,  found  in  very  diftailt  Parts  of  the 
Earth,  that  other  Sorts  of  refinous  Gums  may  be 
turn’d  into  Amber ,  if  the  petrifying  Subltances  be 

afforded. 


concerning  Amber,  329 

afforded,  where  fuch  Gums  do  drop  from  their 
proper  Trees  :  Now  what  is  the  true  petrifying 
Subftance  of  Amber ,  I  have  not  Obfervations 
enough  to  determine,  nor  have  I  wherewith  to 
defray  the  Charge  of  Experiments  for  that  Pur- 
pofe.  Some  Conjectures  1  have,  concerning  other 
Rinds  of  Petrifactions,  for  there  are  many  Kinds 
of  that  Operation,  which  I  may,  fome  other  Time, 
difcourfe  of,  and,  if  I  have  Conveniency,  fhew 
fome  Experiments  about  it :  3Tis  a  SubjeCt  that 
deferves  to  be  cultivated,  for  it  will  afford  very 
much  of  Information  in  phyfical  Productions,  and 
5tis,  I  conceive,  much  differing  from  the  Senti¬ 
ments  of  Authors  I  have  hitherto  met  with,  who 
have  treated  of  it.  But  I  fear,  I  have  been  too 
tedious  on  this  SubjeCt,  and  therefore  fhall  fay  no 
more  at  the  prefent,  only  I  fhall  fhew  a  Specintfeit 
or  two  of  another  Sort  of  Petrifaction,  and  thofe 
are  of  Chalk,  which  though  from  its  Plenty,  it  be 
more  vile,  yet,  for  that  very  Caufe,  it  feems  to 
me  to  be  well  worthy  a  more  ferious  and  diligent 
Enquiry,  to  find  out  from  what  Subftance  that 
Body  had  its  firft  Original,  for  by  the  Inftances 
that  1  fhall  fhew,  it  appears  plainly,  that  it  was  a 
fluid  Body  before  it  became  a  folid  ,  and  by  other 
Inftances  alfo,  it  appears,  that  Flints  were  like- 
wife  fo  before  they  were  petrified  into  Flints,  and 
fo  feveral  other  ftony  Concretions,  of  which  Sub¬ 
jects,  little  is  to  be  found  in  natural  Hiftorians. 

A  third  ‘Difcourfe  of  Dr.  H  o  o  kV  concern¬ 
ing  Amber,  on  May  19,  1697. 

Since  I  read  fome  Difcourfes  here  the  laft 
Vacation,  concerning  my  ConjeCture  about 
the  Original  of  Amber ,  in  which  I  endeavour’d, 
by  many  Arguments,  to  prove  it  to  be  a  Petri¬ 
faction 


330  cDr.  H  ookV  < Dtfconrfe 

fadtion  of  a  vegetable  Juice,  or  the  relinous  Gum 
of  fome  Tree,  1  had  Occafion  to  fearch  into  the 
All  a  Hafnienfia  of  '-Thomas  Barth  oline 3  for  an¬ 
other  Enquiry,  and  fo  accidentally  met  with  fome 
curious  Obfervations  of  that  learned  Man,  con¬ 
cerning  this  Subject  of  Amber  ,  fome  of  which  1 
conceive,  if  not  all  of  them,  do  much  contribute 
to  eftablifh  the  JDocTrine,  or  Opinion,  which  1  en¬ 
deavour’d  to  piaintain. 

T  h  a  t  which  i  principally  took  Notice  of  is, 
the  57th  Head  or  Sedtion  of  the  hrlh  Volume,  for 
the  Years  1671,  and  1672.  Fublifhed  at  Copen - 
hagen ,  in  the  Year  1673.  It  contains  an  Account 
of  Obfervations  and  Experiments  about  Amber ; 
where,  firfh,  he  relates,  that  the  Diggers  of  the 
new  Ditch,  about  the  City  of  Copenhagen ,  met 
with  Pieces  of  Amber  of  feverai  Bignefles  ,  and, 
which  was  very  remarkable,  the  Diggers  took  No¬ 
tice,  that  wherever  they  found  thefe  Pieces,  they 
found  them  mix’d  with  the  Miner  a  of Amber ,  name- 
h'-j t!ie  Bark  or  Rinds  of  Oak-Trees,  with  which  it 
was  not  only  mixed,  but  Ruck,  or  glued  fall  to  it, 
as  .is  to  be  feen,  fays  he,  in  the  feverai  Pieces  which 
the  Diggers  have  fold  to  divers  curious  Perfons. 
There  was  alfo  another  Mineral,  which  was  a  black 
Wood,  as  if  burnt,  to  which  the  Amber  alfo  Ruck, 
I  fhpuld,  fays  he,  have  believed  it  to  be  fome  Sort 
of  Bitumen,  or  l  lack  Amber ,  if  the  Smell  of  it  had 
not  made  me  of  another  Mind  ;  for  the  ill  Smell 
of  it,  when  burnt,  made  me  judge  it  to  be  the 
Remainders  of  fome  Pieces  of  Oak.  And  yet 
Camden ,  fays  he,  in  his  Defcription  of  Whitby , 
mentions  fuch  a  black  Amber ,  or  Jet,  to  be  found 
in  England.  The  PafTage  in  Camden  is  this;  fpeak- 
ing  of  the  Parts  near  Whitby ,  in  the  North-Riding 
of  Torkjhire 5  he  lays,  Juxta  hunc  locum  &  alibi 
in  hoc  lift  ore  repertuni  ell  Succinitm  nigrum  five 
Qeate ,  Gaga  turn  aliqui  efifie  ex:  (lint  ant ,  quern  inter 

r art  ores 


concerning  Amber.  331 

far  tores  l  abides  gemmafq,  habuerunt  vet ere  st 
pnafpitur  vero  inter  c  antes  nbi  rimis  dehi fcnnt  * 
&  priu fquam  expoliatur ,  colore  eft  fubrjifo ,  6 
ginofo.  Expolitum  autem  vere  eft ,  inqnit  Solinus, 

ftJigro-Gemmeus ,  ^  .3//0  Phemnius  Palemon  2  Dio - 

— — ■  Pr  re  fidget  ni.ro  fplendore  G  agates 
Hie  lapis  ardefcens  auftro  perfufus  aquarian. 

Aft  oleo  perdens  flammasy  mirabile  vifu , 

At  tr  it  us  rapit  hie  tenerasy  ceu  fuccina  frondesy 


Et  Marbod&ns  in  fuo  de  Gemmis  Libeilo ; 

Nafcitur  in  Lycia  lapis  &  prope  Gemma  Gagatesy 
Sed  genus  eximium  fxcunda  Britannia  mittit  - 
Lucidus  &  nigery  eft  levis  &  leeviffimus  idem  : 
Vicinas  paleas  trahit  attritu  ealefaffusy 
Ardet  aqua  lot  ns  y  reftinguitur  unffns  olivo , 


Audi  etiam  Solinum.  Gagates  in  Britannia  plurimus 
optimufq y  lapis  •  fi  colorem  requirasy Nigro-gem mens ; 
ft  qualitatemy  mil  lias  fere  ponder  is  yfi  naturamy  aqua 
ardet ,  reftinguitur  oleo  ;  fi  poteftatemy  attritu  cale- 
faff  us  ,  applicita  detiuet,  Thus  far  Camden  >  from 
all  which  to  me  it  feems  very  probable,  that  the 
true  Jet  is  a  Kind  of  Ambery  and  differs  from  the 
common  yellow  Amber  only  in  its  Colour,  which 
is  very  black  3  but  5tis  found,  as  the  other  Amber 
generally  is,  only  in  fmall  Pieces,  rnoft  commonly 
in  the  Clefts  of  Stones,  and  which  is  further  re¬ 
markable,  where  there  are  alfo  found  feveral  other 
Subftances,  preferved  by  Petrifaft  ion ,  for  juft  be¬ 
fore  this  Paftage,  about  black  Amber ,  in  the  fame 
Page  485  of  my  Edition,  he,  mentioning  other  Re- 
markables  of  the  fame  Place,  fays,  Lapides  hie  in - 
veniuntury  ferpentium  in  j pi  ram  revolutorum  effi- 
giey  naturae  ludentis  miraculay  ( quee  ut  inquit  ille J 
(he  means  Bede)  n  at  nr  a  cum  verts  Sfterits  negotiis 

qua  ft 


3  3^  cDr.  H  o  o  k V  'Dificurfes 

quafi  fatigata  ludendo  eff or  mat.  Serpent  es  olirn  fuijje. 
crederes  qiios  l  apt  dens  cortex  intexiffet.  Hi  l  dee 

autem  preabus  adferibit  credulitas,  tanquam 
ilia  commutaffet,  Lie.  1  fuppofe  he  means  the 
Cornu-Amrnoms  Stone,  of  which  Kind,  many  are 
found  in  Torkjhire  by  feveral,  but  more  particu¬ 
larly  by  Sir  'Jonas  More,  who  allured  me,  he  had 
feen  one,  and  knew  where  to  fetch  it,  which  was 
full  as  big  as  the  fore-Wheel  of  a  Coach,  which 
he  promifed  to  get,  and  convey  to  London ,  when¬ 
ever  he  went  into  that  Country  5  and  that  there 
was  great  Plenty  of  others  of  fomewhat  fmaller 
Sizes,  yet  of  the  bigger  Kind ;  divers  of  which 
Kind  are  in  the  Repofitory,  though  found  in  other 
Parts,  as  particularly  in  the  Quarries  of  Portland , 
and  at  Keynsham  in  Somerfetfhire,  by  Mr.  Waller ; 
nor  are  thefe  Kind  of  Petrifactions  in  Torkfoire  on¬ 
ly  about  Whitby,  but  Multitudes  alfo  are  found  in 
TLichmondJhire,  as  the  fame  Author,  Mr.  Cam¬ 
den,  teftifies,  (pag.mihi  489.)  Incifis  rupibus  & 
m  onto  fa  collium  eminentia  haec  regio  fere  totq 
eminet  quorum  convex  a  fnnt  alicubi,  flint  fatis  her - 
hi  da,  Lie.  Montes  plumb  0,  carbdne  foffili,  necnon 
cere  gravidi,  &c.— — »  §fiod  in  eorum  autem  fum- 
mitatibus  ut  eti am  alibi ,  lapides  nonnimquam  ftierint 
reperti,  cochleas  marinas  &  alia  aquatilia  referen¬ 
ces,  f  non  fint  naturae  miracula  :  reftifi  in  omnem 
terrain  fib  Noe  diltivii  certa  effe  indicia  cum  Orofio 
Chriftiano  hifiorico  jndicabo.  Sic  enim  ille  J cri- 
bit,  &c.  But  to  pafs  this  by,  which  I  have  only 
taken  Notice  of,  to  fhew,  that  about  thofe  Parts 
there  are  fufficient  Indications  of  Petrifactions  of 
other  Subfiances  alfo  ;  and  thence  w'e  have  the 
more  Reafon  to  conclude,  that  Amber  alfo,  both 
White,  Yellowy  and  Black,  are  Petrifactions 
alfo,  and  that  the  Colour  may  proceed,  either 
from  the  particular  Nature  of  the  original  Gum, 
or  elfe  from  "the  differing  Sorts  of  the  petrifying 

mineral 


concerning  Amber*  333 

mineral  Salts ;  for  ’tis  fufficiently  known,  that  Oak 
turns  to  Black  with  a  vitriolate  Mineral,  and  to  Red 
with  an  aluminous;  or  that  the  Black  may  have  been 
produced  by  the  Effects  of  a  fubterraneous  Fire 
there  having  broke  forth,  as  Pitch  and  Tar  are 
ftrain’d  by  the  Power  of  Fire,  in  the  artificial  Making 
them,  by  burning  of  the  Wood,  out  of  which  they 
are  forced  ;  and  as  the  vitrious  Jet,  of  which  we 
had  formerly  fome  Specimens  here,  prefented  by  Sir 
Robert  Moray ,  which  were  brought  from  the  burn¬ 
ing  Mount  He  cl  a  in  I  [land  ;  which  black  Subftance 
was  a  perfedl  Glafs,  and,  by  melting  of  it  in  the 
Prong  Flame  of  a  Lamp,  I  reduced  feveral  Pieces  of 
it  to  clear  tranfparent  Glafs,  the  Thicknefs  thereof 
vanifhing,  by  the  keeping  it  for  fome  Time  melted  in 
the  hot  Flame  of  the  Lamp :  But  however  this  black 
Amber ,  or  Jet,  comes  to  receive  fuch  aTinfture, 
it  feems  plainly  to  me,  to  be  of  the  fame  Nature 
with  yellow  Amber ,  and  both  of  them  very  diffe¬ 
rent  from  thofe  Subftances  that  are  originally  mi¬ 
neral,  as  Afpbaltum ,  or  other  bituminous  Sub¬ 
ftances,  efpecially  by  their  Lightnefs  and  Finenefs 
of  Texture,  as  their  artificial  Polifh  does  plainly  111a- 
nifeft.  And  Bartholine  feems  plainly  to  be  con¬ 
vinced  of  the  Truth  of  this  Hypothefis  by  ma¬ 
ny  PafTages,  related  in  this  57th  Obfervation ;  as 
particularly,  that  it  has  been  left  wEere  it  was 
found  at  Copenhagen ,  by  the  Sea  ;  and  that  all  that 
Country  has  fometiities,  formerly,  been  overflowed 
by  the  Sea.  Next,  That  all  Amber  has  been  firft 
foft,  and,  by  Procefs  of  Time,  indurated  ;  that, 
when  foft,  it  was  the  Gum  of  fome  Tree;  and, 
while  fo,  thofe  feveral  Subftances  were  immers’d 
in  it,  which  afterwards  became  cafed  up,  and  in- 
clofed  in  the  fame  Subftance  hardened,  or  petrifi¬ 
ed  ;  as.  Job.  Gobelins  had  a  green  Frog  fo  inclo- 
fed,  and  Frederick  III.  King  of  Denmark ,  had  a 
Lizard  after  the  fame  Manner:  And  Monf.  Bicart 

was 


334  *ZV.  Hoo k 9s  TDifcourfes 

was  prefented,  by  S choleras,  with  the  Cone  of  4 
Fir-Tree  inclofed  in  the  fame  Manner.  Non  igi- 
tur  dubitamus ,  fays  Bartholine ,  It  quid  am  fuijje  Re- 
fin  am  vel  Lachrymam  ex  arhore  profluentem ,  &  vel 
fale ,  vel  tern  ports  diuturnitate  in  marts  littoribus 
c  oner ef cere  &  indurart  :  ^ nan  qua  m  probabili  ra- 
tione  quoque ,  alii  ex  pingui  bitumine  in  ifiam  folt- 
ditatem  compingi  fufpicentur.  As  to  his  other 
Trials  about  the  Diffolution  of  Amber ,  mentioned 
in  this  57th Section,  I  omit  them,  as  affording  lit¬ 
tle  of  Information  pertinent  to  the  Solution  of  this 
Query,  Whether  it  owes  its  Original  to  a  vegeta¬ 
ble  or  mineral  Subilance  ?  And  pafs  on  to  the' 
I22d  Obfervation  of  his  fecond  Tomej  where, , 
upon  the  Occafion  of  feme  Objections  made  a- 
gainft  his  Supposition,  by  Job.  Dan .  Major ,  Pro- 
feflor  in  the  CJniverfity  of  Kilee ,  he  has  enumera¬ 
ted  all  the  Obfervations  which  he  conceives  to  be 
pertinent  to  the  determining  this  Controverfy. 

1.  The  Cone  of  a  Fir-Tree  included  in  Amber  $ 
my  Friend  Sextus  Sc  holer  us,  Conful  of  Copenha¬ 
gen,  had. 

2.  I  faw,  at  Mr.  Henry  Monachal  s,  my  honour¬ 
ed  Kinfman’s,  a.  Piece  of  Amber,  compofed  of 
white,  yellow,  and  green  Parts,  in  which  was  in¬ 
cluded  a  Gnat,  and  feme  of  the  Mofs  of  a  Tree. 

3.  Wigandus,  in  his  Hi  If  cry  of  the  PruJJia  Am¬ 
ber,  relates,  that  he  faw  a  green  Frog,  which  is 
ufed  to  fit  on  the  green  Leaves  of  Trees,  included 
in  a  Mafs  of  PruJJia  Amber. 

4.  T  h  e  Sticking  of  Gumlac  to  its  Sticks  gives 
a  Sufpicion  that  Amber  may  flick  in  the  fame 
Manner ;  tho5,  being  liquid  at  firff,  it  may  not 
flick  to  the  Twigs,  but  drop  down  from  them. 

5.  T  hat  molt  Gums,  which  flow  out  of  Trees, 
do  not  carry  with  them  the  Impreflioii  of  thofe 
Trees. 


6  That 


concerning  Amber.  355* 

6.  That  thofe  fmall  Creatures,  as  Flies  and 
Gnats,  which  are  found  in  Amber  ^  do  pitch  on 
fuch  Parts  of  Trees  where  the  Gum  trickles  down, 
and  fo  are  as  likely  there  intangled  in  it,  as  in  the 
Earth ;  where  they  do  not  only  abfeond,  during 
the  Winter  Months,  benummed  as  ’twere,  and 
half  dead. 

7.  I  f  you  believe  1 Tacitus ,  Birds  alfo  have  been 
found  in  Amber ,  whofe  Words,  in  the  Book  of 
the  Manners  of  the  Germans ,  are  remarkable,  and 
not  disbeliev’d  by  any.  Sue  cum  tamen  arbor  um 
ejje  intelligas  (fays  he)  quia  terrena  qiicedarn  atque 
mi  am  volucria  ant  m  alt  a  plerumqne  interlvcent ,  qnce 
implicit  a  humor  e  mex  durefeente  materia  cluduntur . 
Fescundiora  igitur  nemora  lucofqne ,  ficut  Qrientis 
fecretis ,  it  hi  Flour  a  Balfamaque  jndantnr ,  it  a  Occi¬ 
dents  in  full  s  terrifque  ineffe  ere  di  derim ,  quce.vici- 
ni  foils  radiis  exprejfa  atque  liquentia  in  proximtim 
mare  lab  unit  ur ,  ac  vi  tempeftatum in  ad-verfa  littora 
exundant.  Si  naturam  fuccini  ad  mot  0  igne  tentes , 
in  modum  tedoc  accenditur ,  alitpnc  flamrnam  pin - 
gueni  &  olentem ,  mox  lit  in  picem  refinamve  ten - 
iefeit :  Thus  Fir  Tacitus.  Now,  fays  Barth oline , 
If  this  Account  be  true,  why  fhould  we  doubt  the 
former  Arguments  5  efpecially,  fince  the  natural 
Hiftorians,  Solinus ,  and  others,  agree  with  him : 
Nor  is  the  Fidelity  of  Olaus  Magnus  to  be  wholly 
rejedled,  tho’  he  had  dreamt  in  fome  Things. 

8.  The  Barks  of  Trees  are  always  found  min-* 
gled  with  the  Amber ,  where»ever  it  has  been  dug 
up  with  us. 

9.  The  Feathers  of  Birds  have  not  been  obfer- 
ved  in  Amber ;  becaufe  the  Bird  fits  on  the  Branches, 
and  not  againft  the  Body  of  the  Tree,  where  the 
Gnats,  Flies,  and  other  fmall  Infefts  do  creep. 

10.  In  Norway ,  where  the  Pines,  and  other  re- 
finous  Trees  abound,  there  are  found  Lumps  of 
Gums  emulating  Amber .  The  Inhabitants  call  it 

a  Stone, 


■  3  3  6  2)r.  H  o  o  kV  cDifcourfes 

a  Stone,  and  my  honoured  Kinfman,  Finchius 9 

brought  hither  one  of  thofe  Lumps,  which  was  a 
Kind  of  Amber ;  for  it  feem’d  to  be  a  light  Stone,* 
or  a  black  Sort  of  Horn,  which  would  kindle,  and 
burn  with  Flame  ;  but  it  flunk  much  :  Otherwife, 
it  feemed  a  Kind  of  Lignum  fojjiie  j  yet  it  did  nei¬ 
ther  burn  fo  readily,  not  ftink  fo  much,  as  black 
Amber. 

it.  As  to  Ambergreefe ,  which  is  brought  from 
Florida ,  tho5  it  be  doubted  by  me,  whether  it  be 
made  of  the  Sperm  of  a  Whale,  or  the  Semen  of 
an  Elephant,  as  Ctefias  is  faid,  by  Ariftotle  in 
the  2d  Book  of  the  Generation  of  Animals ,  to 
aflert ;  or  of  the  Dung  of  certain  Birds  of  the 
Maldives ,  which  feed  on  odoriferous  Plants,  as 
Ferdinando  Lopez  conceives ;  or  a  Compofition  of 
Lignum  Stcrax,  Aloes,  Civet,  and  Laudanum,  as 
Fuchfius  fuppofes  •  or  a  Kind  of  Bitumen  ouzing  out 
of  the  Bottom  of  the  Ocean,  as  GulieL  Du  Vaf  in  his 
Phytologia  afferts  it  ;  yet,  1  dare  affirm,  that  it 
has  the  fame  Original  as  yellow  Amber  :  For,  there 
has  been  lately  found  fome  of  it  in  PruJJia ,  and,  I 
cannot  doubt,  that  there  may  be  Trees  found  in 
the  New  World,  yielding  odoriferous  Gums.  Thus 
far  Bartholine. 

T  o  whofe  Arguments  1  have  only  fix  of  my  own 
to  add,  which  feem  to  me  as  convincing,  if  not 
more,  than  all  thefe.  And  thofe  are, 

i.  T  hat  it  appears,  by  all  the  Relations  we 
have  of  the  finding  of  the  yellow,  black,  or  gray 
Amber ,  that  they  are  never  found  in  any  very  large 
Pieces ,  but  only  in  fuch  Lumps  or  Pieces,  as  may 
very  we  11  be  fuppofed  the  Exudation  of  a  Gum 
out  of  one  or  two  Vents  of  the  fame  Tree.  Whereas, 
were  they  mineral,  I  fee  no  Reafon  why  they  fhould 
not  be  found  in  as  great  Maffes  as  Afphaltum, 
Canall,  Scots-Coal,  or  Bitumen,  are  ufually  found, 

2.  That 


concerning  Amber.  337 

2.  That  all  Kinds  of  Amber  ,  of' whatever  Co¬ 
lour,  whether  white,  yellow,  green,  or  black,  are 
very  light,  and  alrnoft  of  the  fame  Weight  with 
Water,  being  but  fa  Part  heavier  ;  fo  that  it  will  but 
juft  fink :  Whereas  thofe  other  Subftances,  as  Ca¬ 
nal,  or  Scots-Coal,  are  very  heavy  generally,  and 
more  than  double  the  Weight  of  Water. 

3.  None  of  thefe  Subftances  do  feem  to  have 
any  peculiar  Figure,  as  to  be  formed  into  plated 
or  prifmatical  Bodies,  as  thofe  Subftances  I  laft 
mentioned  have,  efpecially  fuch  as  have  Tranfpa- 
rency,  as  Talk,  Selenites,  Chryftals,  &c.  and  the 
Uniformity,  or  Continuity,  of  the  Mafs,  plainly 
proves,  that  it  was  perfectly  united,  whilft  yet  fluids 
and  not  form’d  by  Chryftallization,  or  Concretion, 
as  Salts  out  of  Brines,  or  Sugar-Candy  out  of  Sy¬ 
rups  ;  or  petrified  Spars,  or  Chryftal,  out  of  Sea- 
Water. 

4.  That  Turpentine,  by  being  buried  in  the 
Earth,  for  fome  confiderable  Time,  will  yield,  up¬ 
on  Biftillation,  an  Oil  perfectly  refembling  Oil  of 
Amber ,  for  Colour,  and  Smell,  as  was  above  30 
Years  lince  proved  by  Dr.  Daniel  Cox. 

5.  That  there  is  no  other  mineral  Subftance 
that  is  fo  light  and  rarified  as  this,  which  will  take 
and  receive  fo  curious  a  Glofs,  and  Polifh,  as  this 
will  receive ,  whereas,  of  vegetable  Subftances, 
we  have  Inftances  enough  in  hardened  Gums,  &c. 

16.  That  there  are  Inftances  enough  to  be 
found  of  the  Petrifaction  of  vegetable  Subftances  $ 
and  fo  this  cannot  be  look’d  on  as  a  Singularity  in 
the  Parts. 

-  These,  I  confefs,  to  me  feem  to  be  Expert* 
went  a  Cruel  j,  as  the  Lord  Vend  am  fays  ,  and  I 
very  much  doubt,  whether  there  can  be  any  one 
I  Argument  as  convincing,  as  each  of  thefe,  for  the 
ij  contrary  Opinion.  However,  I  leave  every  one 
I  to  judge  of  both  as  he  fhall  fee  moft  reafonable, 

Zr  and 


338  Obfervations  concerning  the 

and  propound  thefe  Arguments  only,  as  thofe 
which  have  inclin’d  me  to  be  of  this  Opinion. 
The  Weight  of  a  Piece  of  Amber  in  the  Air 

is,  — —  —  -  2443  grs . 

A  n  d  in  Water  — - -  - — - *  202. 

A  n  d  is  to  Water  near  as  ir*9~  or  Too-  Parts* 
Amber  to  Water  is  as  12  to  1 1. 

2443  (imf. 

202 


2241 


Obfervations  concerning  the  Refractions  of 

the  Atmofphere. 

HPH  E  S  E  Obfervations ,  I  conceive }  were  the- 
*  Reverend  Mr.  Lowthorp’j*,  being  written  in 
his  Hand,  tfhey  bear  Date  February  14,  1698-9, 
and  precede  the  Experiment  he  made  at  the  Requefi 
of  the  Royal  Society  the  Month  followings  March 
28,  1699.  Of  which  an  Account  is  given  in  Phil 
Tranfaft.  N0  257. 

W.  Derham, 

np  h  e  Doftriiie  of  Refraftioris  does  fo  fenfibly 
X  affeft  almoft  all  Aftronomical  Obfervations, 
that,  till  that  be  well  eftablifh’d,  thefe  will  be  too 
weak  to  fupport  the  Conclufions  which  are  gene¬ 
rally  inferr’d  from  them.  At  prefent,  this  Do¬ 
ftrine  is  involv’d  in  this  one  great  Uncertainty, 
viz.  The  Air  being  no  uniform  Fluid,  the  Rays  of 
Light  are  not  refrafted  in  any  one  terminated  Su¬ 
perficies,  but  continually  into  a  Curve  ,  and  it  is 
not  eafy  (if  poflible)  to  determine  the  Nature  of 
that  Curve,,  till  we  know  the  Proportion  of  the 

Powers 


Refractions  of  the  Atmofphere.  3^9 

Powers  of  Refra&ion  in  the  feveral  Denfities  of 
the  Atmofphere. 

That  the  Attempts,  hitherto  made  by  Afire- 
homers,  are  not  fatisfaCtory,  I  think,  will  be  al¬ 
low’d,  when  it  is  conflder’d,  that,  if  (according 
to  the  receiv’d  Opinion)  the  Diftance  of  the  Moon 
be  about  60  or  61  Semidiameters  of  the  Earth, 
and  the  Horizontal  Refraction  above  30',  the 
Moon  at  an  Eclipfe  paffes  thro’  the  Focus  of  the 
Atmofphere,  or  very  near  it ;  and  that  every  di- 
ItinCt  Point  of  the  Moon’s  Hemifphere  is  illumi¬ 
nated  (even  in  the  Middle  of  a  Central  Eclipfe) 
by  Rays  flowing  from  every  Point  of  the  Sun’s 
Hemifphere,  which  is  diredtly  contrary  to  the  Na¬ 
ture  of  an  Eclipfe.  We  feem,  therefore,  under  a 
Neceffity,  either  to  remove  the  Moon  in  the  Pla- 
nery  Syftem  above  20  Semidiameters  nearer  to  the 
Earth,  that  it  may  fall  into  that  Part  of  its  Sha¬ 
dow,  which  the  Duration  of  Central  Eclipfes  re¬ 
quire^  or  to  form  a  new  Theory  of  the  Refra¬ 
ctions  of  the  Atmofphere.  I  am  fure  the  firft 
would  fo  far  confound  our  receiv’d  Aftronomy, 
that  he  would  be  a  very  bold  Man  who  durft  ven¬ 
ture  to  maintain  fuch  a  Paradox :  But  I  hope  the 
Propofal  of  the  following  Experiment,  relating  to 
the  latter,  will  be  excufed ;  becaufe  it  may,  per¬ 
haps,  be  of  Ufe  towards  the  removing  this  great 
Doubt. 

Up  o  n  an  Air  Pump  place  a  fmall  Receiver  of 
Copper,  having,  on  each  Side,  an  even,  well-polifh’d, 
flat  Glafs,  and  moderately  thin  :  Let  their  Angle 
of  Inclination  to  each  other  be  about  65  Degrees, 
viz.  with  a  Telefcope,  thro’  thefe  Glafles,  whilft 
the  Receiver  is  full  of  Air,  a  Thread  placed  at  leaft 
40  Foot  from  them  j  and,  as  the  Pump  reduces 
the  Air  to  feveral  Degrees  of  Rarity,  (which  may 
be  meafured  by  a  Barometer  inferted  into  an  End 
of  the  Receiver)  remove  the  Thread,  till  it  appear 

Z  z  in 


340  Obfervations  concerning  the 

in  the  fame  Place  in  the  Focus  of  the  Telefcope, 
as  at  firft.  By  this  Means  the  Angles  of  Refracti¬ 
on,  and  Incidence,  may  be  eafily  found,  and  more 
certainly  determin'd,  than  any  other  Way  yet  pub- 
lick.  And  if  this  Experiment  be  repeated  in  fe- 
veral  Temperatures  of  the  Air,  1  doubt  not  but 
fu.ch  a  Theory  of  Refrablions  may  be  eftablifh'd, 
as  may  be  depended  upon,  to  confirm,  or  reform, 
Aftronomy. 

Perhaps  this  Experiment  may  be  made, 
more  conveniently,  by  filling  the  Receiver  with 
Quickfilver,  and  pumping  it  out  •  which  will  leave 
the  Receiver  abfolutely  void  of  Ain 

This  Experiment  muft  be  made  with  great 
Nicety  and  Exadlnefs :  For,  according  to  the  com¬ 
mon  Tables  of  Refrabtion,  this  Inclination  of  the 
GlafTes  to  each  other  (one  of  them  being  at  Right 
Angles  to  the  Axis  of  the  Telefcope,  and  may  be 
its  Objebt  Glafs)  will  not  produce,  for  the  Angle 
of  Refrabtion,  above  4/. 

The  Charge  will  not  be  above  two  Guineas, 
or  two  and  an  Half,  if  made  with  Quickfilver  3 
and  the  Materials  will  be  worth  moil  Part  of  that 
Money  again,  whenever  difpofed  of :  But,  if  the 
Air  Pump  can  be  fo  fix'd,  as  not  to  fhake,  or 
change  its  Situation  with  Working,  the  Charge 
will  be  very  little 

Let  abed  be  the  Superficies  of  the  Earth, 
and  e  f  gb  i  k  of  the  Air,  having  a  common  Cen¬ 
ter  C.  Then  fuppofe  eg  im  to  be  a  Cylinder  of 
Light  flowing  from  a  fmall  Part  of  the  Sun,  equal 
to  the  Earth,  and  the  extreme  Rays  /  g  and  m  i 
refrabled  (by  their  Immerfion  into  the  Air)  to¬ 
wards  the  Perpendiculars  y  C  and  ^  C  becoming 
thereby  Horizontal  at  b  and  and  by  their  Emer- 
fion  out  of  Air,  from  the  Perpendiculars  ®  C  and 
k  C,  and  to  interfebl  and  the  Axis  of 

the  Cylinder  of  Light  at  the  Focus  F.  Let  the 

Angles 


S5 


7 


«-)  jHtj  ~/\2/  •  O  cn//i  ' 


Refractions  of  the  Atmofphere.  341 

Angles  of  Horizontal  Refraction,  towards  the  Per¬ 
pendicular  a  g  /,  and  ft  i  m  be  30',  then  the  An¬ 
gles  of  Horizontal  Refr addon,  towards  the  Per¬ 
pendiculars  */A,  and  /?  k  A,  will  be  alfo  30'', 
and  then  the  Angles  f  FC  and  k  AC,  will  be  60  , 
or  i°.  And  then  the  Semidiameter  of  the  Earth, 
b  C,  fubtending  that  Angle  (and  near  ) 

is  near  A  Part  of  the  Biftance  of  the  Focus  AC, 
and  therefore  the  Moon’s  Place  at  an  Eclipfe. 

Fig.  II.  Let  abcdhttliQ  Superficies  of  the 
Earth,  and  let  the  Concentric  Circles  1,  2,  3,  4,  5, 
6,7,  and  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  and  13,  14,  15,  16, 
and  e  f  gb  i  k  l  m  n  be  fuppofed  fomany  diftind 
Denfities  of  the  Air,  and  L  L  the  Diameter  of 
the  Sun.  If  the  Rays  S  i  and  S  l0  flowing  from 
the  Center  of  the  Sun  T,  be  refraded  by  their 
Immerfion  into  Air,  towards  the  Perpendiculars 
t  C  and  u  C,  and  become  Horizontal  at  b  and  d  $ 
and  be  refraded  by  their  Emerfion  from  the  Per¬ 
pendiculars  p  C  and  2S  C,  and  interfed  each  other 
at  M  •  then  the  Parallax  of  the  Sun  i  8  C  (fup- 
pofe)  48",  being  fubftraded  from  the  Horizontal 
Refradion,  by  Immerfion  -<r  i  S  =  3  o',  and  the 
remaining  if  12”  being  added  to  the  Horizontal 
Refradion,  by  Emerfion  <p  f  Ivl  =  304  the  Sum  is 
the  Angle  / MC  =  59  is'7  3  therefore  the  Semi¬ 
diameter  of  the  Earth,  b  C,  fubtending  this  An¬ 
gle  (and  near  at  Right  Angles  to  MC)  is  more 
than  H  Part  of  the  Diftance  of  this  Interfedion, 
and  therefore  not  far  from  the  Moon’s  Place  in 
the  Middle  of  a  Central  Eclipfe. 

From  hence  ’tis  obvious,  that,  if  the  rarer  Air 
have  a  lefs  Power  of  Refradion,  the  Rays  L  R  and 
L  m,  flowing  from  any  Parts  of  the  Sun’s  Plemi- 
fphere,  (as  L  and  L)  may  fall  upon  fome  Part  of 
the  Atmofphere,  where  the  Angles  of  Refradion 
K  h  L,  and  y  g  M  (being  lefs  i  S )  will  dired  it 
to  the  fame  Point  M,  Therefore  M  is  illuminated 

Z  3  by 


34^  Qbfervations  concerning,  &c. 

by  Rays  flowing  from  every  Part  of  the  Sun’s  He¬ 
rn  ifp  here  :  And  therefore,  if  the  Moon  be  at  this 
Diftance,  every  diftindl  Part  of  its  Hemifphere 
will  be  illuminated  by  Rays  flowing  from  every 
Part  of  the  Sun’s  Hemifphere. 

1  am  in  too  much  Halle  to  be  exact,  either  in  th^ 
Exceptions,  or  Reafonings,  but  1  hope  thus  much 
will  iufficiently  appear,  that  it  is  very  difficult  to 
account  for  the  Phafes  of  the  Moon  upon  the  re¬ 
ceiv’d  Hypothefis,  and  that  further  Satisfaction 
is  to  be  wifh’d,  which,  is  all  the  Ufe  I  defign’d  to 
make  of  them. 


The 


(  343  ) 


The  Surfs  Eclipfe ,  as  it  was  obferved  at 
Canterbury,  in  the  Tear  1 699,  September 
the  r  3  th ,  /Vi  theForenoon ,  by  Mr .  Stephen 
Gray. 


Sri 

►0 

crT 

r-r 

<v  ^ 

ft  3  3 

0  •  0 

What  more  was  worthy  Obfervation. 

Jv1 

w 

S  ^ 

CO 

• 

Cl 

"O 

n  zr 
3“  n> 

h  ' 

1 

0 

00 

to 

The  Eclipfe  began. 

2 

1 

8  18 

3 

2i 

z  g 

8  24 

4 

3 

8  29 

5 

4 

8  34 

6 

5 

8  39 

/ 

6 

8  47 

The  Center  of  the  Sun  is  eclipfed. 

8 

74 

8  55 

9 

8 

9  0 

10 

9 

9  8 

1 1 

10 

9  *7 

12 

io| 

9  ^4 

The  greateft  Obfcuration, 

*3 

10 

9  30 

14 

9 

9  38 

■> 

'5 

*T 

9  4 1 

,  W.  -  *. 

16 

8 

9  45 

*7 

7i 

9  4  9 

18 

7 

9  53 

19 

<4 

9  57 

The  Center  of  the  Sun  is  emerged. 

20 

6 

9  59 

21 

5 

10  7 

22 

io  9 

Cloudy. 

2-3 

1©  20 

Cloudy  yet. 

*4 

3 

10  23 

*5 

2 

10  29 

26 

17 

1 

O 

10  34 

IQ  42 

[The  End  of  the  Eclipfe. 

Latitude  of  Canterbury  510  15* 

By  comparing  tbefe  Observations  of  Mr,  Gray 
with  ethers  of  the  fame  Ec lip fe,  I  find  the  Dif¬ 
ference  between  the  Dimes  of  Mr.  Gray *s  Ob - 
fervations  at  Canterbury^  and  thofe  of  other 
Places  lying  E.  and  W.  of  Canterbury,  to  be 
as  in  this  Table. 


Places  where  Obfer-j 
vations  were  made. 

By  theBe- 
ginning. 

By  the 
Middle. 

By  the  j 
End. 

1  a 

Bear¬ 

ing. 

Min.  Sec. 

Min.S  ec. 

Min.  Sec.  j 

Oxford ,  ^ *— 

17  OO 

17  51 

w. 

PariSj— - - 

3  00 

3  00 

3  °o 

E. 

Greenwi  ch , — 

8  30 

E. 

Hervelfing ,  — — 

43  oo 

49  00 

E. 

> 

«- 

<*> 

'55- 

1 

i 

45  H 

53  54 

51  56 

E. 

Giza ,  —  —  ■  »  ■ 

53  00 

*E. 

\Leipfecn , 

59  00 

56  30 

*  E. 

(  34?  ) 


Qbfervations  on  the  Noftock ;  proving  it  to 
be  a  real  \ Plant .  By  Monfi  Geoffrey,  Jun. 
From  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academic  R ov¬ 
ale  des  Sciences,  June  the  6th,  1708. 
Mem.  Edit.  Amft./.  2.93. 

:  ...  .  .  •  j  .--I  rt  '  -  * ;  , 

r  '  ‘  •  ;  r  ... 

Th  e  Noftock  of  Paracelfis ,  which  he  alfo 
fometimes  calls  Ceerefoliim ,  and  which  o- 
ther  Writers  name  Cedi  Flos,  Qosli  Folium,  Flos 
Ferrse,  looks  like  a  Kind  of  Jelly,  fometimes  clear 
and  transparent,  fometimes  greenifh,  trembling 
when  frefh.  It  is  found  often  in  the  Summer 
Months  between  the  vernal  and  autumnal  JEqui- 
nox,  before  Sun-Rifmg,  in  Fields,  and  on  dry  £an~ 
dy  Grounds,  after  a  Shower  of  Rain.  After  the 
Sun  is  up,  the  Heat  of  his  Rays  dries  it  up,  fo 
that  there  remain  only  the  Skins,  or  Membranes, 
of  it,  of  a  brown  Colour. 

T  h  e  r  e  is  a  Doubt,  as  to  the  Production  of  this 
Subfiance  :  Some  would  have  it,  that  it  falls  from 
above,  like  a  Dew  3  and  that  it  is  the  Excrement 
of  the  Stars  :  Others  look  upon  it  as  a  Product  of 
the  Earth,  and  a  Sort  of  Plant. 

M  o  n  s.  Maghol,  in  his  Botaniciim  Monfpelienfe, 
names  it,  Mu  feus  fugax,  membranaceus,  pinguis. 
Monf.  To arne fort,  in  his  Freatife  of  the  Plants  a- 
hout  Paris,  calls  it  Noftock  Ciniflorurn.  1  take  thefe 
two  to  be  the  only  Botanifls  who  have  taken  No¬ 
tice  of  it. 

Mr.  Ray  faith  nothing  of  the  Noflock,  as  a  Plant : 
But  if  it  he  the  fame  with  that  Jelly  which  we 
call  Star-fall  ( which  many  imagine  to  he  the 
Subftance  of  thofe  Meteors ,  that  go  by  the  Name 
of  Falling-flars,  that  foot  crops  [ome  Part  of 
the  Heavens 5  or  feem  to  fall  down  in  the  Night ) 


34<5  Obfervations  on  the  Noflock. 

tf»  h  fay,  the  Noftock  he  this  JeUy,  then  it  is 

what  Mr.  Ray  takes  to  he  vomited  up  by  Crows , 

that  have  overgorged  themfelves  with  Frogs. 

W.  Derham. 

I  thought  good  to  fhew  it  to  the  Academy, 
in  its  different  Ages,  that  they  might  be  the  bet¬ 
ter  allured,  that  it  is  a  Subftance  produced  by  the 
Earth ;  and  that  it  is  joined  to  it,  or  communi¬ 
cates  with  it,  by  many  fmall  Roots,  or  Fibres. 

The  Embrion  of  this  Plant,  at  firft^  looks  on? 
ly  like  a  little,  foft,  flefhy  Tubercle,  full  of  lit¬ 
tle  Inequalities,  like  thofe  on  fome  Strawberries. 
It  is  of  a  green-brown  Colour ;  it  grows  brighter, 
or  lighter-coloured,  as  the  Skin  grows  larger  ,  and, 
at  laft,  this  Membrane  feems  quite  opened,  and 
fpread  upon  the  Ground,  on  which  it  iometimes 
leaves  the  Marks  imprefs’d  by  it. 

When  the  Plant  is  arrived  to  this  State,  it 
keeps  fo,  as  long  as  the  Seafon  remains  wet ;  nor 
does  it  dry  up,  or  wither,  till  the  Sun  and  Wind 
dries  and  parches  the  Earth  j  and,  by  Confequence, 
deprives  it  of  Nourifhment. 

1  have  obferved  it,  in  its  natural  State,  to 
turn  up,  and  bend,  ufually  lengthways  $  and,  it 
feemed  to  me,  that  the  two  Ends,  coming  after¬ 
wards  to  meet  and  join,  made  a  Kind  of  membra¬ 
nous  Bag,  or  Packet, 

1  n  the  Year  1667,  Mr.  Duclos  brought  to  the 
Academy  a  clear  inlipid  Water,  diftilTd  from  the 
Noftock ,  which  turned  white,  with  a  Solution  of 
corrofive  Sublimate. 

X  n  1678,  Mr.  Bourdelin  made  a  more  exacft 
Analylis  of  it ;  which  afforded  him  a  great  deal  of 
Phlegm,  a  confiderable  Quantity  of  a  volatile  Salt, 
either  concrete,  or  diffolved  in  the  Liquor,  and  a 
foetid  Oil. 


The 


I 


Ohfervations  on  the  Noftick.  34 7 

The  Analyfis,  I  have  made  of  it,  agrees  very 
well  with  that  of  thefe  Gentlemen  ;  for,  at  firfi:,  I 
drew  from  it  a  clear,  tailelefs  Water,  which  turn¬ 
ed  white  with  the  Sublimate,  and  turned  Syrup  of 
Violets  green.  The  other  Liquors,  I  drew  from  it, 
confirmed  what  I  have  remaked  of  the  firlE  Laft- 
ly,  I  gained  from  it  a  fine,  volatile,  concrete  Salt, 
chryftallized  on  the  Sides  of  the  Recipient ;  a  vo¬ 
latile,  urinous  Spirit  j  and  a  foetid  Oil.  A  Lixi¬ 
vium,  being  made  of  the  Caput  Mortuum  calcined, 
afforded  but  a  very  little  fix'd  Salt,  and  that  mix'd 
with  an  earthy  Matter :  It  turned  a  Solution  of 
corrofive  Sublimate  a  little  yeilowifh,  and  made 
Syrup  of  Violets  green. 

I  f  this  Plant  be  put  to  ferment  of  itfelf,  in  a 
clofe  Veffe),  it  rots  and  diffolves  into  a  very  Pink¬ 
ing  Liquor  ,  which,  at  the  End  of  20  Days,  looks 
red  3  and,  at  1  o  Days  more,  blue. 

I  h  ave  obferved,  that  thefe  two  Sorts  of  Li¬ 
quors,  even  after  a  confiderable  Time,  were  the 
•  one  acid,  the  other  alcaline.  The  red  Liquor 
had  no  Eifedf  at  ail  on  the  Solution  of  Sublimate, 
and  reddened  Syrup  of  Violets  but  a  very  little  : 
The  blue  Liquor  turned  white,  with  a  Solution  of 
Sublimate  Corrofive,  and  made  the  Syrup  of  Vio¬ 
lets  green. 

Great  Power  and  Vertue  is  atrributed  to  this 
Nofiock.  The  Common  People  of  Germany  ufe  it 
to  make  the  Hair  grow  thick.  It  is  thought  to 
be  an  excellent  Remedy  for  Cancers  and  Fiftula's. 
A  Swifs  Phyfician,  having  powder'd  it,  gave  two 
or  three  Grains  of  it  to  eafe  inward  Pains:  The 
fame  made  Ufe  of  it  externally  for  Ulcers. 

I  x  is  a  Part  of  the  Compofition  called  Spernio- 
lum  compofitum  Cnoeffelii  pro  Principe  van  Eggen- 
berg  ,  the  Defcription  of  which  may  be  feen  in 
the  German  Ephemerides  for  the  Year  1676,  a- 
mongft  the  Secrets  of  Cnoeffelius , 


The 


348  Concerning  the  Burning-Gla/lcs 

The  Chymifts  imagine  that  the  Noftock  con- 
tains  the  univerfal  Spirit.  They  draw  from  it  a 
foft  Spirit,  (Ef'prit  douxj  to  which  they  attribute 
great  Vermes ,  and  this  they  believe  to  be  the  ra¬ 
dical  Diflulver,  or  Menfiruum  of  Gold. 

They  diftill  the  Water  off  by  the  Heat  of  the 
Sun  only,  or  of  a  gentle  Fire,  otherwife  it  rifes 
very  faft.  This  Water  is  reckoned  a  very  gentle, 
mild  Diffolver. 

I  t  is  reported  that  it  eafes  Pains  admirably, 
and  cures  the  mod  ftubborn  Ulcers. 

\  


Concerning  the  Burning-Giafles  of  the  Anci¬ 
ents ,  from  the  Hiftory  of  the  Academic 
Royale  des  Sciences,  for  the  Tear  1708. 
With  Come  Remarks.  ityRic. Waller, 
Efq.  &c. 

Although  the  Academy  does  not  propofe 
to  make  Enquiries  after  Antiquities,  and  is 
rather  employed  in  Difcoveries  of  Matters,  as 
they  are  at  this  prefent,  than  to  know  what  wa s 
formerly  thought  of  them,  or. what  Additions  may 
be  flill  made  to  the  Arts,  than  what  has  been  al¬ 
ready  pracftifed ;  yet  in  it  there  was  a  confiderable 
Regard  made  to  Monf.  de  la  Hire's  Remarks,  That 
Barning-Glajfes  were  not  unknown  to  the  Ancients . 

That  they  knew  the  Ufe  of  Burning  Mirrors, 
or  Specula  Uftoria  by  F^eflexion,  is  unqueftionable  $ 
iince  fome  Hiftorians  have  related,  that  Archime¬ 
des  made  Ufe  of  thefe  for  fetting  on  Fire  the  Ene¬ 
mies  Ships,  in  the  Siege  of  Syracufa  3  and  though 
they  attribute  a  Power  impracticable  to  them,  yet 
it  proves,  that  at  lead:  they  were  known  to  them. 


But 


of  the  Ancients .  349 

But  it  is  certain,  thefe  Mirrors  were  of  Metal, 
and  concave ,  and  had  their  Focus  by  Reflexion  : 
And  it  is  a  common  Opinion  that  the  Ancients 
knew  nothing  of  Burning  by  Refraction,  by  con¬ 
vex  G  lattes. 

Monf.  de  la  Hire  has  found  this  Invention  in  a 
Paflage  in  the  Clouds  of  Ariflophanes ,  not  Brain'd, 
or  far-fetch'd.  Strepfiades ,  a  ftupid  old  Fellow, 
tells  Socrates ,  That  he  had  found  out  an  excellent 
Invention  not  to  pay  his  Debts  :  The  Words  are  in 
A6t  the  lid.  Scene  the  iff.  towards  the  End. 

The  French  Author  having  omitted  to  give 
them  in  the  Greeks  I  fhall  fupply  that  Omiflion  ; 
and  the  rather,  becaufe  I  am  of  Opinion  there  is  a 
Miftake  in  the  French  Translation,  which  I  fhall 
obferve  by  and  by. 

Strepfiades.  vh</v>  Tt&eA  <p^w^w7A>kcili4  Av  d? 

riCWTHV  tdgefii  TVV  t&AnV  Tl)V  ctlcLty&vHi  d$  TO  7PJ$  CLTTTVCrr. 

Socrates.  t«p  vakov  ;  Strepf.  ’'Ey  ays.  Socr. 

4>ifiy  77  AV  ;  Strepf.  E/  TttUTHV  hclCdv,  5770  TS  y^g-ipol 7® 
$  Ji KYIV  o  y^jj.y.ctT^ i}  ’AwoTBpa  f dt  w<h  <vr e)i  70V  nhtoy,  7 a. 

ypd(j.U£L7&  c&7 y%Ai[At  7V4  z/um  Aims.  Socr.  y,  vit 

TUi  Xd&lTCL4.  Strepf.  0 1  [A  <0$  Yidoucu,  075  ‘ZTiVTiTcl haVjQ" 
J'i&yiyest'srict/  (tot  Jinn. 

I  fhall  give  the  Latin  Translation  of  this  Paf- 
fage,  by  Nicodemus  Frifchilinus ,  to  which  I  fhall 
add  the  French ,  and  laftly  my  own. 

Strepf  Vidiftin 5  apud  Unguent arios  &  Aliptas ,  la- 
pidern  ilium  pulchrum  &  pellucidum ,  unde  Ignem  ac- 
cendunt  ?  Socr.  Nam  Vitrum  dicis  ?  Strepf  Uti- 
que.  Socr.  Ifuid  cum  ilio  ages?  Strepf  Si  [crib  a 
I  mi  hi  fcribat  dicam ,  Lgo  procul  fans ,  ad  hunc  mo - 
dam  ad  folemy  vitro  delever  o  Lit  eras  intents  mi - 
hi  Dicce.  Socr.  Sapient  er ,  it  a  me  Gratis  ament  ! 
!  Strepf  O  gejtio.  Dicam  quinque  Talentoruni  ejfe  ex- 
f  unit  am  mihi \ 

Fr* 


3  yo  Concerning  the  Burning-Glafles 

Fr.  Str.  As -tu  vu  chez  les  Droguiftes  cette  belle 
Pierre  tranfparente ,  avec  quoi  on  allume  du  feu  ? 
Socr.  N'eft-ce  pas  du  ver  que  til  venx  dire  ?  Str. 
Juftement.  Socr.  Et  bieny  qudeft-ce  que  tu  en  fe- 
ras  ?  Str.  d$uand  on  me  donnera  une  Ajjignation , 
'Je  prendrai  cette  Pierre  Id ,  fc?  me  mettant  du  foleil , 
Je  ferai  fondre  de  loin  toute  VEcriture  de  F Ajjig¬ 
nation. 

I  fhall  render  the  Greek  W ords  thus : 

Strepf.  Haft  thou  fteen  at  the  Apothecaries  that 
fine  tran [parent  Stone ,  with  which  they  kindle  Fire ? 
Socr.  Doeft  thou  J peak  of  the  Glajs  ?  Str.  Tes : 
Socr.  Bring  it :  What  then  ?  Str.  When  the  At¬ 
torney  hath  written  an  Adi  ion  againft  me ,  I  will 
take  this  GlaJ's ,  and ftanding  at  a  Diftance ,  in  this 
Manner ,  againft  the  Sun ,  I  will  efface  the  Letters 
of  my  Adi  ion.  Soc.  Cunningly  done ,  by  the  Graces. 
Str.  O  /  How  I  rejoice ,  that  the  five  T alent  Adlion 
againft  me  is  defaced. 

I  fhall  here  only  obferve,  that  this  was  indeed 
to  be  performed  by  the  Rays  refracted  through  a 
Glafs  Body,  in  which  I  agree,  with  this  Gentle-- 
man  :  Yet,  I  am  of  Opinion,  it  does  not  come  up 
to  a  full  Proof,  that  the  Ancients  knew  any  more 
than  the  Ufe  of  Spheres,  for  collecting  the  Rays, 
and  not  the  Way  by  Lcnfes,  which  I  take  to  be  a 
modern  Invention ;  but  of  this  more  hereafter. 
To  proceed  then  with  the  Tranflation. 

I  t  appears  plainly,  by  this  Paflage,  that  the 
Writing  was  graved  in  the  Wax,  which  covered  a 
more  folidBody.  That  the  Glafs,  which  did  light 
the  Fire,  and  melted  the  Wax,  was  not  a  Concave  j 
for  altho5  fuch  a  Figure  would  have  its  Focus  by 
Reflexion,  yet,  that  being  neceflarily  made  up¬ 
wards,  would  have  rendered  its  Ufe  very  impro¬ 
per,  and  unfit  for  the  common  Ufe  of  lighting  the 

Fire  9 

* 


of  the  Ancients .  9  51 

Fire ;  and  it  would  have  been  neceffary  to  have 
had  the  Deed  held  up  in  the  Air  to  have  effaced 
the  Writing  ;  which  would  be  an  unnatural  Sup- 
pofition,  whereas,  with  a  convex  Glafs,  which 
■  throws  the  Rays  downwards,  they  may  be  directed, 
where  one  pleafes. 

The  Scholiaft,  upon  this  Place  of  Ariftophanes , 
fays.  It  was  a  round,  thick  Glafs,  made  on  pur- 
pofe  For  this  Ufe.  This  they  rubb’d  with  Oil, 
and  heated  it,  to  which  they  fitted,  or  brought 
near,  a  Match,  (for  the  Greek  Word  here  is  equi¬ 
vocal)  and  after  this  Manner  the  Fire  was  lighted. 

I  do  not  well  underftand  what  the  Oil  was  for, 
unlefs  it  were  to  polifh  the  Glafs ;  but,  be  that  as 
it  will,  what  is  fufficient  here,  he  conceiv'd  this 
Glafs  to  be  convex,  and  that  in  his  Time,  much 
later  than  Ariftophanes ,  they  ufed  fuch  Glaffes  to 
kindle  a  Fire. 

I  have  no  Defign  here  to  make  a  learned  Di  fie  ro¬ 
tation,  in  which  it  were  a  Shame  to  let  any  Paf- 
fage  of  Literature  efcape.  I  fhall  only  remark 
that  Pliny ,  in  his  36th  and  37th  Books,  fpeaks  of 
Balls  of  Glafs,  and  Balls  of  Chryftal,  which,  ex- 
•pofed  to  the  Sun,  burn’d  the  Cloaths  and  the  Flefh 
of  fick  Perfons,  which  needed  Cauterizing.  And 
Laffantius ,  in  his  Treatife  de  Ira  Dei ,  fays,  That 
a  Ball  of  Glafs,  fill’d  with  Water,  and  held  in  the 
Sun,  would  kindle  the  Fire,  even  in  the  greateft: 
cold  Weather.  Plere  then  we  fee  the  Effedfcs  of 
convex  Glaffes  undoubtedly  proved. 

But  if  they  knew  that  they  would  burn,  how 
came  it  to  pafs  that  they  did  not  alfo  know  they 
would  magnifie  Objedhs  ?  For  it  is  hard  to  be  ima¬ 
gined,  that  an  Invent  on  fo  entertaining  and  ufe- 
ful,  and  withal,  fo  firnple  and  eafy,  fhould  ever 
have  been  loft,  even  in  the  greateft  Barbaroufnefs 
of  any  Age  ,  and  all  Hiftory  fixes  the  Origin  of 
magnifying  Glaffes  about  the  End  of  the  13th 


2  5*2  Concerning  the  Buming-Glaffes 

Age,  when  the  Ufe  of  SpeCtacles  began  to  bedif* 
covered.  If  the  Greek  or  Latin  Philofophers  had 
known  this  Augmentation  of  Objedls,  would  they 
not  have  made  Mention  of  it  very  frequently  in 
their  Writings,  and  feveral  Metaphors,  and  Allu- 
fions  to  it,  would  have  been  brought  into  their 
Language.  It  is  true,  there  are  two  or  three 
Paffages  in  Plautus ,  which  feem  to  hint  at  the  Ufe 
of  Spectacles 3  which  yet,  more  nearly  confidered, 
do  not  at  all  prove  it.  We  will  not  inlift  upon 
them  to  avoid  a  Literature,  to  which  I  am  a 
Stranger. 

Whence  came  it  then,  that  the  Antients 
were  ignorant  of  the  chief  Ufe  of  Buming-Glaftes? 
Firft,  The  falfe  Ideas,  the  Philofophers  had  of  Vi- 
fion,  might  contribute  to  it.  They  thought,  that 
Vifion  was  either  caufed  by  an  Emanation  of  I 
know  not  what  Sort  of  Subftance,  which  came  from 
our  Eyes,  and  went  in  Queft  of  the  ObjeCts 3  or, 
by  little  Reprefentations  of  the  ObjeCts,  in  Minia¬ 
ture,  which  came  from  them,  and  fought  out  our 
Eyes :  All  their  Difficulty  lay,  in  which  of  thefe 
two  to  choofe,  both  equally  falfe  3  they  had  not 
Sufpicion  of  Pencils,  of  the  Rays,  nor  of  our  Fo¬ 
cus’s  3  and,  by  confequence,  they  could  fee  no 
Agreement  between  a  Burning-Glafs  and  the  Man¬ 
ner  of  Vifion,  fo  that  the  one  of  thefe  could  not 
lead  them  to  the  other.  Befides,  it  feems,  that 
it  was  with  Balls  of  Glafs,  folid,  or  ftH’d  with  Wa¬ 
ter,  that  they  burnt  any  thing  3  and  Dioptricks 
demonftrate,  that  the  Focus  of  a  Sphere  of  Glafs 
is  at  the  Diftance  of  half  the  Radius  3  fo  that  if  thefe 
Balls,  or  Spheres,  had  been  fix  Inches  Diameter, 
which  is  the  moft  they  could  be,  the  Objeft  to  be 
magnified  muft  have  been  placed  at  one  Inch  and 
half  to  be  perceived  to  be  magnified  3  and  it  is  na¬ 
tural,  and  almoft  neceffary,  that  when  any  one 
had  look’d  thro’  thefe  Glaffes,  he  would  have 

look’d 


of  the  Ancients .  35*3 

look'd  only  at  diftant  Objeds,  which,  inftead  of 
appearing  bigger,  v/ou’d  only  have  looked  con¬ 
fus'd.  A  defined  and  diffind  Augmentation  of 
diftind  Objeds  requires  either  very  large  Spheres, 
(which  is  impradicable,  nor  ever  put  in  Ufe,  or  of 
Portions  of  large  Spheres,  as  is  now  pradifed  with 
great  Succefs)  which  cou'd  fcarce  ever  be  found 
out  by  Chance,  nor  eafy  to  be  invented  by  Rea- 
foning. 

B  e  s  1  d  e  s,  they  muft  have  known  how  to  have 
wrought,  and  ground  their  Glafles  as  we  dog  and, 
in  all  likelihood,  the  Ancients  knew  only  how 
to  blow  their  Glafs,  to  make  Yeflels  of  it8  It  is 
no  ftrange  Matter,  therefore,  that  their  Know¬ 
ledge  of  Burning-Glafies  carried  them  no  farther : 
It  is  more  ftrange,  that  from  the  Ufe  of  Spedacless 
to  the  Invention  of  Telefcopes,  there  fhould  be  an 
Interval  of  300  Years.  Every  Thing  goes  on 
flowly  with  us  ,  and,  Yis  poflible,  we  are  at  this 
Time  on  the  Brink  of  fome  important  Difcovery, 
which  may  be  furprifing,  one  Day,  that  we  did 
not  find  it  out. 

Thus  ends  this  ingenious  Gentleman's  Dif- 
courfe,  to  which  I  fhail  beg  the  Freedom  to  add 
fome  few  Remarks  on  the  fame  Subjed,  or  nearly 
related  to  it,  partly  in  Confirmation,  and  partly, 
as  I  take  it,  in  clearing  the  Matter,  and  fetting  it 
in  a  true  Light,  without,  in  the  leaft,  pretending 
to  Literature  or  Criticifm. 

I  x  feems  then  tome,  in  the  firft  Place,  that 
Monf.  de  la  Hire  would  infmuate,  that  the  Anci¬ 
ents  knew  not  only  Spheres  burning  at  a  4th  of  the 
Diameter,  but  fuch  Burning-Glafles  as  would  have 
their  Effed  at  a  confiderable  Diftance ;  fince  he 
tranflates  the  Greek  Word  De  loin ,  je 

ferai  fondre  de  loin  $  as  likewife  the  Latin  Word  is 
Procuh  This  Word  I  rather  Englijh ,  at  a  Difiance. $ 
which  Strife*  I  take  it,  the  Word  will  more  truly 

A  a  bear' 


3  5*4  Concerning  the  Burning-GlafTes 

bear  in  this  Place.  So  that  by  this  PafTage,  it  is 
not  neceflary  the  Giafs  fhould  burn  at  any  remark¬ 
able  Diftance  from  the  Writing  on  the  Obligation, 
provided  it  did  not  touch  it ;  which  I  take  the 
Meaning  to  be  here  by  ’A marries*  ^  Longius ,  at  a  Di~ 
fiance^  or  farther  off.  So  that  a  Sphere  of  Giafs 
might  do  ail  that  was  requifite  in  this  Cafe.  Be- 
lides,  if  it  fhould  be  urg’d  that  this  could  not  be 
done,  when  the  Scrivener  was  prefent,  without 
his  taking  Notice  of  it.  I  reply.  Neither  was  it : 
And  if  it  be  remarked,  that  the  whole  Defign  of 
the  Nuhes  of  Ariftophanes  being  only  to  ridicule 
Socrates ,  it  was  proper  enough  to  bring  in  an  old 
Coxcomb  boafting  of  an  Invention  for  doing  what 
indeed  it  would  not  perform ;  fo  the  old  Man, 
having  feen  a  Fire  kindled  with  a  Globe  of  Giafs, 
never  confidering  the  Diftance  requifite,  might 
foolifhly  think  it  would  do  fo  at  any  Diftance. 

That  the  Ancients  hadfeveral  Ways  of  kind¬ 
ling  the  combuftible  Matter  placed  on  their  Al¬ 
tars,  without  making  ufe  of  common  Fire  for  that 
Purpofe,  might  eafily  be  {hewn,  were  it  requifite, 
or  to  the  prefent  Purpofe ,  which  it  is  probable  the 
Priefts  made  ufe  of,  to  raife  the  greater  Admirati¬ 
on  and  Devotion  in  the  ignorant  and  fuperftitious 
Beholders.  The  moft  folemn  was  that  of  the  re¬ 
kindling  the  Veftal  Fire,  when  it  happen’d  to  go 
out. 

That  the  facred  Veftal  Fire  was  continually 
kept  burning,  with  great  Care,  by  the  Veftal  Vir~ 
gins ,  is  certain;  and  if  at  any  Time  it  happened 
to  be  extind:,  the  Virgin,  to  whofe  Care  it  was  at 
that  Time  committed,  was  feverely  whipp’d,  ( Fla- 
gris  ccefa  Veftalis)  by  th  e  Pont  if  ex  Maximus ;  which 
Damage  and  Lofs  was  not  to  be  repaired,  by 
making  ufe  of  any  common  or  culinary  Fire  to  re¬ 
kindle  it.  A  particular  Account  how  this  was 
done,  Diony ftus  feme  where  fays,  he  wrote  him- 


of  the  Ancients .  3 

5"  S' 

felfj  which,  as  Juftus  Lipfius  obferves,  muft  have 
been  in  fome  of  thofe  Books  of  that  Author,  that 
are  loft,  ( Lipfi  de  left  a  &  VeftaL  S'yntag .  cap.  8 .) 
The  fame  Lipfius 5  out  of  Feftus ,  cites  this  Paft 
fage,  Fab  it  lam  falicis  mater  ice  tam  din  terebtare 
?nos  erat ,  quoufque  acceptum  ignem  cribro  ceneo  Vir~ 
go  in  aedem  ferret.  Which  Method  of  fetting  Wood 
on  Fire  is  more  clearly  eXprefs’d  by  Ariftotle^ 
Lib.  3.  De  Ccelo.  Ignem  e  lignis  excut  hint ,  alte- 
mm  lignorum  tanquam  terebram ,  in  altero  circnm - 
vertentes  :  Which  Way  of  fetting  Wood  on  Fire, 
by  boring  it  with  another  pointed  Piece  of  Wood, 
Lipfius  fays,  is  ftill  in  Ufe  among  the  Natives  of 
the  Weft  Indies.  This  Ferebra ,  or  Borer,  Fheo~ 
phraftus  fays,  was  often  made  of  Laurel,  and  the 
other  Piece  to  be  bored  of  Oak. 

Plutarch  mentions  another  Way  of  re-lighting 
this  Fire.  Si  quando  extindhis  ibi  facer  Ignis:  negant 
eum  fas  efife  ex  alio  igne  accendi ,  fed  novum  par  an* 
dum  eliciendamque  ex  ipfo  foie  :  quod  faciunt  fca- 
phiis  five  vafculis ,  quae  parantur  ex  latere  trigoni 
recianguli ,  quod  duo  later  a  cequalid  habeat ,  diver* 
gunt  autem  ex  circumferentia  in  unum  Centrum . 
Cum  igitur  foli  opponuntur ,  ut  radii  ejus  in  ipfum 
centrum  cogantur  &  implicentur ,  acre  attenuate , 
foment  a  leviffiraa  &  ficcifjima  apponunt ,  quae  faciL 
lime  per  renixum  &  refiexionem  concipiant  accen - 
fum  ignem.  This  PaiTage  of  Plutarch ’s  Lipfius 
attempts  to  illuftrate,  by  a  Sort  of  Funnel,  whofe 
Sides  meet  at  Right  Angles  in  the  Bottom,  which 
he  calls  the  Center  of  it,  and  reprefents  the  Con¬ 
trivance  by  a  Figure.  (See  Fig.  1.)  But  either 
Plutarch  did  not  well  underftand  the  Matter  him- 
felf,  or  Lipfius  has  miftaken  his  Meaning :  For  a 
Veftel,  fo  made,  will  never  throw  the  Rays  of  the 
Sun  into  a  Center,  or  Point ;  it  will  indeed  refle<T 
the  parallel  Rays  into  a  Line,  *  (as  in  Fig.  2.) 

A  a  z  where 


^  56  Concerning  the  Burning-GlafTes 


where  the  parallel  Pvays  of  the  Sun  are  reflected, 
into  the  Line  a  C,  in  the  feveral  Points  c  c  &c« 

Possibly  this  Vefiel  (if  any  fuch  was  ufed 
by  the  Ancients)  was  of  a  parabolic  Figure.,  as 
{Fig.  3.) 

Which  reflects  all'  the  parallel  Rays  ab^  a  by 
into  the  Focus  at  c,  and  the  parabolic  Sides  of  the 
Veftel  appearing,  for  a  great  Part,  viz.  from  d  to 
c,  very  like  ftrait  Lines,  Plutarch  might  take 
them  for  fuch,  which  made  him  call  it  a  Rectan¬ 
gular  Triangle  ,  whereas  it  was  really  a  parabolic 
concave  Veftel,  made  by  the  SeClion  of  a  Reftan- 
gular  Cone. 

As  to  this  Veftal  Fite,  there  is  a  PafTage  related 
by  Diony fius ,  (Lib.  2.)  concerning  the  Veftal 
jEmilia  fomething  obfervable.  Scilt.  Heec  dicens , 
&  e  vefie  line  a  fafciam  abftrahens ,  qua  cinffa  eratj 
die  ant  illam  poft  or  at  i  one  m  jablajje  in  aram ,  eque 
frigido  cinere ,  quod  longe  ante  a  fuit  abfqne  fcintilla , 
magnam  per  linum  exiijje  flammam^  &c.  This  Paf- 
fage  fhews  plainly,  that  the  ancient  Priefts  knew 
how  to  raife  a  Fire,  nay,  Flame,  out  of  appear- 

ingly 


of  the  Ancients .  357 

ingly  cold  Afhes.,  fince  there  had  been  not  fo  much 
as  a  Spark  of  Fire  on  the  Altar  for  a  long  l  ime  ; 
whence,  it  feems,  they  then  knew  the  Phojphorus , 
•  or  fomething  of  the  fame  Nature,  with  which  the 
Linnen  Fillet  was  rubb’d  over,  and  which  the  un« 
difcern’d  Warmth  of  the  Afhes  fet  on  Fire,  and 
poffibly  fome  other  Chymical  Preparation  might 
be  concern’d  in  producing  this  Flame  ;  which,  be¬ 
ing  kept  as  a  Secret  among  the  Frieds,  might  well 
raife  Wonder  in  the  Beholders.  They  had  like- 
wife  feveral  earthen  Veffels,  for  the  Fire,  on  the 
fame  Altar  ;  Et  ceternos  Veftce  focos  fittilibus  eti- 
arnnum  vafis  content  os,  &c.  Valer.  lib,  5.  cap.  4. 

Qnuphrius  Panvin.  de  civ  it  ate  Row  ana,  cap.  29. 
(Gr.  Vol.  II.  p.  228.)  fpeaking  of  the  Veftal  Fire, 
has  thefe  Words,  Ignem  amijfum  neqaaquam  dece - 
bat  ex  altero  igne  f timer  e ;  Jed  maximis  precib as 
Namen  Veftce  plac antes ,  nmltis  [acrificiis  novum  ex 
Solis  r adits  eliciebant,pur'a  &  immaculate  flamma, 
ex  l age n a  aqua  plena  foils  fplendori  oppofita ,  accen - 
fa.  Onuphrius  does  not  quote  his  Authority  for 
this  Way,  by  a  Lagena ,  as  he  calls  it,  placed,  as 
he  expreffes  it,  oppofite  to  the  Sun’s  Rays,  Ex 
lagena  aqua  plena  foils  fplendori  oppofita ,  accenfa ; 
fired  by  Means  of  a  Lagena ,  fill’d  with  Water,  and 
placed  oppofite  to  the  bright  Rays.  As  to  what 
the  Figure  of  the  Lagena  of  the  Ancients  was,  I 
(hall  give  my  Thoughts  prefently  ^  only  firft  I 
muft  obferve,  that  Onuph.  Panvin.  had  no  clear 
Notion  of  what  he  has  here  written  ^  he  tells  us, 
that  this  Veftel  (whatever  its  Shape  was)  was  fill’d 
with  Water  j  then  its  Ufe  muft  have  been  to  re- 
fraCt,  and  unite  the  Rays  tranfmitted  thro’  it  j  for 
which  Reafon  it  was  not  oppofita  fplendori  foils , 
but  interpofita ,  in  the  fame  Manner  as  Burning- 
Glafles  by  Refraction. 


A  a  3 


358  Concerning  the  Burning-GkiTes 

As  to  the  Figure  of  the  Lagena ,  I  find,  by  a 
PafTage  in  Pliny ,  that  it  had  a  Neck,  Lib.  28. 
cap:  11.  where  treating  of  Remedies  for  a  Pain  in 
the  Ear,  amongft  others,  he  mentions  Goat's  U- 
rine,  &c.  heated  in  this  Veflel,  the  Steam  being 
conveyed  hot,  thro5  its  Neck,  to  the  Ear  of  the 
Patient,  Urina  capri  vel  tauri  aut  fullonia  vet  us 
calefabia ,  vapore  per  l  age  nee  coliitm  fubeunte.  Whence 
’tis  plain,  this  Veflel  had  a  Neck,  and  a  large 
Belly,  poffibly  not  unlike  our  Glafs  Bottles,  only 
its  Belly  was  more  nearly  of  a  fpherical  Figure, 
which  rendered  it  more  proper  for  this  Purpofe  of 
refradfing  the  Rays  into  a  common  Focus.  That 
the  Ancients  had  the  Ufe  of  Glafs,  is  undoubted , 
a  Veflel  therefore,  made  of  Glafs,  of  a  fpherical 
Figure,  fuch  as  are  now  commonly  fold  at  the 
Glafs-Shops,  under  the  Name  of  Jewellers  Glafles, 
performs  this  whole  Matter,  of  fetting  the  dry 
combuftible  Fuel  on  Fire,  by  the  Sun’s  Rays. 
Some  fuch  Veffels  are  reprefented  in  the  ancient 
Bafs-Relieves  of  Compotations  or  Banquets. 

So  that  this  PafTage  out  of  Lanvin  might  be 
added  as  a  farther  Proof  of  what  this  ingenious 
Gentleman  fays,  of  the  Ancients  knowing  the  Ufe 
of  Burning-GIafles. 

H  e  r  e  I  fhall  obferve,  that  the  Ancients  made 
Looking-Glalies,  Specula ,  not  only  of  Metal,  but 
of  Glafs :  Pliny ,  Lib.  36.  cap.  26.  having  before 
treated  of  the  Art  of  Glafs-making,  adds,  Authores, 
fmt ,  in  India  e  cry  ft  alio  fraffia  fieri ,  &  ob  id  nullum 
comparari  Indico.  Levibus  autem  aridifique  lignis 
cequitur ,  addito  Cyprio ,  ac  Nitro ,  maxi  me  Ophirio. 
Confirm  is  fo  rnacibus9  ut  ces9  liquatur  *  majjkque  ft- 
tint  colore  pingui  nigric antes 9  &c.  Ex  maftjis  rur~. 
ft  is  funditur  in  ojficinis9  tingiturque :  E?  aliud  flatu 
ftguratur9  aliud  torno  teritur9  aliud  argenti  mode 
celatur9  Sidone  quondam  Us  officinis  nobili  :  fiqni- 
iem  etiam  SP  ECUL  A  excogit  aver  Lit.  From 

which 


of  the  Ancients, 

which  Paflage  it  may  be  gathered,  that  the  Si  do™ 
nians  made  reflecting  Looking-Glafles  of  this  black 
femiopaque  Glafs,  and  that  they  knew  the  Way  of 
grinding  Glaftes  alfo  j  as  feems  to  be  plainly  hint¬ 
ed,  by  Tor  no  ter  it  nr.  The  Glafs  was  ground,  or 
work’d  off,  by  a  Turner’s  Engine,  or  by  turning 
it  into  the  Figure  defired :  This,  without  any 
Foil,  being  made  of  black,  or  femiopaque  Glafs, 
will  make  a  Sort  of  Burning-Glafs,  tho;  not  fo 
good  as  thofe  foiled  on  the  Back  with  Quickfilver. 

But  to  come  to  the  Paflage  cited  by  this  Gen¬ 
tleman,  concerning  Burning-Glafles,  out  of  Plinyy 
Lib.  36.  cap.  26.  the  Words  are  thefe:  Eft  antem 
caloris  impatiens  ( fcilt.  vitrum )  ni  prcecedat  fri - 
gidus  liquor  :  cum  addita  aqua  vitreae  pilce  foie  ad - 
verfo,  in  t  ant  uni  excan  defiant, ,  ut  veftes  exurant . 
Whence,  by  the  Way,  ’tis  apparent  that  the  An¬ 
cients  did  not  know  the  true  Reafon  why  the  Balls 
of  Glafs,  filled  with  Water,  which  they  made  Ufe 
of,  fet  on  Fire  the  combuftible  Matter  placed  in 
its  Focus,  fince  they  fuppofed  that  the  Glafs  itfelf 
was  confiderably  heated ;  whereas  it  i$  no  more 
heated  for  this  T ranfmiffion  of  the  Rays,  than  if  it 
were  of  a  Plane,  or  any  other  Figure. 

The  next  Place,  quoted  out  of  Pliny ,  Lib.  37, 
cap.  2.  by  this  Gentleman,  is  this  $  Invenio  Medi~ 
coSj  quae  flint  urenda  corporum ,  non  aliter  utilius  id 
fieri  put  are ,  quam  Cryftallina  pila  adverfis  pofita 
folis  r adits.  This  Ufe  of  Cryftal  Globes,  for  Cau¬ 
terizing,  is  alfo  mentioned  by  Matthiolus  Diofco - 
rides.  Diofc.  Lib.  5.  cap.  116. 

But  altho’  it  is  evident,  from  all  thefe  Paf- 
fages,  that  the  Ancients  knew  that  the  Rays  of 
the  Sun,  tranfmitted  either  thro’  a  Sphere  of  Cry* 
ftal,  or  a  round  Ball  of  Glafs  filled  with  Water, 
would  fet  any  combuftible  Matter  on  Fire,  at  a 
fliort  Diftance,  viz.  Yet,  I  pre* 

fume,  this  can  be  no  Proof  of  their  ever  knowing 

A  a  4 


§6o  Concerning  the  Burning-GlafTes,  &c. 

the  Way  of  making  either  plano-convex,  or  dou>? 
ble  convex  Glafs-Lenfes,  fuch  as  are  now  made, 
either  by  their  turning  or  grinding  them  of  two 
fpherical  Segments,  or  by  faftening  two  Portions 
of  fpherical-biown  Glafs  Globes,  and  then  filling 
the  Space  between  them  with  Water. 

S  o  that  I  am  of  Opinion  that  their  Knowledge 
did  not  reach  to  the  Contrivance  of  Lenfes,  as 
now  made  ,  therefore  their  Burning-GlafTes  might 
rather  be  termed  Burning-Spheres,  fince  they  v/ere 
wholly  ignorant  of  the  true  Caufe  of  Vifion,  and 
of  the  Union  of  the  Rays,  by  Refradlion,  into  one 
Focus.  Much  lefs  were  they  capable  of  contriving 
either  Microfcopes  or  Telefcopes. 

There  is  indeed  a  Paffage  quoted  by  Petrus 
Borellus ,  out  of  Porta ,  in  his  Treatife  of  Natural 
Magick,  ( De  vero  i Telefc Invent,  cap.  i.  Porta 
Lib .  17.  cap.  5.)  concerning  Ptolomms ,  that  he 
could  difcern  Ships  approaching,  to  the  Diftance 
of  600  Miles  y  (fexcenta  mi  Ilia )  but,  as  Borelli  ob- 
ferves,  this  Contrivance,  if  true,  remains  inter  ar¬ 
cana,  and  indeed  the  Convexity  of  the  Earth  con- 
tradidls  fuch  a  Diftance,  for  allowing,  the  moft 
that  can  be,  to  the  Refrac-Tion  by  the  Air,  the 
greateft  Diftance  a  Ship  can  be  feen  at,  by  Tele¬ 
fcopes,  now  amounts  but  to  •  fo  that  Pto - 

lomceus,  in  all  Probability,  had  his  Intelligence  by 
the  Means  of  Specula ,  or  IVatch  P* racers,  placed  at 
feveral  intermediate  Diftances,  which,  by  fome 
Signs,  gave  Notice  to  each  other,  of  the  Ships 
and  their  Number.  From  all  which,  and  much 
more  that  might  be  alledged,  I  think  it  is  evident, 
that  Burning-Glafles,  of  two  fpherica!  Segments, 
were  not  known  to  the  Ancients.  But  it  is  not 
my  Defign  to  enquire  into  the  firft  Inventor  of 
Telefcopes,  in  this  Place,  or  whether  Roger  Ba¬ 
con,  as  it  is  very  probable,  knew  the  perfect  Rea- 
fon  of  Vifion,  and  the  Conflrudlion  of  Telefcopes, 

long 


Mr.  Walle r *s  Account  of,  &c.  361 

long  before  either  Met  ins ,  Galileo ,  or  Brebell ,  or 
rather  Joannes  Lipperfein  of  Middelburgh  in 

as  Borelli  ( Cap.  1 1 .)  fhews  in  the  foremen- 
tioned  Treatife,  about  the  Year  1609  ;  or  his  Fa¬ 
ther,  Zacharias  Joannides ,  about  the  Year  1590  $ 
but  of  this  enough. 

Up  o  n  the  Whole,  I  am  of  Opinion,  that  the 
Ancients  were  wholly  ignorant  of  refracting  Burn¬ 
ing- Glades,  except  Spheres,  and  therefore  agree 
with  this  Gentleman,  that  it  is  no  ftrange  thing 
that  they  had  neither  Telefcopes  nor  Microfcopes  ; 
both  which  noble  Inventions  have  difcovered  new 
Worlds  to  the  laft  and  prefent  Age. 

But  thefe  Remarks  I  fubmit  to  the  more 
learned  Judgment,  and  Cenfure,  of  this  illu- 
ftrious  Society. 


Mr.  W  all  e  ks  Account  of  a  Book ,  intitu¬ 
led,  Trattato  dell’  Apopkffia,  &c.  Dai 
Dottor  Domenico  Miftichelli  da  Fermo, 
In  Roma  1709. 

his  Treatife  is  divided  into  two  Books,  and 


i  each  Book  into  three  Seditions,  which  are 
iubdivided  into  Chapters. 

I  n  a  fhort  Preface  to  the  Reader,  the  Author 
informs  him,  that  the  unufual  Number  of  Perfons, 
who  died  fuddenly  at  Rome,  in  the  Years  1705 
and  1706,  was  the  firft  Motive  to  his  writing  this 
Difcourfe  ;  to  which,  a  fecond  was  his  Defire  of 
making  known  a  new  Remedy,  which  his  Experi¬ 
ence  had  confirmed  very  advantageous  in  this  Dk 
flemper  ;  to  which  Publication  alfo,  the  Sollicita« 
tion  of  his  Friends  concurred. 


36x  Mr.  Walle  r  j*  Account  of  a 

The  firft  Book  treats  of  Matters  relating  to 
the  theory  of  this  Diftemper  :  In  which  the  firft 
Se&ion  gives  an  Account  of  the  Body  anatomical¬ 
ly  confidered,  with  Pvefpecft,  more  particularly,  to 
Apoplexies . 

The  five  firft  Chapters  treat  of  the  Head,  with 
its  Coverings,  and  Contents,  the  Brain ,  Cerebel- 
luniy  and  Origin  of  the  Nerves  ,  in  which  there  is 
little  Difference  from  other  Anatomical  Treatifes 
of  the  like  Nature.  I  fhall  take  Notice  of  fome ; 
He  obferves,  that  the  Dura  Mater  is  furniftfd  with 
very  numerous  Branches  of  the  Blood- Veffels  of 
the  Carotids  and  Jugulars  ;  that  tho5  it  feems  to 
be  a  fimple  Membrane,  yet  it  may  rather  be  called 
a  Tendinous  Mufcle ,  fui  generis  3  fince,  as  he  fays, 
it  has  the  Force,  and  performs  the  Office  of  a 
Mufcle.  It  has  a  Motion  of  Depreffion,  and  Ele¬ 
vation,  from  the  Pulfe  in  the  Arteries,  which 
drives  the  volatile  Spirits  of  the  Blood  into  the 
fmall  Pipes  of  the  Brain,  and  thofe  Parts  which  are 
the  immediate  Roots  of  the  Nerves ;  which  vola¬ 
tile  Eftence,  conveyed  farther  on,  and  being  mix’d 
with  the  Blood,  are  called  the  Animal  Spirits ,  and 
irradiate  the  fenfitive  and  motive  Parts  of  the 
Body. 

1  n  the  6th  Chapter,  of  the  Medulla  Oblongata , 
he  fets  down  fome  Particularities  obferved  by  him- 
felf.  1  he  Medulla  Oblongata ,  he  fays,  is  a  Conti¬ 
nuation  of  the  callous  Subftance  of  the  Brain  and 
Cerebellum ,  derived  from  four  Heads,  which  join 
into  one  Stalk,  cf  a  conical  Figure,  about  three 
Inches  long :  This,  ftripp’d  of  its  Membrane,  dif¬ 
fers  not  from  the  Subftance  of  the  Brain.  On  the 
lower  Fart,  it  has  a  ftrait  Furrow  running  up  the 
Middle,  on  the  Outfide ,  it  has  that  cineritious 
Subftance  on  the  infide,  which  makes  the  cortical 
Fart  of  the  Brain.  He  fays,  he  could  never  find, 
in  Brutes,  or  Men,  dying  of  a  violent  Death,  any 

tubulous* 


Treatife  of  the  Apoplexy*  363 

tubulous,  fiftular,  or  fibrous  Parts  ^  but,  rather, 
a  foft,  mucous,  tomentofe  Body  :  That  he  had 
obferved  it  raw,  boiled,  and  infufed,  for  feveral 
Days,  in  Brandy,  Vinegar,  and  Oil,  and  always 
found  the  fame  Confiftence,  only  a  little  dark,  or 
livid.  Alteration  of  the  Colour  of  the  outward 
Part :  That  being  cut  tranfverfe,  and  gently  pref- 
fed  on  the  Outfide,  a  tomentofe,  medullary  Sub- 
ftance,  ouzed  out  in  little  Grains,  as  it  were,  from 
fo  many  Tubiili  •  whence  he  fufpedted,  that  the  Fi¬ 
bres,  as  well  thofe  of  the  Pia  Mater ,  which  pene¬ 
trate  the  Windings,  as  thofe  of  the  Membranes, 
which  cover  the  Ventricles,  infinuate  into  the  Sub- 
ftance  of  the  Brain  j  and,  being  prolonged  to  the 
Medulla  oblongata ,  and  fpinal ,  form  fo  many  STa- 
buli  to  contain  the  forementioned  tomentofe  Sub- 
ftance.  Again,  what  is  very  particular,  is  the  Fi¬ 
bres  of  the  Membranes  which  encompafs  the  Me¬ 
dulla  round :  Having  kept  it  covered,  with  its 
Membranes,  8  or  10  Days  in  Vinegar,  in  which 
they  were  thicken’d  to  about  the  Breadth  of  the 
Back  of  a  Knife,  he  diligently  feparated  theBlood- 
Veflels,  which  form  a  Kind  of  a  Net- work;  and, 
then,  taking  off  the  external  Fibres,  and  coming 
to  the  laft  Covering,  he  obferved,  that  the  Stalk 
look’d  like  a  braided  Trefs  of  Hair*  Many  fmall 
Bundles,  or  Collections,  of  llrait  Fibres,  are  brought 
over  many  tranfverfe  ;  and  many  oblique,  again, 
wove  over  the  tranfverfe,  and  ftrait  ones  ;  fo  that, 
following  one  Collection  of  Fibres,  you  will  find  it 
fometimes  uppermoft,  and  fometimes  undermoft  in 
the  Brede,  till  they  pafs  out  on  the  Sides,  to  form 
the  fpinal  Nerves  on  each  Side*  This,  he  fays,  is  more 
obfervable  on  that  Part,  or  Caudex ,  of  the  Medulla , 
which  is  inwards,  or  the  Fore-Part,  than  on  the 
Back-Part,  next  to  the  Nucha ,  where  only  fome  ob¬ 
lique  Fibres  run  over  the  ftrait  and  tranfverfe  ones, 
which  feem  to  come  from  the  Center,  to  make  up. 


364  Mr.  ¥alle  Pv  s  Account  of  a 

with  the  others,  the  fpinal  Nerves,  2dly,  This 
Texture  is  only  obfervahle  in  the  fuperficial  Part, 
not  wholly  flripp'd  of  its  membranous  Coatj 
therefore  in  that  membranous  Coat  itfelf:  Fcr, 
when  that  is  quite  taken  off,  there  remains  only 
the  fimple,  tomentofe,  Subftance  of  the  Brain ,  in 
which,  with  Signior  Camp  an  ?  §  Micrcfcopes,  he 
could  difcover  nothing  obfervable.  3  dly^  Thefe 
Fibres  which  thus  concur  in  Bundles,  to  form  the 
fpinal,  lateral,  Nerves,  at  the  Place  where  they  pafs 
thro'  the  Holes  of  the  Vertebrae ,  are  bound  round, 
as  it  were,  with  a  final!  Ring.  4 tbly9  He  fays, 
this  Obfervation  of  the  Texture  may  rather  be  ap¬ 
plied  to  the  membranous  Fibres  which  encompafs 
the  Medulla ,  than  to  the  Medulla  itfelf,  as  is  done 
by  Dr,  Willis ,  in  his  Anatome  Cerebri. 

The  7th  Chapter  treats  of  the  Nerves  proceed¬ 
ing  from  the  Medulla  oblongata ,  and  fpinal  Mar¬ 
row.  In  the  Enumeration  of  thefe,  he  follows  the 
Order  of  Dr.  Willis ,  reckoning  up  10  Pair  of 
Nerves  proceeding  from  the  Medulla  oblongata  : 
Thofe  of  the  fpinal  Marrow  he  diilributes  accord¬ 
ing  to  the  Parts  they  proceed  from. 

I  n  the  8th  and  9th  Chapters  he  fpeaks  of  the 
Ufe  of  the  Brain.  Here  he  difagrees  from  Willis 
and  Malpighi ,.  that  it  is  a  great  Gland,  for  feveral 
Reafons ;  and  that  it  cannot  be  the  Place  for  the 
Generation  of  the  animal  Spirits :  Which  he  con¬ 
firms  by  an  Obfervation  of  a  Child  born  without  a 
Brain,  only  it  had  the  Meninges  filled  with  a  fe- 
rous  Liquor.  He  fays  then,  that  the  Meninges 
are  an  Expanfion  of  the  Tunicles  of  the  Garotide 
Arteries  of  the  Neck,  and  jugular  Veins ;  that 
this  Membrane  encompafles  the  whole  Brain,  the 
fpinal  Marrow,  and  the  Nerves  :  Whence,  fays  he, 
it  may,  without  Difficulty,  be  apprehended,  that 
the  Spirits,  or  volatile  Ellence,  of  the  Blood,  car¬ 
ried  thro'  thefe  Veffels  of  the  Meninges ,  and,  by 

reafon 


Treat ife  of  the  Apoplexy.  76$ 


reafon  of  their  Subtility,  brought  into  the  fibrous 
Interlaces  of  thefe  continued  Membranes,  (which 
Membranes  alfo  encompafs  every  Fibre  of  the 
Mufcles  in  the  Body  and  the  Spirits)  are,  by  the 
Motion  of  the  faid  Membranes,  forced  forwards  to 
all  the  fenfitive  and  moving  Parts  of  the  Body.  In 
fine,  our  Author  maintains,  that  the  animal  Spi¬ 
rits  are  the  more  fubtile  Parts  of  the  Blood  fepara- 
ted  from  the  capillary  Carotide  Arteries  in  the  Via 
Mater ,  chiefly  by  means  of  the  Interilices  of  the 
Fibres,  of  which  the  Membrane  confifts  $  that  al¬ 
fo  along  the  fpinal  Marrow,  which  is  but  a  Conti¬ 
nuation  of  the  fame  Membrane,  the  fame  Separa¬ 
tions  are  made ,  and,  that  to  have  a  greater  Plenty 
of  Spirits  in  Readinefs  for  Ufe,  for  all  the  animal 
and  voluntary  Funftions,  and  that  the  chief  Ufe 
of  the  Mafs  of  the  Brain  is,  by  its  Softnefs,  Cold- 
nefs,  and  Bulk,  to  diftend,  and  bear  up  the  Me « 
ninx^  and  help  it  in  the  Separation  of  this  fubtile 
Spirit  from  the  Blood  ;  which  he  endeavours  to 
confirm  by  feveral  Reafons  and  Obfervations. 

The  10th  and  nth  Chapters  ihew,  how  Sen  fa- 
tion  and  animal  Motion  is  performed.  As  to  the 
firft,  he  fays,  three  things  are  to  be  confidered , 
the  Ofjebls^  or  fenfible  Bodies,  the  Organs ,  and 
the  Soul :  The  ObjeSis^  by  their  Materiality,  or 
extended  Quantity,  muft  either  immediately 
touch  the  Senfory,  or  mediately  imprefs  upon 
it  their  Motions,  which  the  Schools  call  Species ; 
Whence  ail  Senfation  may  be  reduced  to  1  ouch- 
ing.  This  he  exemplifies  in  the  Hearing,  Seeing, 
and  the  reft  of  the  Senfes.  As  for  the  Organs ,  tho* 
Donato  Kofetti  makes  them  11,  yet  he  is  content¬ 
ed  with  five  j  to  all  of  which  the  Nerves  arifing 
from  the  Medulla  oblongata ,  conveying  the  animal 
Spirits,  are  continued.  That  thefe  animal  Spirits 
are  corporeal,  is  evident  from  a  certain  Modifica¬ 
tion  which  happens  either  in  the  foft5  nervous, 

Fila* 


3  66  Mr .  Waller^  Account  of  a 

Filaments,  or  in  the  animal  Liquids  contained  in 
them,  which  they  communicate  partem  poft  par~ 
tem  to  the  Meninges ,  from  whence  the  animal  Spi¬ 
rits  are  derived  in  the  greateft  Plenty.  The  Ani- 
ma ,  or  Soul,  being  immaterial,  is  not  fubjeft 
to  Modifications,  or  of  receiving  Imprefiions  from 
the  Spirits  or  Nerves,  which  are  material.  But  as 
Hippocrates  fa  vs,  Qualiacunqae  pdtitur  corpus ,  ta~ 
lia  videt  anima ,  which  has  a  Power  of  compre¬ 
hending  thefe  Imprefiions,  and  diftends  its  Pow¬ 
ers,  and  raifes  the  Paflions,  which  it  does,  or 
ought  to  regulate  with  its  Approbation,  or  Dif- 
approbation.  That  indeed,  without  this  Soul, 
the  Imprefiions  would  be  made,  but  they  would 
neither  be  difcenTd,  nor  any  Ufe  made  of  them. 

As  to  the  next  Thing,  how  animal  Motions 
are  performed,  he  fays.  The  Mufcles  are  a  Col¬ 
lection  of  flefhy  Fibres ,  that  it  is  to  be  obferv’d, 
they  are  all  envelop’d  with  a  Membrane  denfe, 
ftrong  and  nervous  ;  in  which  external  Membrane 
all  the  Nerves  terminate  with  their  numerous  Ra¬ 
mifications,  that  it  is  impoflible  to  feparate  this 
Membrane  from  the  contained  flefhy  Fibres,  with¬ 
out  breaking  innumerable  Filaments  of  the  Nerves  $ 
fo  that  the  animal  Spirits  pafs  by  thefe  Fila¬ 
ments  into  all  the  flefhy  Fibres  that  make ‘up  the 
Belly  of  the  Mufcle.  By  Means  of  which,  the 
animal  Spirits,  which  are  fluid  Bodies,  enter  into, 
fwell,  and  fo  contract  the  Mufcle,  by  drawing  the 
tendinous  Parts,  that  are  at  each  End,  nearer  to¬ 
gether  :  This  he  illuftrates  by  a  Cable,  which,  be¬ 
ing  wetted,  is  thereby  fhortened.  That  when, 
according  to  the  Empire  of  the  Soul,  there  is  or¬ 
dered  more  of  thefe  Spirits  to  one  Part,  than  to 
another,  of  the  Dura  and  Pia  Mater ,  either  with¬ 
in  the  Scull,  or  along  the  Canal  of  the  fpinal  Mar¬ 
row  ;  then  the  correfponding  Branches  of  it,  on 
that  Side,  are  acted  upon,  and  the  correfponding 

Mufcle 


Treatife  of  the  Apoplexy.  367 

Mufcle  fhortened,  and  the  Member  moved  ao 
cordingly ;  that  this  is  done  independently  on  the 
Will,  fometimes,  and  thefe  are  called  involuntary, 
or  natural.  Motions. 

A  n  Apoplexy  often  happening  from  a  Defedt  in 
the  Heart,  in  the  1 2th,  and  four  following  Chapters, 
he  confiders  the  ithorax^  Pericardium ,  and  the 
Hearty  with  its  Auricles  and  Ventricles,  its  Sub- 
ftance,  Ufe  and  Motion ;  in  all  which,  there  is 
nothing  different  from  other  Anatomifts  j  only  as  to 
the  Heart  he  agrees  with  Sig.  Giacomo  Sircibaldi% 
in  his  Apollo  Bifrons ,  that  the  Subftance  about  the 
Heart,  commonly  taken  for  Fat,  is  made  of  the 
ferous  Lympha  contained  in  the  Pericardium , 
brought  to  that  Confifteney  by  the  Heat  of  the 
Heart,  like  a  Sort  of  Glue,  hardened,  and  flick¬ 
ing  clofe  to  the  Heart,  fince  it  is  not  melted  by 
Heat,  like  Fat,  and  crackles  in  the  Flame  of  a 
Candle.  As  to  the  Motion  of  the  Heart,  he  fays, 
indeed,  that  its  Syftole  is  caufed  by  the  Spirits, 
conveyed  by  the  Branches  of  the  par  Vagum  to  the 
Membrane  that  covers  it  $  blit  it  were  to  be  wifhed 
he  had  more  particularly  explain  d^  how  this  Con¬ 
traction  is  fo  regularly  and  alter?iately  caufed  and 
continued.  He  endeavours  to  explain  it  by  the  al¬ 
ternate  Vibrations  of  the  Balance  of  a  Watch, 
which  the  circular  Motion  of  the  Balance  Wheel 
continues  backwards  and  forwards,  by  the  diffe¬ 
rent  Pofition  of  the  Fallets  j  fo  the  circular,  yet 
alternate,  rufhing  in  of  the  Blood  and  Spirits,  cauie 
the  alternate  Motions  of  the  Heart  and  F  ulfe  A  s  to 
the  Observation  of  a  Frog’s,  and  forne  other  Crea¬ 
tures  Hearts  beating,  after  they  are  taken  out  of  the 
Body,  he  compares  that  to  a  Steel  Spring,  which, 
being  bent  one  Way,  will  continue  its  Vibrations 
backwards  and  forwards  for  fome  Time,  after  the 
iirft  bending  Force  is  removed.  In  this ,  I  think , 
he  is  fhort„ 


T  H3? 


3  68  Mr.  Walle  ks  Account  of  a 

The  17th  and  18th  Chapters  of  this  Sedtion, 
defcribe  the  Veins  and  Arteries,  with  their  feveral 
Coats  and  Strudhires,  together  with  the  Nature, 
Motion,  and  Ufe  of  the  Blood.  As  to  which,  he 
fays,  many  Principles  of  it  are  difcovered,  viz. 
Certain  fubtile,  airy,  volatile  Particles,  difcerni- 
ble  by  the  Plenty  of  Vapours  that  arife  from  it, 
while  it  remains  hot,  when  frefh  taken  out  of  the 
Body.  2 i/y,  Salts  of  divers  Figures,  obferved  In 
the  Serum ,  by  the  Microfcope.  3 i/y,  Several  fi¬ 
brous  Stamina ,  or  Fibres,  obferv'd  in  the  thick, 
or  grumous,  p-art,  when  wafh'd  in  warm  Water. 
4 thly^  Some  fmall  red  Globules,  made  of  little  o- 
val,  plane  Corpufcles,  which,  feparated,  are  tran- 
fparent,  but,  being  joined,  appear  more  or  lefs  of  a 
purple  Colour.  5th ly ,  Several  Particles  of  Sul¬ 
phur,  which  Chymiftry  procures  out  of  the  thick 
Part.,  of  a  yellow,  or  red  Colour.  6thly^  Several 
little  Molecules ,  derived  from  the  various  Combi¬ 
nations  of  the  fore-named  Principles.  7 thly^  A 
great  Proportion  of  a  watery  Fluid,  ferving  as  a 
Vehicle  to  the  reft.  8 tbly^  a  great  Quantity  of 
Chyle,  not  yet  converted  into  Blood.  To  this 
Fluid,  or  Blood,  he  gives  a  threefold  Motion;  an 
Agitative,  from  the  different  fpecifick  Gravities  of 
the  Contents;  a  Fermentative,  and  a  Circular,  from 
the  Adtion  or  Fulfe  of  the  Heart :  All  which  Mo¬ 
tions  he  applies  to  the  Increafe,  Nutrition,  and 
Prefervation  of  the  Individual. 

The  fecond  Section  relates  to  the  Theory  of 
an  Apoplexy,  and  is  divided  into  14  Chapters.  I 
ihall  only  take  Notice  of  what  I  think  moil  ob- 
fervable.  He  fays,  that  the  Apoplexy,  as  was  re¬ 
markable  in  that  at  Rome ,  fo  frequent  from  the 
Autumn  of  1705.,  throughout  the  whole  Winter, 
and  Spring  following,  being  a  fudden  Deprivation 
of  Senfe  and  Motion,  it  muft  be  granted,  that 
the  Parts  affedted,  are  either  the  animal  Spirits,  or 


Treatife  of  the  Apoplexy 

the  Nerves,  or  both ;  and  fince  this  Stroke  is  fW 
Inflantaneous  through  the  whole  Body,  ’tis  rea- 
fonable  to  believe  that  the  Mifchief  is  imprefs’d 
6n  the  Principle  of  all  the  Nerves  that  is  on  the 
Meninges ,  tho’,  fince  there  is  a  continual  Circula¬ 
tion,  he  allows  that  the  Part  immediatly  affeded, 
in  an  Appopledick  Fit,  may  be  in  the  Thor  ax  ^ 
the  Pleart  itfelf  failing  to  fend  a  requifite  Quantity 
of  Blood  to  the  Brain. 


H  aving  thus  mention’d  the  Parts  afleded,  he 
proceeds  to  confider  the  Signs  of  it.  Thefe  Signs  he 
diflinguifhes  into,  Thofe  which  fhew  Perfons  fubjed 
to  it  j  An  impendent  Evil,  or  Fit 3  Arealprefent 
Fit  j  and,  Thofe  which  diftinguifh  this  from  other 
Ailments :  For  which  I  mull  refer  to  the  Author  y 
taking  Notice  only  of  fome  Remarks :  As,  that 
fometimes  in  an  Apopledick  Fit,  the  Pulfe  is  full 
and  flrong,  and  without  any  Fever  ;  and  this  ac¬ 
companied  with  a  Snorting  in  Breathing,  and  a  Re¬ 
laxation  of  the  Sphincters  of  the  Anus  and  Urethra. 
In  the  next  Place,  amongll  external,  or  remote 
Caufes,  he  reckons  Evacuations  either  fuddenly 
flopp’d,  or  unufualty  large,  of  what  Kind  foever. 

1  n  the  5th  Chapter  of  internal  Caufes,  he  enu¬ 
merates  feveral,  fome  relating  to  the  Brain  itfelf. 


and  others  to  the  Heart. 


In  the  next  Chapter,  he  mentions  Apoplexies 
caufed  by  a  Blow  on  the  Head,  or  Stomach  ;  the 
firfl  caufing  an  Extravafation  of  Blood  in  the  ca¬ 
pillary  Veffels :  And  here  he  gives  fome  Inflances 
of  fudden  Death  from  a  Blow  on  the  Head,  efpe- 
cially  near  the  Temples,  with  the  Reafon  of  fuch 
fudden  Deaths ;  fuch  as  the  Loofening  the  Con- 
tad:  of  the  Brain  from  the  Meninges ,  Extravala- 
tion  of  the  contained  Fluids,  &c.  which  mull  lie- 
cefifarily  interrupt  the  Courfe  of  the  Spirits. 

A  s  to  Blows  on  the  Pit  of  the  Stomach  proving 
mortal,  he  cites  a  Cafe  in  Hippocrates ,  of  a  Boy 

Bb  kick’d1 


570  Mr.  Walle r ’s  Account  of  a 

kick'd  by  a  Mule,  and  agrees  with  W illis ,  that  the 
outward  Coat  of  the  Ventricle,  being  all  nervous, 
and  the  Nerves  of  the  Par  Vagum ,  brought  thi¬ 
ther,  form,  near  its  Orifice,  remarkable  Plexus's  ; 
whence  it  has  a  wonderful  Communication  with 
the  Brain  and  Heart,  and  fo  Convulfions,  Synco¬ 
pe’s,  and  the  like  mortal  Syptoms,  happen  upon 
a  Hurt  there. 

The  7th  and  8th  Chapters,  treating  of  Apople¬ 
xies  from  Hurts  on  the  Pericranium,  and  Fradlures 
of  the  Skull,  have  little  remarkable,  more  than  is 
generally  known. 

I  n  the  9th  Chapter,  he  obferves,  that  Hurts 
on  one  Side  of  the  Head  caufe  a  paralytic  Affedli- 
on  on  the  contrary  Side.  As  to  this,  having  ob« 
ferved,  that  Hippocrates  has  taken  Notice  of  this 
Cafe,  he  explains  it  by  what  he  had  before  related 
of  the  Nerves,  in  the  Meninges  of  the  Medulla  ob¬ 
longata,  that  they  are  interwoven  and  braided,  fo 
as  thofe  which  proceed,  at  firil,  from  the  Left 
Side  Fibres  of  the  Meninges,  have  their  Branching- 
out  to  the  Limbs,  or  other  Parts,  on  the  Right 
Side.  He  fays  farther,  That  the  little  Rings, 
which  bind  round  the  Nerves,  at  their  Parting 
from  the  Vertebrae ,  may  be  convulfed,  and  fo, 
flopping  the  Nerves,  caufe  a  Palfey. 

The  remaining  Chapters  of  this  Se&ion  treat 
of  the  internal  Caufes  of  Apoplexies,  the  Vitiouf-^ 
Refs  of  the  foiid  Parts,  viz.  Nerves,  Membranes, 
Tunicles,  mufculous  or  tendinous  Fibres,  and  the 
like,  which,  he  fays,  proceed,  either  from  their 
too  ftrong  Tenfion,  or  from  their  too  great  Flac- 
cidity,.  or  Feeblenefs. 

The  firfl:  of  thefe  may  caufe  a  Strangulation, 
or  Stoppage,  of  the  Canaliculi ,  of  the  Nerves, 
and  inftantaneoufly  Lop  the  Heart.  This  he  far¬ 
ther  explains  in  the  Meninges ,  and  in  the  Lymph  a - 
ticks,  within  the  Head. 


Treatife  of  the  Apoplexy.  ygi 

O  n  the  contrary,  too  great  a  Relaxation  is  as 
inifchievous,  from  the  Parts  in  that  Cafe  failing  to 
fend  a  fufficient  Supply  of  Spirits,  to  the  feveral 
Organs  of  the  Body.  And,  as  this  Falfey  is  fre¬ 
quent  in  the  outward  Part  of  the  Body,  fo  it  may, 
and  does  fometimes,  feize  the  Heart,  or  Menin¬ 
ges.  This  Weaknefs  of  the  Parts  fometimes  hap¬ 
pens  to  the  Arteries,  which  he  makes  the  Caufe  of 
Aneurifms,  the  Varices,  &c.  This  Cafe,  gene¬ 
rally,  is  preceded  by  very  long  Indifpofitions,  or 
lingering  Diftempers. 

The  i 2th  Chapter  is  concerning  Apoplexies 
caufed  by  the  Denfity  of  the  fluid  Parts,  the 
Chyle,  Blood,  Lympha,  and  Succits  Nervofus ,  of 
all  which  he  treats  briefly. 

And,  as  all  thefe  Fluids  are,  fometimes,  too 
thick,  fo,  on  the  contrary,  they  are  alfo,  at  other 
Times,  too  fluid,  which  is  the  Subject  of  his  next 
Chapter.,  This,  he  fays,  he  has  frequently  obfer- 
ved  in  the  Cavities  of  the  Body,  efpecially  in  the 
Heads  of  dead  Perfons,  they  being  filled  with  a 
bloody  Serum.  , 

The  lafl  Chapter  is  of  Apoplexies  from  Narco¬ 
tic  Steams.  Speaking  here  of  Opium ,  (which  by 
the  Way  he  feems  not  to  have  a  good  Account 
of)  he  makes  the  fulphureous  and  vifcous  Quality 
of  it  to  bind,  and,  as  it  were,  glue  up,  and  fo 
-flop  the  Paffages  of  the  Spirits  :  Whence  Sleep, 
and,  if  taken  too  largely.  Death  follows.  He 
makes  the  Suffocation  by  Charcoal,  to  be  from  the 
fame  Caufe,  in  which  he  is,  without  doubt,  mi- 
ftaken,  their  Effects,  aud  Manner  of  adling  on  the 
Body  being  quite  different. 

Here  he  obferves,  that  the  Wines  of  Romey 
when  mix’d  with  Water,  will  not  depurate,  mi¬ 
le  fs  helped  with  Flower  of  Brimftone,  which  their 
Vinteners  call  Ciambella  (a  Simnel ; )  but  if  they 
put  too  much  into  it,  as  they  are  apt  to  do  in  re- 

B  b  2  fining 


37 ^  -A/r.  Walie r\t  Account  of  a 

fining  either  too  grofs,  or  thick,  Wines,  the  Nar¬ 
cotic  Sulphur,  thereby  mix’d  with  the  Wine, 
proves  very  mifchievous. 

The  Third  Section. 

■  Of  the  particular  Can fes  producing  the  frequent 
Apoplexies  at  Rome  in  1 705-6. 

I  n  order  to  explain  this  more  fatisfaHorily,  our 
Author  premifes  feveral  Lemmata. 

*  Lemma  I.  Of  Refpiration  and  its  Neceflity. 

The  Blood-Veftels  in  the  Lungs,  being  deftitute 
of  the  flefhy  Fibres  that  accompany  all  the  Arteries 
of  the  reft  of  the  Body,  are  fupplied,  in  this  Refpecft, 
by  the  Spring  of  the  Air  admitted  into  the  Veficii- 
Icz  of  the  Lungs,  on  which  the  capillary  Blood- 
Veftels  are  ramified ;  which  not  only  helps  forward 
its  Motion,  but  carries  off,  when  exfpired,  the 
noxious  Humours  from  the  Blood.  Here  he  men¬ 
tions  feveral  other  Ufes  of  Refpiration  :  And,  in 

The  2d  Lemma ,  treats  of  the  principal  life  of 
Refpiration,  cLhe  Introduction  of  an  aerial  Nitre 
into  the  Blood. 

Here  he  mentions  this  Experiment :  If  you  omit 
to  tie  up,  very  clofe,  the  pulmonary  Vein,  and 
Artery,  and  blow  up,  by  the  Windpipe,  the  Lungs 
of  any  Animal,  and  then  tie  up  the  Afpera  Arteria ; 
yet  the  Air  will  find  a  Way  out,  and  the  Lungs 
fink  :  Which,  on  the  contrary,  will  not  happen, 
if  the  Extremities  of  the  pulmonary  Vein,  and 
Artery,  are  well'  tied  up  :  Whence  he  argues  a 
Communication  of  the  Air  with  the  Blood.  He 
a.4 fo  obfcrves  the  Difference  of  Colour  in  the  Blood, 
before,  and  after, .its  palling  thro’  the  Lungs:  Ob- 
ferving  farther,  that  odr  Atmofphere  is  impregna¬ 
ted  with  this  nitrous  Spirit  •  he  adds,  that  if  fome 
few  Drops  of  the  Chymical  Spirit  of  Nitre  be 
dropp’d  on  black,  cold,  and  coagulated,  grumous. 

Bloody 


Treatife  of  the  Apoplexy.  373 

Blood,  it  will  not  only  render  it  fluid,  but  florid, 
and  like  arterial  Blood. 

T  o  this  he  fubjoins,  that  Nitre,  having  an  ex- 
pulflve  and  elaflic  Power,  communicates  to  the 
Blood,  by  Means  of  Refprration,  that  which 
caufes  its  Fermentation,  and  continued  internal 
Motion  j  citing  Galen  ( Lib.  de  Kefp.J  Aer  non  ad 
refrtgerandam ,  fed  ad  mitriendam  vitalem  flam - 
mam ,  animalibus  ineft. 

The  3d  Lemma  is  to  fhew,  that  this  nitrous 
aerial  Spirit,  mix’d  with  fome  other  Principles  in 
the  Blood,  compounds,  in  the  Veins  and  Arteries, 
a  Subiianoe  very  like  the  Air  which  encompafles 

us. 

A  s  to  this  Point,  having  obferved  that  our  At- 
mofphere  is  a  Compound  of  all  Sorts  of  Particl  es  ex¬ 
haled  from  Earths,  Minerals,  Vegetables,  Animals, 
&c.  he  fays,  that  what  pure  Part  foever  may  be 
received  into  the  Blood,  yet,  in  that  Blood,  it 
meets  with  the  like  Particles  conveyed  in  the 
Chyle,  from  the  feveral  Foods  eaten  j  whereby, 
when  mix’d  therewith,  it  becomes  like  the  encora- 
pafling  Air. 

Besides,  finding  thofe  Perfons,  that  dwell  in 
marfhy  Places,  fuhjed:  to  ill  Habits  of  Body,  he 
argues,  that  the  Air  of  fuch  unhealthy  Places, 
fome  Way  or  other,  gets  into  the  Blood,  and  that, 
by  the  Breath,  feems  the  molt  likely. 

The  4th  Lemma  is,  that  the  Air,  mix’d  with 
the  Blood,  agrees  with,  and  participates  of  the 
Condenfation  and  Rarefaction  of  the  Ambient. 

Having  mention’d  the  feveral  States  of  the 
Air,  in  refpeCt  to  Condenfation  and  Rarefaction, 
and  compared  its  component  elaftic  Particles,  to 
incurvated  Steel  Springs,  always  endeavouring  to 
dilate  themfelves ;  and  obferved,  that  it  is  the  Par¬ 
ticles  of  Air,  in  Spirit  of  Wine,  in  Thermometers, 
which  dilate,  or  contraCt,  by  Heat  and  Cold :  He 

B  b  3  urges. 


3  74  -A/r.  W  a  l  l  e  rT  Account  of  a 

urges,  that,  for  the  fame  Reafon,  the  Air,  contain¬ 
ed  and  intermixed  with  the  feveral  Fluids  of  thf 
Body,  mull  alfo  participate  with  the  Alterations 
of  the  Ambient. 

Having  premifed  thefe  Lemma's^  in  the  fifth 
Chapter,  he  treats  of  Apoplexies  caufed  by  the  Ra¬ 
rity,  or  Denfity  of  the  Air,  external  and  internal. 

T  his  Alteration  of  the  Temperament  of  the 
Air,  when  to  Excefs,  hinders  that  due  Separation 
of  the  Humours,  and  more  fpiritous  and  ufeful 
Parts  from  the  Chyle  and  Blood,  in  the  Harmony 
of  which,  Health  and  Strength  eonfifts  :  Too  great 
a  Condensation,  clogging,  and  thereby  hindring 
this  due  Separation ;  and  the  Contrary,  forcing  off 
unfit  Particles,  efpecially  to  the  Brain  and  Meninges, 
where  the  Separation  of  the  animal  Spirits  is  made. 

From  thefe  Lemmata ,  our  Author,  as  fo  many 
Corollaries,  deduces  the  Caufes  of  Paintings,  or  a 
Sort  of  Apoplexies ,  in  the  too  excellive  Heats  of 
the  Summer,  from  a  too  great  Rarefaction.  As 
on  the  Contrary,  the  Fixation  of  the  Fluids,  by  ex- 
ceffve  condenfmg  Cold.  ;  The  falling  of  Fruits 
from  the  Trees,  at  both  thefe  Extreams,  Sc.  coiir 
firming  it. 

T  h  e  6th  Chapter,  being  his  5th  Lemma ,  is  to 
{hew  that  the  animal  Spirits  are  compounded  of  a 
two-fold  volatile  Lffence ,  viz.  a  fulpiureous  from 
the  Bloody  and  a  nitrous  from  the  Air .  ' 1 ;  1  . 

Since,  it  muff  be  granted,  there  is  in  the 
Blood  a  continual  Motion  and  Fermentation  of  the 
feveral  different  compounding  Principles,  it  may 
eafily  be  allow’d,  that  there  is  feparated  in  the 
Brain  a  more  fine  and  fubtile  Effence,  which, 
communicated  to  the  Nerves,  is  what  may  be  call¬ 
ed  the  animal  Spirits,  the  animal  Liquid,  or  Sue* 
cus  Nervofus . 


He 


Treatife  of  the  Apoplexy.  575s 

He  fays,  as  from  Wine  Fermented,  an  ardent 
fulphureous  Spirit  is  extra&ed  ,  fo  Blood,  after 
its  frequent  Motions  and  Fermentations,  affords 
the  like  fulphureous  Spirit  to  the  Brain  or  Nerves, 
mix’d  with  the  nitrous  Spirit  taken  out  of  the 
Air. 

The  7th  Chapter  of  Apoplexies ,  from  the  Con- 
denfation  of  the  nitrous  Spirit,  relates  this  Expe¬ 
riment. 

If,  near  an  unflopp’d  Bottle  of  frefh-drawn  Spirit 
of  Nitre,  another  open  Bottle  of  Spirit  of  Urine, 
or  Sal  Armoniac,  be  placed,  the  Stearns  from  the 
Nitre  will  be  thereby  condenfed,  like  a  white 
Smoak,  which,  inflead  of  evaporating  into  the 
Air,  falls  down  on  the  Table,  or  Place,  where  the 
Bottles  Band,  Whence  he  argues,  that  when¬ 
ever  an  urinous  Spirit  abounds  in  the  Blood,  it  pro¬ 
duces  the  fame  Effe£l  in  the  nitrous  of  the  animal 
Spirits,  and  fo  caufes  an  Apoplexy . 

The  8th  Chapter  of  Apoplexies ,  from  the  Con- 
denfation  of  the  fulphureous  Part  of  the  animal 
Spirits. 

Thi  s  he  explains  by  rectified  Spirit  of  Wine, 
coagulating  with  a  fmall  Quantity  of  the  urinous, 
or  Sal  Armoniac,  Spirit  j  and  whereas  he  had  be¬ 
fore  afferted  Wine  and  Blood  to  confift  nearly  of 
the  fame  Principles,  he  hence  deduces  another 
Caufe  of  Apoplexies . 

A  s  to  the  Objection,  that  Spirit  of  Sal  Armoni¬ 
ac,  Hartfhorn,  and  the  like,  is  given,  with  Suc- 
cefs,  in  Apople6lic  Fits ,  he  fays,  if  fuch  Spirits 
were  immediatly  mixed  with  the  animal  Juice,  the 
Mifchief  would  foon  appear  3  but  after  palling 
thro5  fo  many  Alterations,  as  they  fuller  in  the 
Vifcera ,  they  do  neither  Good  nor  Hurt ;  and  if 
in  a  Fit,  as  it  is  poilible,  they  do  any  Good,  it  is 
by  their  violent  irritating  the  Nerves  of  the  Palate 
and  Tongue,  and  likewife  thofe  of  the  Stomach, 

B  b  4  which. 


3  7  6  Mr .  W  alu  rT  Me  count  of  a 

whi.ch5  as  one  Nail  drives  out  another,  fo  it  may 
fhake,  and  open  the  prefen t  Obftrudtion. 

The  9th  Chapter,  being  the  6th  Lemma , 
fhews  how,  from  thefe  Principles,  new,  or  fecond, 
Principles  may  be  generated  in  the  Blood,  and  o- 
ther  Humours,  which  may  prove  morbific  and 

jnifchievous. 

W  h  e  x  h  e  r  the  Blood  be  compofed  of  Galenic, 
Chymic,  or  Democratic  Principles,  yet  it  muH  be 
granted,  that  it  may,  and  does  receive  fuch  Alte¬ 
rations,  both  in  its  more  fiuid  and  folid  Parts,  as 
to  caufe  great  Diforders  in  the  Body.  Thus,  by 
the  Circulation,  feme  Parts  are  brought  together 
and  Hopp’d,  where  they  ought  not  to  be  ,  and,  by 
Fermentation,  feme  are  raifed  up,  and  rendered 
confpicuous,  in  Places  where  they  fhould  not. 

This  he  exemplifies  in  Wine,  which,  accord¬ 
ing  to  its  Fermentations,  receives  great  Alteration 
from  the  Winds,  Storms,  Thunders,  &'c.  fo  as  to 
become  turbid,  and  quite  alter’d  in  the  Texture 
of  its  compounding  Parts.  So  tho’  the  Blood  has 
not,  in  it,  any  vifible,  fix’d,  or  tartareous  Salts, 
yet  fuch  are  often  brought  together  in  Brumous 
and  fchirrous  Affections  3  which,  tho’  in  vifible  in 
the  Blood,  yet  are,  by  the  Mechanifm  of  the  Body, 
united  and  Hopp’d,  in  the  Glands  molt  commonly. 

Th  e  fame  may  be  laid  of  the  Bile,  the  pancre¬ 
atic  Juice,  and  other  Humours  ;  all  which5  when 
vitiated,  prove  noxious  to  the  Body. 

T  h  e  10th  Chapter  of  Apoplexies*,  arifing  from 
morbid  Principles  produced  w  ithin  the  Body,  and 
there  condenfed  in  the  folid  and  fluid  Farts. 

Our  Author  begins  this  Chapter,  with  the  Ex¬ 
periment  of  calcined  Tartar  condenfing  the  Air  in 
damp  Places  3  whence  its  Oil,  improperly  fo  called, 
per  deliqnium  :  Alcalizate-Nitre,  the  white  Mag- 
nefia,  1  iuppofe  he  means  the  Pyrites,  do  the  fame, 
&c.  The  fame  may  happen  in  the  Humours  of  the 
■"  V'.'  ’  ‘  .  '  "  Body, 


Treatife  of  the  Apoplexy.  377 

Body,  by  condenfing  the  more  aerial  Parts  of  the 
Blood  into  W ater,  or  fixing,  into  a  Sort  of  Salt,  the 
nitrous  Spirit.  The  alcalizate,  acrid,  fix'd  Parti¬ 
cles,  he  believes,  to  be  what  Hippocrates  called  the 
Atra  Bills. 

> 

Hf  remarks  alfo,  that  as  Spirit  of  Nitre,  fix'd 
by  Oil  of  Tartar  into  a  nitrous  Salt,  diflolves,  in 
warm  Water,  or  damp  Air  j  fo  the  volatile  Ef- 
fence  of  the  animal  Spirits,  either  fix'd  into,  or 
condens'd  into  a  Kind  of  Salt,  by  fome  Alchaly 
either  produced,  or  introduced  into  the  Blood, 
and  eafily  after  difiolved  by  the  warm  Serum , 
breaks  the  fibrous  Texture,  and  thereby  difpirits 
the  Blood  ;  fo  that  it  no  longer  furnifhes  that  se- 
therial  Spirit  to  the  Genus  Nervofum^  which  is  the 
Original  of  all  Motion  and  Senfation. 

1  n  the  next  Chapter  he  applies  what  he  has  be¬ 
fore  mention'd,  to  the  Cafe  of  Apoplexies.  Thefe 
Condenfations,  &c.  either  fometimes  proceeding 
flowly,  in  chronical  Diftempers,  or  fometimes 
very  quick ;  and,  as  it  were,  in  a  Moment,  the 
forementioned  Alchaly  being  communicated  from 
one  Part  of  continued  Vefiels,  to  another  ^  fo  that 
quickly,  the  Whole  becomes  broken,  disordered, 
and  fpoil'd. 

This  he  endeavours  to  explain,  by  tliefe  Sort 
of  Dews  on  Shrubs,  and  the  Grafs  in  Autumn, 
which  look  like  the  fineft  Spider's  Webs,  but, 
upon  the  leaf:  Touch  of  the  Finger,  on  their  Center, 
they  fly  away  into  a  fingle  Drop  of  Dew  :  So,  by 
a  fmall  Touch,  as  it  were,  of  this  noxious  Matter, 
the  whole  Order  and  Texture  of  the  animal  Spi¬ 
rits  become  broken,  from  Head  to  Foot  j  and  from 
fine,  rare,  and  delicate ;  become  a  thick,  grofs,  and 
pnadtive  Juice,  and  the  whole  animal  Machine 
popp'd  in  a  Moment. 


He 


37§  Mr.  W  alle  k\t  Account  of  a 

H  e  adds,  that  it  is  not  always  necefiary  that  a 
lixivial  Alchajy  fhouid  deftroy  this  volatile  Ef- 
fence  ;  fince  without  any  Error,  or  external  Caufe, 
Apoplexies  may  happen,  fince,  as  Galen  fays,  Eti- 
am  in  j  anguine  poteft  generari  venenum  :  But  this 
ufually  happens,  when  the  Conftitution  of  the  Air 
contributes  to  fuch  Diftempers. 

T  h  e  1 2th  Chapter  contains  his  Conjectures,  as 
to  the  Caufes  of  the  frequent  Apoplexies  at  Rome , 
in  1705,  and  the  Beginning  of  1706. 

O  u  r  Author  fays,  that  he  makes  no  Doubt, 
but  that  in  the  many  fudden  Deaths  happening  at 
Rome ,  in  the  fore-mention:d  Time,  feveral  might 
proceed  from  the  Caufes  fet  down,  in  the  feveral 
Chapters  of  the  fecond  Section;  fo  that  all  of  them 
cannot  properly  be  called  Apoplexies  :  Yet  they 
being  fo  unufually  frequent,  he  judges  what  he  has 
laid  down,  in  the  prefent  Section,  had  a  great  Share 
in  producing  this  Evil. 

H  e  propofes  therefore  to  confider  of  three  Mat* 
ters,  in  fo  many  Chapters. 

The  Thirteenth  Chapter. 

Why  the  forementioned  Caufes  were  capable  of 
producing  Apoplexies  at  Rome,  more  than  in  other 
Places. 

Here  he  takes  Notice  of  the  Situation  of  Rome , 
in  the  42d  Degree  of  Latitude,  in  a  large  low 
Plane,  divided  by  the  Tiber ,  where  the  Air  being 
little  moved  by  the  Winds,  and  impregnated  with 
mineral  Exhalations,  but  chiefly  with  putrid  Im¬ 
purities  from  the  neighbouring  ftagnant  Waters, 
cannot  but  be  prejudicial  to  the  Health  of  the 
Body. 

This  Air,  being  overcharged  with  Impurities, 
becomes  thick,  fo,  as  at  a  Diftance,  to  look  like  a 
hovering  Cloud ;  wherefore,  being  fo  denfe,  it 
piuft  prefs  down,  or  load,  more  than  it  fhould,  its 

elaftic 


Treat ife  of  the  Apoplexy.  479 

eiaftic  Principle ;  fo  that  from  the  4th  and  5th 
Chapters,  it  may  caufe  fuch  Apoplexies  as  proceed 
from  a  thick  Air. 

Besides,  Rome  lying  expofed  to  the  South 
Winds,  is  too  often  mifchievoufly  aBedled  by  them. 
Since  it  is  known,  by  common  Obfervation,  that 
when  thefe  Winds  prevail,  there  is  a  fenfible  Lai> 
guifhing  of  the  Strength  and  Spirits  ,  which  our 
Author  attributes  to  the  rarefying  Heat  of  the  Air, 
and,  by  its  Dampnefs,  a  DMIblution  of  the  Salts ; 
fo  that  there  being  conveyed  to  the  Nerves  an 
.oppreflive  Quantity  of  Humidity,  it  renders  them 
unadtive. 

Th  e  Tramontane,  or  North  Winds,  are  alfb, 
at  feme  Times,  very  violent  at  Rome ,  and  in  its 
Diftridc,  efpecialiy  in  the  Winter ;  thefe,  coming 
often  unexpectedly,  alter,  of  a  fudden,  the  am¬ 
bient  Air,  which,  communicated  to  the  Air  within 
the  Body,  renders  the  Veflels  unable  to  carry  the 
fpiritous  EBence  up  to  the  Brain  and  Meninges  j 
whence  Apopledlic  Affections  may  arife. 

Laftly ,  The  mineral  Impurities  from  Vitriol, 
Alum,  and  Sulphur,  which  abound  in  the  Dillrict 
of  Rome ,  either  taken  in  with  the  Air,  or  Nutri¬ 
ment,  vegetable  and  animal,  inlinuating  into  the 
Humours,  may  either  produce  in  them  an  urinous 
or  lixivial,  alkalizate  EEence,  either  of  which  may 
condenfe  the  volatile  EBence  of  the  animal  Spirits. 
Whence  the  Inhabitants  of  Rome  are  more  fubjedb 
to  thefe  fudden  Deaths ,  than  thofe  of  other 
Countries. 

The  Fourteenth  Chapter. 

Whence  Rome  was9  at  that  Time ,  more  than  u[u~ 
ally  fubjefrt  to  Apoplexies. 

I  n  the  Summer  and  Autumn  of  1705,  the  moift 
hot  South  Winds  blew  almoft  continually,  at 
which  Time  Apoplexies  began  to  be  frequent. 

‘  -  In 


3 So  Mr.  W  a  l  l  e  rV  Account  of  a 

I  n  the  following  Spring  a  very  cold  Seafon  fuc- 
ceeded,  with  ftrong  North  Winds,  with  a  confi- 
derable  Froft  ;  each  of  which  flop,  or  retard,  the 
Motions  of  the  Spirits,  which  he  confirms  by  two 
Aphorifms  of  Hippocrates. 

The  Fruits  of  the  Year  1705,  were  unripe, 
and  the  Wines  poor,  four,  and  auftere,  which  fince. 
Ex  iifdem  conftanius ,  qnibns  nutrimur ,  mu  ft  lay 
the  Seeds  of  future  Mifchiefs  in  the  Vifcera ,  efpe- 
cially  in  the  Serum ,  and  other  Fluids  in  the  Body. 
Thefe  Salts  being,  by  a  continued  Fermentation, 
raifed  into  an  urinous  Nature,  and, by  the  wet  South 
Winds,  diffolv'd,  and  carried  thro5  the  Body,  even 
to  the  Head  and  Meninges^  and  afterwards,  by 
the  cold  North  Winds,  fix'd,  in  the  feveral  Hu¬ 
mours,  might,  by  an  Excefs  in  either  Cafe,  caufe  a 
Failure,  or  Stoppage,  of  the  animal  Spirits. 

H  e  believes  alfo,  that  continual  Fermentations 
may  turn  thefe  immature  Salts  into  a  Kind  of  lix- 
ivial  Salts. 

H  e  obferved  old  Men  to  be  more  fubjedl  to  this 
Diftemper,  than  young,  as  he  fuppofes  from  this 
Ileafon :  The  young  Men  abounding  more  in  a 
fulphureous  Piffence,  which,  when  the  North  Winds 
bring  the  nitrous  Particles,  there  being  a  fufficient 
Quantity  of  other,  to  mix  therewith,  increafes  the 
Spirits  j  whereas,  for  Want  of  that  Sulphur  in  the 
old,  the  Blood,  by  the  Nitre,  is  ftagnated,  and 
the  few  Spirits,  they  have,  flopp'd. 

The  Fifteenth  Chapter. 

IE  here  fore  fince ,  in  Rome,  the  Canfies  of  this  Di¬ 
ftemper  were  univerfal ,  yet  the  Diftemper  was  not 
fo  ?  _  •  J 

For  the  Caufes  of  this  Difference,  he  gives  the 
different  Ages,  Sexes,  Conftitutions,  Manner  of 
Diet,  and  Way  of  Living:  Whence,  in  fome, 
there  is  fuch  a  juft  Balance  and  Proportion  of  So¬ 
lids 


Treatife  of  the  Apoplexy.  38  i 

lids  and  Fluids,  of  volatile  and  fix’d  Parts,  fuch  a 
due  Formation  of  the  Glands,  and  other  excretory 
Vefiels,  that  there  arifes  a  due  and  regular  Fer¬ 
mentation  and  Circulation  of  the  Blood,  and  other 
Fluids  in  the  Body  $  all  which  contribute  to 
Fiealth.  Whereas,  when  any  of  thefe  are  faul¬ 
ty,  the  Evil  more  readily  feizes  on  the  Patient; 
and  efpecially,  if  they  lay  up  the  Seeds  of  it,  by 
eating  immature  Fruits,  or  drinking  four,  auftere. 
Wines. 

Asa  Corollary,  he  adds,  that  the  ill  Tempera¬ 
ture  and  Difpofition  of  the  Air  and  Winds,  in 
thofe  Years,  was  the  occafional  Caufe  ;  and,  as  a 
more  remote  Caufe,  he  reckons  up  the  unwhole- 
fame  Food,  and  bad  Wine,  then  generally  taken. 

The  Sixteenth  Chapter, 

Gives  fever al  Remarks  on  the  malignant  Fevers , 
which ,  at  Rome,  frequently  terminate  in  Apo¬ 
plectic  Symptoms. 

Here  he  obferves  firft,  that  every  Summer 
and  Autumn,  at  Rome ,  and  in  the  neighbouring 
Campaign,  there  is  an  univerfal  malignant  Fever, 
commonly  call’d,  Fevers  from  the  Air.  This  In¬ 
fection  is  very  fatal  to  Strangers  and  Travellers, 
nay,  to  the  Inhabitants  themfelves,  if  they  come 
at* that  Time  from  a  more  healthy  Place ;  or,  if 
leaving  the  City,  they  go  to  other  more  healthy 
Places,  and  flay  there,  or  deep  there,  and  then 
return  Home. 

These  Fevers,  he  fays,  when  it  is  little  ex¬ 
pected,  end  in  a  fatal  Apoplexy. 

T  o  account  for  this,  he  fays,  that  the  Air  of 
different  Climates  has  different  Effects,  and  that  it 
requires  fome  Time,  before  the  internal  Air  in  the 
Body  can  be  reduced  to  the  Conflitution  of  the 
ambient ;  which,  while  doing,  caufes  Alterations 
in  the  feveral  Fermentations.  Whence  the  Fer¬ 
mentation 


3  8  z  Mr .  Waller9;  Account  of  a 

mentation,  at  that  Time,  is  either  too  violent,  or 
too  remifs.  Again,  Sleeping,  in  a  different  Air 
from  what  we  are  ufed  to,  caufes  thofe  Separations 
which  are  ufually  made  in  Sleep,  to  he  differently 
performed  from  what  they  ufed  to  be. 

The  Caufe  of  thefe,  happening  chiefly  in  Sum¬ 
mer  and  Autumn,  is  from  the  Heats  then  reign¬ 
ing^  which  caufe  too  great  a  Rarefadlion  of  the 
Humours  and  Fluids,  whence  they  may  more  eali- 
ly  be  altered  by  the  noxious  Exhalations  3  all 
which  entering  into  the  Body  by  the  Breath,  or 
Eood,  produce  thofe  diforderly  Rarefadlions,  or 
Fixations,  of  the  Animal  Spirits  before  treated  of , 
which  happening  either  at  the  Beginning,  or  De- 
clenfion  of  the  Fever,  may  cauf t  Apoplectic  Sy in¬ 
terns. 

T  h  e  laft  Chapter  treats  of  feveral  Phenomena 
accompanying  Apoplexies . 

Among  thefe  he  reckons  up,  Failure  of  Mo¬ 
tion,  Senfe,  and  Speech  3  Falling  down  3  the  Brea¬ 
thing  hindered,  or  violent,  and  diforderly  3  a 
froathy  Foaming  at  the  Mouth  3  a  full  Pulfe,  vi¬ 
brating,  and  fometimes  natural  3  a  Relaxation  of 
the  Anus  and  Urethra  3  the  Intellect  and  Facul¬ 
ties  of  the  Mind  (which,  without  the  Nerves,  can¬ 
not  a df)  failing,  6iV.  all  which  he*  explains,  and 
concludes  his  firft  Book. 

< 

The  fecond  Book  is  alfo  divided  into  three  Sections  : 
The  firft  of  Chirurgical  3  the  fecond  of  Medicinal 
Methods  ufed  in  the  Cure  of  this  Diftemper  3  and 
the  third  concerning  the  Diet':  Of  all  which  I 
fioall  he  but  Jhort ,  having  been  alrealy  too  prolix 
in  the  former  Part. 

T  h  e  firft  Chapter  concerns  Chirurgical  Opera- 
tiions  in  general  3  and  the  three  next  of  the  Cure 
of  Blows,  or  Wounds,  on  the  Head,  Fradlures  of 

the 


Treat  if e  of  the  Apoplexy.  383 

the  Skull,  and  the  like  ;  with  the  Prefcriptions  of 
feveral  Ointments,  Plaifters,  Salves,  &c. 

I  n  the  5th  Chapter  he  treats  of  Blood-letting 
in  Apoplexies.  This  he  recommends  as  beneficial, 
and,  in  many  Cafes,  neceffary,  with  the  Lancet, 
in  the  Arm,  or  Jugulars,  and  fometimes  has  been 
praCtifed  in  the  Forehead  3  but  with  due  RefpeCI 
to  the  Age  of  the  Patient,  and  other  Circum- 
ftances. 

I  n  the  6th  Chapter,  treating  of  hot  Irons,  he 
mentions  hot  Pans  held  over  the  Head,  Stupes  in 
Brandy  fired  upon  the  fhaved  Crown  of  the  Head, 
with  other  Cauteries  applied  to  the  Neck,  Arms, 
Pit  of  the  Stomach,  and  other  Places.  But  above 
all,  as  the  moft  efficacious  Remedy,  he  advifes  the 
Application,  to  the  Soles  of  the  Feet,  of  an  Iron 
heated,  Icfs,  or  more,  according  to  the  Exigence 
of  the  Patient  ♦  of  which  Iron,  and  Manner  of 
applying  it,  he  gives  a  Figure ;  affirming  it  the 
moft  certain  Remedy,  which  rarely  failed  of  Sue- 
cefs.  He  produces  feveral  Authorities  for  this 
Practice  :  And, 

I  n  the  next  Chapter,  he  fhews  the  Method  of 
Curing  the  Burn,  after  it  has  rouzed  the  Apoplectic 
Patient. 

The  8th  Chapter  concerns  Veficatories,  Sina- 
pifmes,  and  lefter  Cauteries,  &c. 

The  laft  of  this  Section  mentions  Friftions,  Li¬ 
gatures,  and  Cupping. 

The  fecond  Se<ftion  relates  to  the  Part  of  the 
Phyfician,  in  this  Diftemper,  which  he  handles  in 
14  diftinft  Chapters,  giving  particular  Directions 
and  Recipe’s,  as  the  Cafe  requires. 

The  third  SeCtion  refpeCts  the  Diet,  both  of 
Perfons  cured,  and  fubjeCt  to  it ;  with  his  Advice 
as  to  Prefervatives ;  in  all  which  there  is  little  ex¬ 
traordinary. 


The 


3 §4  The  ^Pores  of  the  Senfible  Plant. 

T  h  e  Author  concludes  his  whole  Work  with 
fome  remarkable  Cafes  of  Perfons,  chiefly  in  the 
Hofpitals  at  Rome ,  either  dying,  with  fome  Obfer- 
vations  on  their  Diffeclions,  or  happily  cured,  and 
that,  moftly,  by  the  hot  Iron  applied  to  the  Bot¬ 
toms  of  their  Feet. 

I  n  the  Difleftions  mentioned  by  our  Author, 
I  find,  he  opened  only  the  Heads  of  the  dead  Per¬ 
fons  ;  taking  that  Part  to  be,  chiefly,  if  not  only, 
affe&ed  in  Apoplexies  ,  which,  poflibly,  may  be  true, 
as  to  Diftempers  properly  fo  called  :  Tho5,  on  the 
other  Hand,  fudden  Deaths  may  proceed  from 
an  immediate  Stop  on  the  Heart  •  and,  indeed,  he 
obferves  fome  had  a  good  and  natural  Pulfe,  when 
at  the  fame  Time  they  lay  in  an  Apoplectic  Fit. 

In  ail  thofe  who  died  of  Hurts  in  the  Head,  he 
found  extravafated  Blood,  or  Matter,  or  both,  on 
the  Dura  Mater ,  or  between  the  two  Meninges , 
with  a  copious  Serum ,  fometimes  in  the  Ventricles 
of  the  Brain. 

I  n  thofe  dying  Apoplectic ,  after  malignant  Fe¬ 
vers,  the  Blood- Veffels,  of  the  Meninges  were  tur¬ 
gid,  with  a  black  Blood. 


The  Tores  of  the  Senfitive  Plan:. 


Altho'i  I  do  not  find  any  verbal  Account  of  the  Senfi- 
five  Plant,  that  thofe  Figures  relate  unto ,  yet  I 
think  fit  to  infiert  them ,  becaufe  they  may  probably 
be  of  Life  to  Perfons  that  are  minded  to  enquire  in - 
to  the  Mechanifm  of  that  uncouth  Vegetable . 

W.  DtRH  A  M. 


C  385-  ) 

The  Mechanical  IV ay  of  "Drawing  Conical 

Figures® 


€  c  An 


46  a  Vertices,  ) 

PSeffzonis* 
y  PuniiumVS 


C  386  ) 


An  Extract  of  a  Letter  to  R.  Walle  R, 
Efiq^  Dr,  Cotton  Mather,  dated 

Decemb.  r,  1713?  at  Bofton  in  New-Eng- 
land,  of  a  W oolly  Sub  fiance  falling  in  a 
Shower  of  Snow. 

tip  h  o5  I  have  unhappily  miflaid  the  large  and 
Jl  well-attefted  Account  of  what  follows,  yet, 
however,  my  Memory  fufficiently  ferves  me,  to 
aflert  fo  much  as  may  afford  you  a  tolerable  Satis¬ 
faction  :  Which  is,  That  at  a  Town  in  one  of  our 
Colonies,  called  Fairfield ,  in  the  Depth  of  the 
Winter,  there  fell  a  Snow ,  as  at  other  Times  5  but 
there  was  a  large  frozen  Spot,  (of  I  have  now  for¬ 
got  juft  how'  many  Acres)  which,  inftead  of  the 
Snow  that  lay  covered  in  other  Places,  was  covered 
with  a  very  confiderable  Quantity  of  that  Woolly 
whereof  I  now  tender  a  Specimen  to  your  Ac¬ 
ceptance. 


Mr .  W  a  l  l  E  Relation  of  petrified  Bo¬ 
dies  of  Men,  &c. 

November  12,  1713.  Mr.  Baker,  who  had  been 
Con  fill  at  Tripoli,  &c.  gave  me  this  Relation. 

A  bout  40  Days  Journey,  S,  E.  from  Eripoli , 
and  about  feven  Days  from  the  neareft  Sea- 
Coaft,  there  is  a  Place  called  Ougila ,  in  which 
there  are  found  the  Bodies  of  Men,  Women,  Chil¬ 
dren,  Beafts,  and  Plants,  all  petrified,  of  a  hard 
Stone  like  Marble :  That  about  1 654,  or  5,  the  Cor - 
fairs  having  taken  feveral  of  the  Englijh  Ships,  Ad- 
Blake  was  fent  with  a  Squadron  of  Men  of 

War 


A  Relation  of  petrified  Bodies ,  &c.  387 

War  to  Tripoli  5  from  which  Place  and  Tunis , 
he  had  all  the  Captives  delivered  without  Ran- 
font ;  at  which  Time,  the  Export  of  this  Bifcovery 
of  the  above-mentioned  was  new,  fo  that  he  obli¬ 
ged  the  Alkade  to  procure  a  whole  Figure  for 
him,  which  he  promifed.  But  Blake  not  flaying 
long  enough  there,  but  failing  to  Leghorue ,  he 
fent  a  final!  Frigat  to  Tripoli  to  fetch  it  a-board  $ 
in  which  Frigat  one  Mr.  Hebden  (then  a  young 
Gentleman)  went,  who  told  Mr.  Baker ,  that  he 
hiinfelf  faw  a  Figure  of  a  Man  petrified,  which  was 
conveyed  to  Leghorne ,  and  thence  to  England ,  and 
that  it  was  carried  to  Secretary  Thurlow . 

The  fame  Mr.  Baker  told  me.  That  when  he 
was  at  T ripoli. ,  he  fpoke  with  feveral  Turks ,  who 
affirmed  themfelves  to  have  been  Eye-Witnefles  of 
the  faid  Petrifactions :  That,  particularly,  an  Offi¬ 
cer  that  commanded  a  Garrifon  of  200  Men,  on 
a  Frontier  Place,  called  Derney ,  not  many  Days 
Journey  from  the  Place,  had  promifed  him  to 
procure  a  Figure  thence  j  the  fame  affirmed  the 
Relation  j  that,  accordingly,  he  fent  fome  Spies 
to  find  the  Place,  which,  at  that  Time,  they  could 
not,  as  he  fent  him  Word,  it  being  wholly  bu¬ 
ried  in  the  Sands,  which  in  that  Country  are  car¬ 
ried  iii  great  Clouds ;  that  a  flrong  North  Wind 
blows  the  Sands  off,  and  by  that  Means  difcovers 
the  Place ;  which,  at  other  Times,  is  covered  by 
thefe  Sands. 

H  e  farther  told  me,  That  this  Mr.  Hebden  died 
about  two  Years  fince,  a  Prifoner  in  the  Fleet,  tho3> 
he  had  been  formerly  fent  to  Mo f cow  by  King 
Charles  II.  He  faid,  he  had  procured  the  Arm 
of  a  Fig-Tree ,  as  big  as  his  Arm,  petrified  ^  where¬ 
on  the  Bark  and  Wood  were  plainly  vifible ,  the 
Bark  grey,  the  Wood  yellowifh,  of  the  true  Co¬ 
lour  of  the  Plant  3  that  in  the  Bark  was  a  Grove, 
in  which  were  feveral  fmall  Infedls  like  the  Lady- 

C  c  2  Cow 


388  T)r,  H  o  o  k Is  An  fiver  to  fotne 

Cow  petrified ;  that  he  had  prefented  this  Piece  of 
petrified  Wood  to  my  Lord  Tornngton ,  in  whofe 
Pofleflion  he  believes  it  now  is. 


'Dr.  H  o  o  k ’s  Anfiver  to  fome  particular 
Claims  of  Motif  CafliniV,  in  his  Original 
and  Trogrefs  of  Afironomy . 

FT  a  vi  n  g  lately  perufed  a  Bifcourfe  of  Monf. 

I  Caffini ,  concerning  the  Original  and  Pro¬ 
gress  of  Aftronomy,  and  of  its  life  in  Geography, 
and  Navigation,  I  could  not  chufe  but  take  No¬ 
tice  of  Several  Paffages  of  it,  which  feem  more 
particularly  to  concern  this  Honourable  Society ; 
and  the  rather,  becaufe  I  do  not  find  that  it  hath 
been  mentioned  by  any  hitherto,  but  Suffered  to 
paSs  into  the  World  for  Authentick,  and  will  be 
So  concluded  by  the  future  learned  World,  if  it 
be  not  otherwife  informed  of  the  Errors,  or  Mi¬ 
stakes,  therein  contained. 

The  firft  is,  concerning  the  Beginning,  and 
Original,  of  the  Royal  Society  :  Concerning  which 
he  might  have  been  much  better  informed,  if  he 
had  taken  Notice  of  what  is  Said  concerning  it  in 
Dr.  Sprat's  Hiftory  thereof ;  but  that,  it  Seems,  did 
not  fo  well  Suit  to  his  DeSign  of  making  the  French 
to  be  the  firft.  Pie  makes,  then,  Mr.  Oldenburg 
to  have  been  the  Inftrument,  who  infpired  the  Eng- 
life  with  a  Defire  to  imitate  the  French ,  in  having 
PhiloSophical  Clubs  or  Meetings  j  and  that  this 
was  the  OccaSion  of  founding  the  Royal  Society , 
and  making  the  French  the  firft.  I  will  not  fay, 
that  Mr.  Oldenburg  did  rather  infpire  the  French 
to  follow  the  Englijh ,  or,  at  leaft,  did  help  them, 
and  hinder  us.  But  ’tis  well  known  who  were 
the  principal  Men  that  began  and  promoted  that 

\  Be- 


Claims  of  Motif.  CaflmiV  Alflronomy.  389 

Defign,  both  in  this  City,  and  in  Oxford  3  and 
that  a  long  while  before  Mr.  Oldenburg  came  into 
England.  And  not  only  thefe  Fhilofophick  Meet¬ 
ings,  were  before  Mr.  Oldenburg  came  from.  Paris  , 
but  the  Society  itfelf  was  begun,  before  he  came 
hither  ;  and  thofe,  who  then  knew  Mr.  Oldenburg , 
underftood  well  enough,  how  little  he  himfelf  knew’ 
of  Philofophick  Matters. 

The  next  Thing,  1  take  Notice  of,  is  his  af« 
ferting  the  Royal  Academy ,  at  Paris ,  to  be  the 
Inventors  of  many  Inventions,  and  Improvements, 
of  Aftronomical  Helps,  which  were  invented,  and 
improved  here,  by  feme  of  this  Society ,  before 
that  at  Paris  was  founded* 

The  firft  Thing,  he  inftances  in,  is  the  Pendu¬ 
lum  Clock,  which,  he  fays,  was  invented  by  one 
of  the  Members  of  that  Academy.  I  fuppofe  he 
means  Monf  Chr.  Huygens ,  becaufe  he  mentions 
the  Regulation  of  them  by  the  Cycloid:  Now, 
5tis  well  known,  that  this  Perfon  was  a  Member  of 
the  Royal  Society  four  or  five  Years  before  the 
Royal  Academy  was  founded,  which  was  not  till 
the  Year  1666:  The  Royal  Society  has,  therefore, 
more  Right  of  Claim  to  that  Improvement,  than 
the  Royal  Academy  •  but,  indeed,  the  Invention 
was  precedent  to  both,  and  was  made  in  Holland , 
and  from  thence  lent  into  England  about  the  Year 
1659,  or  1660. 

The  next  Thing,  he  lays  Claim  to,  is  the  P.e-* 
gulation  of  Watches,  by  a  Spring  applied  to  the 
Balance  ^  but  that  is  fomewhat  more  injurious 
than  the  former :  For,  it  was  not  pretended  to  by 
Monf.  Zulicbem ,  till  about  the  Year  1675  j  where¬ 
as  it  was  here  invented,  before  the  Year  1660  $  in 
which  Year,  I,  and  three  other  Members  of  this 
Society ,  had  a  Grant  of  a  Patent  for  the  Ufe  there¬ 
of  ^  and  fome  Years  after,  when  Monf.  Zulicbem 

C  c  3  came 


390  €Dr.  Hoo \Cs  Anjwer  to  feme 

came  to  be  informed  of  it,  he  wrote  a  Letter  a- 
gainft  it  as  a  Thing  not  practicable. 

The  3d  Thing  is  about  the  finding  a  Standard 
for  an  univerfal  Meafure  by  the  Length  of  a  Pendu¬ 
lum  vibrating  a  certain  Time.  This,  1  believe,  was 
firft  invented,  and  tried,  by  Sir  Chriftcfher  Wreny 
Tome  Years  before  the  Beginning  of  the  Society. 

But  that  this  Length  would  not  be  the  fame, 
all  over  the  World,  was  difcovered  by  me  to  this 
Society ,  32  or  33  Years  fince,  as  will  appear  by  the 
Regifters  of  this  Society. 

T  h  e  4th  Thing,  he  infiances  in,  is  the  Im¬ 
provement  of  Telefcopes,  both  for  Length  and 
Goodnefs,  which  was  firft  performed  here  by  Sir 
Paul  Neile,  Sir  Chfifiopher  Wreny  and  Dr.  Gcddardy 
who  inftruCied  and  employed  Mr.  Reives  in  the 
manual  Operation  3  and,  by  that  Means,  it  was  car¬ 
ried  to  the  Perfection  of  making  ObjeCt-Glafles  of 
60  and  7oFoot  long,  very  good,  before  any  Mention 
was  made  of  fuch  being  made  in  France.  Some  fuch 
Attempts,  indeed,  had  been  made  in  Italy ,  by  Di~ 
vini  and  Campani  :  But  upon  comparing  one  of 
the  beft  of  them,  brought  hither  by  Mr.  Monco - 
nySj  I  found,  that  a  Telefcope  I  had  then  by  me, 
of  Mr.  Reives3 s  making,  of  the  fame  Length  with 
the  Italian ,  was  full  as  good,  if  not  better  3  which 
Mr.  Monconys  acknowledged. 

A  5th  Thing,  he  inftances  in, was  a  Way  of  ufing 
thefe  QhjeCt-Glafifes  without  Tubes.  This  I  pra- 
ctifed  here  long  before  any  Mention  was  made  of 
its  being  known  beyond  Sea,  where,  I  fuppofe,  it 
Was  firft  ufed  by  Mr.  Huygens  y  who  hath  printed 
a  little  Difcourfe  concerning  it  3  but  that  was  above 
*0  Tears  after  I  had  ufed  it  here  in  England. 

A  6 th  Thing  is  the  Application  of  Clock-Work, 
to  keep  the  Glafs  directed  to  the  ObjeCb  3  but  who 
contrived  this  Application,  wall  appear  by  my  Ani- 
madverfions  on  the  Machina  Qoslejiis  of  Hevelius. 

A  7th 


Claims  of  Monf.  CaflmiV  AJlronomy .  391 

A  7th  Thing,  he  inftances  in,  is  the  Application 
of  Telefcope  Sights  to  Inftruments3  which  was 
invented  and  perfected  here  long  before  any  fuch 
were  to  be  found,  or  heard  of,  in  France.  And 
Mr.  Bullialdus ,  and  feveral  other  of  the  French 
Aftronomers,  as  well  as  Hevelius  in  Dantzick ,  and 
Dr.  Wallis  here,  did  difapprove  of  them,  after  I 
had  publilhed  the  Ufe  and  great  Benefit  of  them, 
for  Sights  of  Inftruments,  in  my  Micrography,  in 
my  Attempt  to  prove  the  Parallax  of  the  Earth’s 
Orbit,  and  in  my  Animadverfions  ,  and  by  the 
Letters  publilhed  by  Olhof  for  Hevelius ,  it  will 
appear  how  much  the  World  was  then  of  another 
Mind. 

An  8th Thing  is  the  Ufe  of  a  Micrometer,  &c. 

Concerning  which  J  Jhall  refer  to  our  Philof 
Tranfacft.  N°  3 52,  where  /  have  given  a  f efficient 
Anfwer  to  his  Claim  of  the  French  Gentlemen ,  by 
affecting  that  and  other  Inventions  to  Mr.  Gafcoigne, 

W.  D  ERHAM. 

It  would  be  too  tedious  to  mention  all  the  Par¬ 
ticulars,  which  he  intitles  the  Royal  Academy  to  the 
Honour  of  the  Invention  of,  to  which,  in  Truth, 
they  have  no  juft  Pretence  of  Claim.  However,  I 
conceive,  it  might  not  be  improper  for  fome  Perfon 
to  vindicate  the  right  and  juft  Claim  of  this  So¬ 
ciety,  that  may  flop  the  Mouths  of  fome  malicious 
Men,  who  will  needs  fay,  that  this  Society  hath 
invented  or  improved  nothing  of  real  Ufe. 


F  ini  s. 

* 


THE 


A. 

Abyss,  what,  Pag.228 
— —  Inftruments  to 


found  it,  225 

Aged  Woman  ^  80 

Air  weighed ,  6 

— -  Its  Refinance ,  2  3 

■ - Healthful  and  un - 

healthful ,  373 

C&ndenfed  by  Tartar , 

375 

~  Artificial ,  3  I  o 


Alexandrian  Latitude,^ c. 

30o3  301 
Amber,  315,  322,  329 

—  Ai  Specifick  Gravity. , 


338 

Ambergriece,  213 

Animalcules  /'«  Water ,5^ 
Apoplexy,  361 

Aqua  Fortis,  192 

—  Regia,  ibid. 

Arteries,  368 

Jutfg  Arthur,  242 


Atmofphere,jjRe/r/iif?/Wy, 

338 

R. 

Bacon  Chancellor , 

264 


—Roger,  p.  257,  2<?4 
Bangue,  210 

Baracunda,  282 

Barometer  invented  1 
"~^**»DiJputes  about  it ,  3 

— Improved ,  169,  302 
Bartoli,  289 

Bat,  its  Anatomy ,  8 1 

Bee,  to  Figure ,  26 7 

- — —Wax,  how  whitened , 

.  37 

Belland,  a  Difeafe,  ibid, 

- - /?oiu  cured,  41 

Bexoar  Stones,  212 
Bile,  376 

Blood,  Experiments  about 

*t>  372j  37^ 

Blows,  on  the  Head  3  <59 
— — o/z  the  Stomach,  ibid. 
Bolognian  Phofphoros, iy 4 
Bonani  271 

Borelli^  Telefcope,  261 
Boyle,  291 

Brain's  StruElure  68,  362 

- - Anatomy  363 

- Ufe,  364 

Brafs,  whether  magnethal? 

1 29 

Brick- 


I  N  D  E  X, 


Brick-Earth,  p.  87 
Brie,  Theodore  de,  294 
Burning- Glaffes,  348 

C 

Campani, 

Cancers,  Remedy 
Carriages, 

Caffini, 

— — faulty  Claims 
Cafwel  of  Dials , 

Ceres’*  Chariot , 

Chariot  with  Sails , 

China, 

Chizzel,  magnetical ,  129 
Clay,  87 

Clocks  at  Sea ,  4 

Clouds,  /jotu  fufpended ,  8 
Comets,  2(5) ,  273 

» — -*»  id<55,  29 

Com  fa,  210 

Conception  unufual  80 
Conical  Figures ,  385 

Conveyance  0/  EarthyScc. 

275 

Copernicus,  2*54 

Copper,  like  Gold , 

191 

— —  whitened  throughout , 

191 

Cox,  2<5l 

Cryftal’s  RefraBion ,  24 

— — -not  generated  from  Ice , 

2(5 

D. 

Depth  0/ the  Sea, 225,237 
Defcartes  259,  260 

Dials  w/W?  Shadow  going 
hack ,  196 


Diamonds,  213 

Diggs,^  258 

Dimenfions  penetrated , 

207 

Diftances,  Zwxu  difcourje 
at ,  142 

meafured  at  Sea ,  296' 

314 
260 
292 
128 
60 


E. 

Earth’s  Motion ,  266 

- - eafily  conveyed ,  275 

Earthquake  /'«  the  Eaft- 
Indies,  29 

—At  Agra  Patta- 
va,  3  o 

*—At  Man  ado,  Min¬ 
danao,  35 

• — —  Ternata,  36 


- — —  //zSomerfettfiire,  54 
—  ^  Deal,  Ford- 
mouth,  &c.  273,  274 
Eaflerly  Win  ds,  why  they 
rafe  the  Mercury  8 
Echoes,  106 

Eclipfe  of  Jupiter’* 

//>**,  49 

— of  the  Sun ,  343,  344 

Eggs  with  others  included , 

2  ^ 

Elements  reprefented ,  195 
Enquiries  /or  Greenland, 

1 8 

- /or  Iceland  19 

• - -/or 


2<5o 
347 

150  Diving  Engine , 

2(5i,  265  Divini, 

388  Draught  of  Pi  Bures, 
196  Drills  magnetic  at , 
157  Droit wych  Springs , 
150 
88 


I  N  D  E  X. 


-—/or  Jamaica,  p.  64 

Effay  Scales,  116,126 
Experiments,  how  to  be 
made ,  26 

Excrements  viewed  in 
Microf copes  6  2 

F. 


Fall  0/  Heights  flop - 

ped. 

109 

Falie  Pofltion, 

84 

Fermat, 

260 

Fevers  Rome, 

381 

Indian  Fig, 

271 

Figures  Conical, 

Fire-firuck,  288,357 

Fillies  at  the  Bottom  of  the 

Sea , 

312 

Fi  hula’s  Remedy, 

347 

Foiling  Glafs, 

195 

Fountains  foretelling 

Dearth , 

256 

Froft, 

289 

—Its  Caufe , 

140 

"—Experiments , 

132, 

134, 138, 140, 

142 

— — Whether  it  f wells  Bo - 

dies,  132,  139, 

142 

Fruit,  its  Veins  in  the  Rind, 

G. 

52 

Gal  at  a  Latitude, 

301 

Galaxy, 

258 

Galileo, 

258 

Gammaknotra  Hill  blown 

up  in  the  Air  by  anEarth - 

quake, 

35 

Gange  Plant, 

210 

Gems, 

2 1 2 

Germinatio  Metallorum 
.  P-i83 


Gilbert*/  Cave,  354 

Gilding  o/z  Stiver ,  190 

—  Carps,  6Tc.  1 94 

Gla fs  Balls,  9 

°—  Foiled ,  194 

Globe,  ibid. 

- - Burning,  348 

— —Magnifying,  351 

— To  grind  them ,  271 

Gold  dijfolved,  348 


- In  Gam  bay 

277 

Gravity  0/  Liquors , 

169 

Greaves3/  Obfervations , 

300 


Greenland  Enquiries  18 
Guns  at  Stockholm,  25-4 

H. 

Hail-Stones  large ,  49 

Hair,  its  Structure,  61 
Heart,  3  67 

* — — 'Its  Motion ,  ibid.- 
Heat  rtW  Cold,  they 
affeB  the  Air ,  1 2 

Eleavy  Bodies  fwimming  on 
Water,  90 

Heights  meafured  at  Sea , 

295 

Hemlock  eaten,  211 
Hevelius,  260,  272 
Herbert  67V  Thomas  294 
Mr.  de  la  Hire,  289 
Hobbs,  260 

Hodierna,  268 


Holmes 


I  N  D 

Holmes  Sir  Rich,  ‘Trial 
of  Pendulum  Clocks  at 
Sea ,  p.  5 

Holly  in  flowing  Metals , 

40 

Hook5*  grinding  Glaffes, 


^  y  £ 

Horfe-Pifs,  ^  64 

Houfes  in  England  and 
Wales, 

Huygens,  261,  2 6$,  272 

I, 

Ice,  its  Blebs,  138 

ItsExpanfion ,  132,134, 

*39 

—Its  Gravity ,  134 

—Its  Re  fraction ,  1 4 1 3  90 
—Its  Strength,  130 

—Sinks  not  to  the  Bot¬ 
tom ,  135,  138 

—1  [lands  of  it,  136 

Iceland  Enquiries ,  19 

Impreffions  ro  take ,  1 1 1 


Ink  /or  Rolling- Prefs, 

188 

Iron  coloured  like  Copper, 


190 

— Heated ,  2  8  (5 

Jupiter*  Satellites ,  259 

K. 

Kepler,  .  239 

lord  Kingkardine3*  Ob- 
fervations,  4 

L. 

Lamb  /»  the  Omentum ,  80 

Latten  Ptee*,  185 


E  X. 

Lead  fwimming,  p.  8  9 
Leeuwenhoeck,  5* 54  6i, 
6  ),  261 ,  268 
Lidford- Bridge,  60 
Liquors  Specifick  Gravity , 

169,  209 
Loam,  87 

Longitude  between  Paris 
tfffd  Breft,  48 

Loufe  Ohfervahles,  70 
Lunacy  £0  c«re,  212 
Lungs  fluffed  with  Grafs  * 

28 

— filled  with  Air ,  Iwzo 
emptied ,  and  how  ft  op - 
fed,  372 

Lyncean  Academy,  2^8 

^  M. 

Magned fra  Drills,  128 
Magnetick  Variation,  300 
Maignan,  260 

Maleftrome,  243 

Meafure  univerfal,  390 
Medals  to  take ,  in 
Medium  preffed  by  amen¬ 
ding  and  defc ending  Bo¬ 
dies,  1 4 

Medulla  oblongata,  362 

- Spinalis,  363 

Melted  Lead,  or  Iron/ciu 
prevented  from  Burning , 

40 

Menftruum  univerfal,  348 
Mercury5*  Weight  to  Wa¬ 
ter,  9  2 

Meridian  *o  find ,  20 6 

Metals 


INDEX. 


Metals  dijfol 

ve  and  pre- 

cipitate , 

p.  192 

— — Expanfton 

when  melt - 

ed, 

94>  *39 

- — -  Do  o0K«?w  Germinatio- 

ne, 

183 

Metius, 

258 

Micrometer, 

39* 

Microfcopes, 

257,  267, 

270 

Minutenefs  of  Animalcules 

in  Water, 

55 

~~ —  0/  the  Parts  of  our 

Bodies, 

57 

Mo  tala  River, 

2  54 

Animal  Motion  /?02u,  366 

Moxa, 

72 

Mufcles, 

6;,  366 

Musk, 

213 

N. 

Nautilus  Eifh, 

i°4 

Neile  5VV  Paul, 

,  260 

Nile  River, 

3°  r 

Nofto.k, 

345 

O. 

Ogylby/ 

&c.  294 

Opium, 

37i 

Orvietan, 

186 

Ozenam, 

2(55 

P. 

• 

Pain  eafed. 

348 

Panarolla, 

268 

Pendle-Hill  Eruption,  32 

Pendulum  Clocks >  3  89,390 
Penetration  cj  Dimenfions , 

207 


Perfume /ok  Clothes, p.193 
Petrified  jSowj,  &c.  31 

~  Bodies  of  Animals, &c. 


386 

Pharaoh/  Chariot ,  1 5<5 

Phofphori,  174,  <lrc. 

- Liquidus,  177 

te*~ —  Baldwyni ,  180,181 
— Element  arts,  178 

— - MetaUorum ,  177 


Pia  Mater/  StruBure ,  6j 
Pictures  copied,  112,292 
Pipes  Strength  tried,  91 
Plague,  Obfervations  on  it, 

28 

Planets  C0/00K  Egypt, 


300 

Plant  Senfitive ,  384 

Pleiades,  Star/,  273 
Pomade,  Roman,  19 3 
Porta,  B  apt  i ft  a,  258 
Powder  /or  */?<?  /D/V,  193 
Precious  Stones,  2 1 3 
P  refill  re  of  the  Parts  of 
Water,  96,  100,  102 
Prickly  Po/ik,  271 


Printing  ^  Oxford,  £17 
Prune- Stones  voided,  79 

R. 

Rain  fo  meafure ,  43,  4(5 

Recipe/  curious ,  190,67;. 
Refie&ing  Telefcope,  269 
Refra&ion  0/  Atmo- 


Sphere,  338 

*- — —of  Ice ,  291 

Regulus  Martis,  139 
Reita,  272 


Reive, 


INDEX. 


Reive, 

D.  26i 

Rhodes,  Po&’j  Height , 

301 

Rollers, 

ld2 

Romesj  Situation, &c. 378. 
— - Apoplexies  in  1 ~]o\. 

361,  379 

— »  Fevers , 

381 

Rook  M\  Laurence,  272 

Royal  Society’s 

Beginning, 

388 

Rubies, 

2ld 

s. 

Salts, 

88 

™Armoniack,  how  made, 

192 

Springs  of  Droit- 

wych. 

60 

Saphyrs 

21 6 

Saturn^  Figure, 

25 9j  263 

-  Satellites , 

273 

Scales,  ii3,ii<5,  118,121, 

123,  126 

Scheiner, 

239 

Sea  coldeft  at  Bottom,  13  d 

-7fj  Depth, 

234>  237 

Its  Nature 

or 

fiance, 

232 

Its  Preffure  or  Gravi - 

ration. 

239 

Sounded , 

225 

Sen  fat  ion,  Zwhj, 

3d> 

Senfitive  Ptoz-, 

384 

Settico. 

282 

Shadow  gomg  back  on  Di - 

als , 

1 9<5 

Sheep  s  fluffed  wtth 

Urafs, 

Ships  burnt  at  Syracufe, 

P-  348 


Silver  tv  anf parent,  192 
Smethwick,  260 

Snow  unufuah  38*5 

Sound,  106 

- Caufe ,  1 2 

—  -Heard  far  in  S we- 

den,  2) 3 

Spe&acles  352,  355 
Specula,  358 

Speech  periodical  Lofs  of 

**>  5 8 


Spernioliun  comp  of  turn. 


347 

Spirit  univerfal,  348 

. . -ani  mat  374 

Star-fall,  345 

Stellar  y,  139 

Stelliola,  259 


Stcvinus*/  failing  Chariot , 


150 

Stilyards,  115,  123 
Stone,  87 

Sulphur  refines  Wine,  371 
Sun**  Diameter ,  301 

'  Eclipfe,  3  4  3  >  3  4  4 

— — —Rifing,  Colour,  Spots , 
&ca  301 


T. 

Tartarus  wto,  229 

Telefcopes,  257,  270, 

361, 390 

- Reflecting ,  269 

—Sights,  391 

■  '•--Without  Tubes,  390 


Tempe- 


INDEX. 


Temperament  of  the  Sea, 
p.  231,  238,  247 


Thermometer*  240 
Tin  Vlates ,  185 

V. 

Vapours  how  raifed  7 
Veftal  Fire,  354 

Vibrations  of  Sounding- 
Glajfes ,  88 

Virga  divina,  283 


Voragoes  in  the  Sea ,  242 
Vortices  fuhmarine ,  253 

W. 

Wagoners,  293 

Waller,  £/f;  270 

Wallnut  its  cm  km 

Veins  ,  72 

Watches  regulated ,  389 

Water,  its  Weight  to  Quick¬ 
silver 3  92,  105 


— — -Its Heat  and  Cold,  1 0  j 

- - fetched  from  Depths 

of  the  Sea ,  245 

Weather-Wifer,  4r 

W  eighin  gBodies,  113,11 6, 
1 18,  12 1,  123,  126 


Weights  falling  (lopped, 

109 

Well  wall  ^7/},  249 

Wetter- Lake*  248 
Wheels,  158 

Whirlpools  in  the  Sea, 243 
Winds  fuhterraneom ,  251 
Windmill,  107 

Wines  refined,  271 

Wood  fhiningy  176 
Worms  vomited,  75 


Wren  <S7r  Chriftopher, 

272 

Z. 

Zodiack'j  Obliquity ,  geo 


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